List of school massacres by death toll
Updated: 5/20/2026, 7:11:19 PM Wikipedia source
This is an arbitrary list of select school massacres by death toll.
Tables
School massacres · List of school massacres
Santa María School massacre
Santa María School massacre
#
1
Name
Santa María School massacre
Date
Dec 21
Year
1907
Location
Iquique
Country
Chile
Killed
~2,000
Injured
?
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Chilean Army
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
300 killed
Beslan school siege
Beslan school siege
#
2
Name
Beslan school siege
Date
Sep 1
Year
2004
Location
Beslan, North Ossetia-Alania
Country
Russia
Killed
334
Injured
800+
Weapons
F M E
Perpetrator
Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Most killed by special forces, one captured and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment
Walisongo School Massacre
Walisongo School Massacre
#
3
Name
Walisongo School Massacre
Date
May 28
Year
2000
Location
Poso, Central Sulawesi
Country
Indonesia
Killed
191
Injured
?
Weapons
F M
Perpetrator
Christian militants
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Executed
Dhaka University massacre
Dhaka University massacre
#
4
Name
Dhaka University massacre
Date
March 25
Year
1971
Location
Dhaka
Country
Bangladesh
Killed
200
Injured
?
Weapons
F A
Perpetrator
Pakistan Army
Non-state terrorist group
No
Bombing of Gorla
Bombing of Gorla
#
5
Name
Bombing of Gorla
Date
Oct 20
Year
1944
Location
Gorla
Country
Italian Social Republic
Killed
184
Injured
?
Weapons
O
Perpetrator
United States Army Air Forces
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
2026 Minab school attack
2026 Minab school attack
#
6
Name
2026 Minab school attack
Date
Feb 28
Year
2026
Location
Minab
Country
Iran
Killed
168–180
Injured
95
Weapons
O
Perpetrator
United States Armed Forces
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Eastern University massacre
Eastern University massacre
#
7
Name
Eastern University massacre
Date
Sep 5
Year
1990
Location
Chenkalady
Country
Sri Lanka
Killed
158
Injured
?
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Sri Lankan Army
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Peshawar school massacre
Peshawar school massacre
#
8
Name
Peshawar school massacre
Date
Dec 16
Year
2014
Location
Peshawar
Country
Pakistan
Killed
149
Injured
114
Weapons
F M E
Perpetrator
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
4 hanged and 2 committed suicide
Garissa University College attack
Garissa University College attack
#
9
Name
Garissa University College attack
Date
April 2
Year
2015
Location
Garissa
Country
Kenya
Killed
148
Injured
79
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
al-Shabaab
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
4 killed and 5 arrested
Al-Tabaeen school attack
Al-Tabaeen school attack
#
10
Name
Al-Tabaeen school attack
Date
Aug 10
Year
2024
Location
Gaza City
Country
Palestine
Killed
100
Injured
47
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Kabul school bombing
Kabul school bombing
#
11
Name
Kabul school bombing
Date
May 8
Year
2021
Location
Kabul
Country
Afghanistan
Killed
90
Injured
240
Weapons
E
Perpetrator
Disputed
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Nagerkovil school bombing
Nagerkovil school bombing
#
12
Name
Nagerkovil school bombing
Date
Sep 22
Year
1995
Location
Jaffna
Country
Sri Lanka
Killed
71
Injured
150
Weapons
O
Perpetrator
Sri Lanka Air Force
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Kyanguli Fire Tragedy
Kyanguli Fire Tragedy
#
13
Name
Kyanguli Fire Tragedy
Date
March 24
Year
2001
Location
Machakos County
Country
Kenya
Killed
67
Injured
?
Weapons
A
Perpetrator
Davis Onyango Opiyo, Felix Mambo Ngumbao (school students)
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Arrested
Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes
Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes
#
14
Name
Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes
Date
November
Year
2023
Location
Jabalia refugee camp
Country
Palestine
Killed
65+
Injured
70+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Chencholai bombing
Chencholai bombing
#
15
Name
Chencholai bombing
Date
Aug 14
Year
2006
Location
Mullaitivu
Country
Sri Lanka
Killed
61
Injured
155
Weapons
O
Perpetrator
Sri Lanka Air Force
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Buni Yadi Federal Government College massacre
Buni Yadi Federal Government College massacre
#
16
Name
Buni Yadi Federal Government College massacre
Date
Feb 25
Year
2014
Location
Yobe State
Country
Nigeria
Killed
59
Injured
?
Weapons
F M A
Perpetrator
Boko Haram suspected
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
September 2022 Kabul school bombing
September 2022 Kabul school bombing
#
17
Name
September 2022 Kabul school bombing
Date
Sep 30
Year
2022
Location
Kabul
Country
Afghanistan
Killed
53+
Injured
110
Weapons
E
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Aleppo Artillery School massacre
Aleppo Artillery School massacre
#
18
Name
Aleppo Artillery School massacre
Date
June 16
Year
1979
Location
Aleppo
Country
Syria
Killed
50–83
Injured
?
Weapons
F E
Perpetrator
Muslim Brotherhood
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Escaped
Al-Buraq school airstrike
Al-Buraq school airstrike
#
19
Name
Al-Buraq school airstrike
Date
Nov 9
Year
2023
Location
Gaza City
Country
Palestine
Killed
50+
Injured
?
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Thammasat University massacre
Thammasat University massacre
#
20
Name
Thammasat University massacre
Date
Oct 6
Year
1976
Location
Sanam Luang
Country
Thailand
Killed
46–100+
Injured
167
Weapons
F O
Perpetrator
Police, army and right-wing paramilitary: Red Gaurs, Nawaphon, and Village Scouts
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing
Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing
#
21
Name
Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing
Date
April 8
Year
1970
Location
Bahr el-Baqar, Sharqia
Country
Egypt
Killed
46
Injured
50+
Weapons
E
Perpetrator
Israeli Air Force
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Bombing of Sandhurst Road School
Bombing of Sandhurst Road School
#
22
Name
Bombing of Sandhurst Road School
Date
January 20
Year
1943
Location
Ardgowan Road, Catford, London
Country
United Kingdom
Killed
44
Injured
60
Weapons
O
Perpetrator
Heinz Schumann, 28, Luftwaffe
Non-state terrorist group
Yes (Terrorangriff )
Fate of perpetrator(s)
KIA, November 8, 1943
Bath School disaster
Bath School disaster
#
22
Name
Bath School disaster
Date
May 18
Year
1927
Location
Bath Township, Michigan
Country
United States
Killed
44
Injured
58
Weapons
E
Perpetrator
Andrew Kehoe, 55
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Fanglin Village primary school explosion
Fanglin Village primary school explosion
#
24
Name
Fanglin Village primary school explosion
Date
March 6
Year
2001
Location
Wanzai County, Jiangxi
Country
China
Killed
42
Injured
27
Weapons
E
Perpetrator
Li Chuicai (李垂才), 33
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Mpondwe school massacre
Mpondwe school massacre
#
24
Name
Mpondwe school massacre
Date
June 16
Year
2023
Location
Mpondwe
Country
Uganda
Killed
42
Injured
8
Weapons
E M
Perpetrator
Allied Democratic Forces
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
2 terrorists killed, 20 people who collaborated with the ADF arrested
Mamudo school massacre
Mamudo school massacre
#
24
Name
Mamudo school massacre
Date
July 6
Year
2013
Location
Mamudo, Yobe State
Country
Nigeria
Killed
42
Injured
6+
Weapons
F A
Perpetrator
Boko Haram
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Escaped
Fahmi al-Jarjawi School attack
Fahmi al-Jarjawi School attack
#
27
Name
Fahmi al-Jarjawi School attack
Date
May 25
Year
2025
Location
Daraj Quarter
Country
Palestine
Killed
36+
Injured
55+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Nong Bua Lamphu massacre
Nong Bua Lamphu massacre
#
28
Name
Nong Bua Lamphu massacre
Date
Oct 6
Year
2022
Location
Na Klang district, Nong Bua Lamphu
Country
Thailand
Killed
36
Injured
10
Weapons
F M V
Perpetrator
Panya Khamrab (ปัญญา คำราบ)
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Al-Sardi school attack
Al-Sardi school attack
#
29
Name
Al-Sardi school attack
Date
June 6
Year
2024
Location
Nuseirat refugee camp
Country
Palestine
Killed
35+
Injured
70+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Virginia Tech shooting
Virginia Tech shooting
#
30
Name
Virginia Tech shooting
Date
April 16
Year
2007
Location
Blacksburg, VA
Country
United States
Killed
32
Injured
17
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Seung-Hui Cho (조승희), 23
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Al-Awda school attack
Al-Awda school attack
#
31
Name
Al-Awda school attack
Date
July 9
Year
2024
Location
Abasan al-Kabira
Country
Palestine
Killed
31+
Injured
53+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Ma'alot massacre
Ma'alot massacre
#
32
Name
Ma'alot massacre
Date
May 15
Year
1974
Location
Ma'alot
Country
Israel
Killed
31
Injured
70
Weapons
F M
Perpetrator
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Killed by police
Khadija School airstrike
Khadija School airstrike
#
33
Name
Khadija School airstrike
Date
July 26
Year
2024
Location
Deir al-Balah
Country
Palestine
Killed
30+
Injured
100+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Hamama School bombing
Hamama School bombing
#
34
Name
Hamama School bombing
Date
Aug 4
Year
2024
Location
Sheikh Radwan
Country
Palestine
Killed
30
Injured
60+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack
October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack
#
35
Name
October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack
Date
Oct 17
Year
2024
Location
Jabalia refugee camp
Country
Palestine
Killed
28+
Injured
160+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
October 2024 Rufaida school attack
October 2024 Rufaida school attack
#
36
Name
October 2024 Rufaida school attack
Date
Oct 10
Year
2024
Location
Deir al-Balah
Country
Palestine
Killed
28+
Injured
54+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
#
37
Name
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
Date
Dec 14
Year
2012
Location
Newtown, CT
Country
United States
Killed
27
Injured
2
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Adam Lanza, 20
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Ibn Rushd school bombing
Ibn Rushd school bombing
#
38
Name
Ibn Rushd school bombing
Date
Oct 6
Year
2024
Location
Deir al-Balah
Country
Palestine
Killed
26
Injured
93
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Al-Falah School airstrike
Al-Falah School airstrike
#
39
Name
Al-Falah School airstrike
Date
Nov 17
Year
2023
Location
Gaza City
Country
Palestine
Killed
24+
Injured
100
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Gîsca school bombing
Gîsca school bombing
#
40
Name
Gîsca school bombing
Date
April 4
Year
1950
Location
Gîsca, Moldavia
Country
Soviet Union
Killed
23
Injured
?
Weapons
E
Perpetrator
Vladimir Tatarnikov, 29
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire
2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire
#
40
Name
2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire
Date
Sep 14
Year
2017
Location
Kuala Lumpur
Country
Malaysia
Killed
23
Injured
5
Weapons
A
Perpetrator
Muhammad Adli Shah Bin Mohd Yusry
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Detained
2025 Depayin School bombing
2025 Depayin School bombing
#
42
Name
2025 Depayin School bombing
Date
May 12
Year
2025
Location
Tabayin Township, Sagaing Region
Country
Myanmar
Killed
22+
Injured
105
Weapons
O
Perpetrator
Tatmadaw
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
N
Bacha Khan University attack
Bacha Khan University attack
#
42
Name
Bacha Khan University attack
Date
Jan 20
Year
2016
Location
Charsadda
Country
Pakistan
Killed
22+
Injured
?
Weapons
FE
Perpetrator
Tehrik-i-Taliban
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
N
Uvalde school shooting
Uvalde school shooting
#
44
Name
Uvalde school shooting
Date
May 24
Year
2022
Location
Uvalde, TX
Country
United States
Killed
21
Injured
18
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Salvador Rolando Ramos, 18
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Killed by border patrol tactical team
Osama bin Zaid school airstrike
Osama bin Zaid school airstrike
#
45
Name
Osama bin Zaid school airstrike
Date
Nov 3
Year
2023
Location
Gaza Strip
Country
Palestine
Killed
20+
Injured
24+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Kerch Polytechnic College massacre
Kerch Polytechnic College massacre
#
46
Name
Kerch Polytechnic College massacre
Date
Oct 17
Year
2018
Location
Kerch, Crimea
Country
Russia / Ukraine
Killed
20
Injured
70
Weapons
F E
Perpetrator
Vladislav Roslyakov, 18
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
2023 Mahdia school fire
2023 Mahdia school fire
#
46
Name
2023 Mahdia school fire
Date
May 21
Year
2023
Location
Mahdia, Potaro-Siparuni
Country
Guyana
Killed
20
Injured
29
Weapons
A
Perpetrator
Unnamed student
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Arrested
September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack
September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack
#
48
Name
September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack
Date
September 11
Year
2024
Location
Nuseirat refugee camp
Country
Palestine
Killed
18+
Injured
44+
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
2004 Dhemaji school bombing
2004 Dhemaji school bombing
#
49
Name
2004 Dhemaji school bombing
Date
Aug 15
Year
2004
Location
Dhemaji, Assam
Country
India
Killed
18
Injured
40
Weapons
E
Perpetrator
United Liberation Front of Assam
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Izhevsk school shooting
Izhevsk school shooting
#
49
Name
Izhevsk school shooting
Date
Sep 26
Year
2022
Location
Izhevsk, Udmurtia
Country
Russia
Killed
18
Injured
23
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Artyom Kazantsev, 34
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
University of Texas tower shooting
University of Texas tower shooting
#
51
Name
University of Texas tower shooting
Date
Aug 1
Year
1966
Location
Austin, TX
Country
United States
Killed
17
Injured
31
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Charles Whitman, 25
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Killed by police
Parkland high school shooting
Parkland high school shooting
#
51
Name
Parkland high school shooting
Date
Feb 14
Year
2018
Location
Parkland, FL
Country
United States
Killed
17
Injured
18
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Nikolas Cruz, 19
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Life imprisonment
Dunblane massacre
Dunblane massacre
#
51
Name
Dunblane massacre
Date
March 13
Year
1996
Location
Dunblane
Country
United Kingdom
Killed
17
Injured
15
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Thomas Hamilton, 43
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Erfurt school massacre
Erfurt school massacre
#
54
Name
Erfurt school massacre
Date
April 26
Year
2002
Location
Erfurt
Country
Germany
Killed
16
Injured
1
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Robert Steinhäuser, 19
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Winnenden school shooting
Winnenden school shooting
#
55
Name
Winnenden school shooting
Date
March 11
Year
2009
Location
Winnenden and Wendlingen
Country
Germany
Killed
15
Injured
9
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Tim Kretschmer, 17
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
2023 Prague shooting
2023 Prague shooting
#
56
Name
2023 Prague shooting
Date
Dec 21
Year
2023
Location
Prague
Country
Czech Republic
Killed
14
Injured
25
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
David Kozák, 24
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Columbine High School massacre
Columbine High School massacre
#
56
Name
Columbine High School massacre
Date
April 20
Year
1999
Location
Columbine, CO
Country
United States
Killed
14
Injured
23
Weapons
F M
E
Perpetrator
Eric Harris, 18
Dylan Klebold, 17
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Both died by suicide
École Polytechnique massacre
École Polytechnique massacre
#
56
Name
École Polytechnique massacre
Date
Dec 6
Year
1989
Location
Montreal, QC
Country
Canada
Killed
14
Injured
14
Weapons
F M
Perpetrator
Marc Lépine, 25
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Janaúba massacre
Janaúba massacre
#
59
Name
Janaúba massacre
Date
Oct 5
Year
2017
Location
Janaúba
Country
Brazil
Killed
13
Injured
37
Weapons
A
Perpetrator
Damião Soares dos Santos, 50
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Perished in the flames
Chlef school attack
Chlef school attack
#
59
Name
Chlef school attack
Date
Oct 15
Year
2002
Location
El Hadjadj, Chlef Province
Country
Algeria
Killed
13
Injured
1
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
hardline Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
Non-state terrorist group
Yes
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Let Yet Kone massacre
Let Yet Kone massacre
#
59
Name
Let Yet Kone massacre
Date
Sep 16
Year
2022
Location
Let Yet Kone, Sagaing Region
Country
Myanmar
Killed
13
Injured
?
Weapons
O F
Perpetrator
Myanmar Army & Myanmar Air Force
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
None
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy shooting
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy shooting
#
62
Name
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy shooting
Date
April 30
Year
2009
Location
Baku
Country
Azerbaijan
Killed
12
Injured
13
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Farda Gadirov, 28
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Rio de Janeiro school shooting
Rio de Janeiro school shooting
#
62
Name
Rio de Janeiro school shooting
Date
April 7
Year
2011
Location
Rio de Janeiro
Country
Brazil
Killed
12
Injured
22
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Wellington Oliveira, 23
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Shiguan kindergarten attack
Shiguan kindergarten attack
#
62
Name
Shiguan kindergarten attack
Date
May 8
Year
2006
Location
Shiguan
Country
China
Killed
12
Injured
5
Weapons
M A
Perpetrator
Bai Ningyang (白宁阳), 18
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Death penalty
Enoch Brown school massacre
Enoch Brown school massacre
#
65
Name
Enoch Brown school massacre
Date
July 26
Year
1764
Location
Pennsylvania
Country
Pennsylvania
Killed
11
Injured
1
Weapons
F M
Perpetrator
4 Lenape Natives
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Unknown
An-Nazla School massacre
An-Nazla School massacre
#
66
Name
An-Nazla School massacre
Date
May 25
Year
2024
Location
Gaza Strip
Country
Palestine
Killed
10+
Injured
?
Weapons
?
Perpetrator
Israel Defense Forces
Non-state terrorist group
?
Fate of perpetrator(s)
?
Cologne school massacre
Cologne school massacre
#
67
Name
Cologne school massacre
Date
June 11
Year
1964
Location
Cologne
Country
West Germany
Killed
10
Injured
22
Weapons
F M
Perpetrator
Walter Seifert, 42
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Santa Fe High School shooting
Santa Fe High School shooting
#
67
Name
Santa Fe High School shooting
Date
May 18
Year
2018
Location
Santa Fe, TX
Country
United States
Killed
10
Injured
13
Weapons
F E
Perpetrator
Dimitrios Pagourtzis, 17
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Arrested
Suzano school shooting
Suzano school shooting
#
67
Name
Suzano school shooting
Date
March 13
Year
2019
Location
Suzano
Country
Brazil
Killed
10
Injured
11
Weapons
F M E
Perpetrator
Guilherme Taucci Monteiro, 17
Luiz Henrique de Castro, 25
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Castro was murdered by Monteiro, who then committed suicide
Graz school shooting
Graz school shooting
#
67
Name
Graz school shooting
Date
June 10
Year
2025
Location
Graz, Styria
Country
Austria
Killed
10
Injured
11
Weapons
F E
Perpetrator
Arthur Achleitner, 21
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Belgrade school shooting
Belgrade school shooting
#
67
Name
Belgrade school shooting
Date
May 3
Year
2023
Location
Belgrade
Country
Serbia
Killed
10
Injured
6
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Kosta Kecmanović, 13
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Arrested
2025 Risbergska school shooting
2025 Risbergska school shooting
#
67
Name
2025 Risbergska school shooting
Date
Feb 4
Year
2025
Location
Örebro
Country
Sweden
Killed
10
Injured
6
Weapons
F A
Perpetrator
Rickard Andersson, 35
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Kauhajoki school shooting
Kauhajoki school shooting
#
67
Name
Kauhajoki school shooting
Date
Sep 23
Year
2008
Location
Kauhajoki
Country
Finland
Killed
10
Injured
1
Weapons
F A
Perpetrator
Matti Saari, 22
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Kazan school shooting
Kazan school shooting
#
74
Name
Kazan school shooting
Date
May 11
Year
2021
Location
Kazan
Country
Russia
Killed
9
Injured
23
Weapons
F E
Perpetrator
Ilnaz Galyaviev, 19
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Mizhi County middle school stabbing
Mizhi County middle school stabbing
#
74
Name
Mizhi County middle school stabbing
Date
April 27
Year
2018
Location
Mizhi County
Country
China
Killed
9
Injured
12
Weapons
M
Perpetrator
Zhao Zewei, 23
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Arrested and later executed
Shengshui Temple kindergarten attack
Shengshui Temple kindergarten attack
#
74
Name
Shengshui Temple kindergarten attack
Date
May 12
Year
2010
Location
Linchang
Country
China
Killed
9
Injured
11
Weapons
M
Perpetrator
Wu Huanming (吴焕明), 47
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
2015 Umpqua Community College shooting
2015 Umpqua Community College shooting
#
74
Name
2015 Umpqua Community College shooting
Date
Oct 1
Year
2015
Location
Roseburg, OR
Country
United States
Killed
9
Injured
8
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Christopher Harper-Mercer, 26
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Red Lake massacre
Red Lake massacre
#
74
Name
Red Lake massacre
Date
March 21
Year
2005
Location
Red Lake, MN
Country
United States
Killed
9
Injured
5
Weapons
F
Perpetrator
Jeffrey Weise, 16
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Suicide
Ruzhou school massacre
Ruzhou school massacre
#
74
Name
Ruzhou school massacre
Date
Nov 26
Year
2004
Location
Ruzhou
Country
China
Killed
9
Injured
3
Weapons
M
Perpetrator
Yan Yanming (闫彦明), 21
Non-state terrorist group
No
Fate of perpetrator(s)
Death penalty
| # | Name | Date | Year | Location | Country | Killed | Injured | Weapons | Perpetrator | Non-state terrorist group | Fate of perpetrator(s) |
| 1 | Santa María School massacre | Dec 21 | 1907 | Iquique | Chile | ~2,000 | ? | F | Chilean Army | No | 300 killed |
| 2 | Beslan school siege | Sep 1 | 2004 | Beslan, North Ossetia-Alania | Russia | 334 | 800+ | F M E | Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs | Yes | Most killed by special forces, one captured and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment |
| 3 | Walisongo School Massacre | May 28 | 2000 | Poso, Central Sulawesi | Indonesia | 191 | ? | F M | Christian militants | Yes | Executed |
| 4 | Dhaka University massacre | March 25 | 1971 | Dhaka | Bangladesh | 200 | ? | F A | Pakistan Army | No | |
| 5 | Bombing of Gorla | Oct 20 | 1944 | Gorla | Italian Social Republic | 184 | ? | O | United States Army Air Forces | No | None |
| 6 | 2026 Minab school attack | Feb 28 | 2026 | Minab | Iran | 168–180 | 95 | O | United States Armed Forces | No | None |
| 7 | Eastern University massacre | Sep 5 | 1990 | Chenkalady | Sri Lanka | 158 | ? | F | Sri Lankan Army | No | None |
| 8 | Peshawar school massacre | Dec 16 | 2014 | Peshawar | Pakistan | 149 | 114 | F M E | Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan | Yes | 4 hanged and 2 committed suicide |
| 9 | Garissa University College attack | April 2 | 2015 | Garissa | Kenya | 148 | 79 | F | al-Shabaab | Yes | 4 killed and 5 arrested |
| 10 | Al-Tabaeen school attack | Aug 10 | 2024 | Gaza City | Palestine | 100 | 47 | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 11 | Kabul school bombing | May 8 | 2021 | Kabul | Afghanistan | 90 | 240 | E | Disputed | Yes | |
| 12 | Nagerkovil school bombing | Sep 22 | 1995 | Jaffna | Sri Lanka | 71 | 150 | O | Sri Lanka Air Force | No | None |
| 13 | Kyanguli Fire Tragedy | March 24 | 2001 | Machakos County | Kenya | 67 | ? | A | Davis Onyango Opiyo, Felix Mambo Ngumbao (school students) | No | Arrested |
| 14 | Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes | November | 2023 | Jabalia refugee camp | Palestine | 65+ | 70+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 15 | Chencholai bombing | Aug 14 | 2006 | Mullaitivu | Sri Lanka | 61 | 155 | O | Sri Lanka Air Force | No | None |
| 16 | Buni Yadi Federal Government College massacre | Feb 25 | 2014 | Yobe State | Nigeria | 59 | ? | F M A | Boko Haram suspected | Yes | |
| 17 | September 2022 Kabul school bombing | Sep 30 | 2022 | Kabul | Afghanistan | 53+ | 110 | E | Yes | Suicide | |
| 18 | Aleppo Artillery School massacre | June 16 | 1979 | Aleppo | Syria | 50–83 | ? | F E | Muslim Brotherhood | Yes | Escaped |
| 19 | Al-Buraq school airstrike | Nov 9 | 2023 | Gaza City | Palestine | 50+ | ? | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 20 | Thammasat University massacre | Oct 6 | 1976 | Sanam Luang | Thailand | 46–100+ | 167 | F O | Police, army and right-wing paramilitary: Red Gaurs, Nawaphon, and Village Scouts | No | None |
| 21 | Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing | April 8 | 1970 | Bahr el-Baqar, Sharqia | Egypt | 46 | 50+ | E | Israeli Air Force | No | None |
| 22 | Bombing of Sandhurst Road School | January 20 | 1943 | Ardgowan Road, Catford, London | United Kingdom | 44 | 60 | O | Heinz Schumann, 28, Luftwaffe | Yes (Terrorangriff ) | KIA, November 8, 1943 |
| 22 | Bath School disaster | May 18 | 1927 | Bath Township, Michigan | United States | 44 | 58 | E | Andrew Kehoe, 55 | No | Suicide |
| 24 | Fanglin Village primary school explosion | March 6 | 2001 | Wanzai County, Jiangxi | China | 42 | 27 | E | Li Chuicai (李垂才), 33 | No | Suicide |
| 24 | Mpondwe school massacre | June 16 | 2023 | Mpondwe | Uganda | 42 | 8 | E M | Allied Democratic Forces | Yes | 2 terrorists killed, 20 people who collaborated with the ADF arrested |
| 24 | Mamudo school massacre | July 6 | 2013 | Mamudo, Yobe State | Nigeria | 42 | 6+ | F A | Boko Haram | Yes | Escaped |
| 27 | Fahmi al-Jarjawi School attack | May 25 | 2025 | Daraj Quarter | Palestine | 36+ | 55+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 28 | Nong Bua Lamphu massacre | Oct 6 | 2022 | Na Klang district, Nong Bua Lamphu | Thailand | 36 | 10 | F M V | Panya Khamrab (ปัญญา คำราบ) | No | Suicide |
| 29 | Al-Sardi school attack | June 6 | 2024 | Nuseirat refugee camp | Palestine | 35+ | 70+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 30 | Virginia Tech shooting | April 16 | 2007 | Blacksburg, VA | United States | 32 | 17 | F | Seung-Hui Cho (조승희), 23 | No | Suicide |
| 31 | Al-Awda school attack | July 9 | 2024 | Abasan al-Kabira | Palestine | 31+ | 53+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 32 | Ma'alot massacre | May 15 | 1974 | Ma'alot | Israel | 31 | 70 | F M | Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine | Yes | Killed by police |
| 33 | Khadija School airstrike | July 26 | 2024 | Deir al-Balah | Palestine | 30+ | 100+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 34 | Hamama School bombing | Aug 4 | 2024 | Sheikh Radwan | Palestine | 30 | 60+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 35 | October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack | Oct 17 | 2024 | Jabalia refugee camp | Palestine | 28+ | 160+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 36 | October 2024 Rufaida school attack | Oct 10 | 2024 | Deir al-Balah | Palestine | 28+ | 54+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 37 | Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting | Dec 14 | 2012 | Newtown, CT | United States | 27 | 2 | F | Adam Lanza, 20 | No | Suicide |
| 38 | Ibn Rushd school bombing | Oct 6 | 2024 | Deir al-Balah | Palestine | 26 | 93 | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 39 | Al-Falah School airstrike | Nov 17 | 2023 | Gaza City | Palestine | 24+ | 100 | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 40 | Gîsca school bombing | April 4 | 1950 | Gîsca, Moldavia | Soviet Union | 23 | ? | E | Vladimir Tatarnikov, 29 | No | Suicide |
| 40 | 2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire | Sep 14 | 2017 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | 23 | 5 | A | Muhammad Adli Shah Bin Mohd Yusry | No | Detained |
| 42 | 2025 Depayin School bombing | May 12 | 2025 | Tabayin Township, Sagaing Region | Myanmar | 22+ | 105 | O | Tatmadaw | No | N |
| 42 | Bacha Khan University attack | Jan 20 | 2016 | Charsadda | Pakistan | 22+ | ? | FE | Tehrik-i-Taliban | Yes | N |
| 44 | Uvalde school shooting | May 24 | 2022 | Uvalde, TX | United States | 21 | 18 | F | Salvador Rolando Ramos, 18 | No | Killed by border patrol tactical team |
| 45 | Osama bin Zaid school airstrike | Nov 3 | 2023 | Gaza Strip | Palestine | 20+ | 24+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 46 | Kerch Polytechnic College massacre | Oct 17 | 2018 | Kerch, Crimea | Russia / Ukraine | 20 | 70 | F E | Vladislav Roslyakov, 18 | No | Suicide |
| 46 | 2023 Mahdia school fire | May 21 | 2023 | Mahdia, Potaro-Siparuni | Guyana | 20 | 29 | A | Unnamed student | No | Arrested |
| 48 | September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack | September 11 | 2024 | Nuseirat refugee camp | Palestine | 18+ | 44+ | ? | Israel Defense Forces | ? | ? |
| 49 | 2004 Dhemaji school bombing | Aug 15 | 2004 | Dhemaji, Assam | India | 18 | 40 | E | United Liberation Front of Assam | Yes |
Rampage killings · Rampage killers
Opiyo, Davis Onyango, 16
Ngumbao, Felix Mambo, 16
Opiyo, Davis Onyango, 16
Ngumbao, Felix Mambo, 16
Perpetrator
Opiyo, Davis Onyango, 16
Ngumbao, Felix Mambo, 16
Date
March 25
Year
2001
Location
Machakos County
Country
Kenya
Killed
67
Injured
18
W
A
Additional Notes
Both arrested and charged
Kehoe, Andrew Philip, 55
Kehoe, Andrew Philip, 55
Perpetrator
Kehoe, Andrew Philip, 55
Date
May 18
Year
1927
Location
Bath Township, Michigan
Country
United States
Killed
45
Injured
57
W
FME
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Also killed numerous animals
One victim succumbed to injuries
Li Chuicai, 32
(李垂才)
Li Chuicai, 32
(李垂才)
Perpetrator
Li Chuicai, 32
(李垂才)
Date
March 6
Year
2001
Location
Fanglin Village, Wanzai County, Jiangxi
Country
China
Killed
41
Injured
27
W
EO
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Khamrab, Panya, 34
(ปัญญา คำราบ)
Khamrab, Panya, 34
(ปัญญา คำราบ)
Perpetrator
Khamrab, Panya, 34
(ปัญญา คำราบ)
Date
Oct 6
Year
2022
Location
Na Klang
Country
Thailand
Killed
36
Injured
10
W
FMV
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Cho, Seung-Hui, 23
(조승희)
Cho, Seung-Hui, 23
(조승희)
Perpetrator
Cho, Seung-Hui, 23
(조승희)
Date
April 16
Year
2007
Location
Blacksburg, Virginia
Country
United States
Killed
32
Injured
17
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Six more people were injured by jumping out of windows as they escape from the perpetrator
Lanza, Adam Peter, 20
Lanza, Adam Peter, 20
Perpetrator
Lanza, Adam Peter, 20
Date
Dec 14
Year
2012
Location
Newtown, Connecticut
Country
United States
Killed
27
Injured
2
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Unknown
Unknown
Perpetrator
Unknown
Date
May 25
Year
1982
Location
Aire-sur-l'Adour
Country
France
Killed
24
Injured
?
W
A
Additional Notes
Unsolved
Muhammad Adli Shah Bin Mohd Yusry, 16
Muhammad Adli Shah Bin Mohd Yusry, 16
Perpetrator
Muhammad Adli Shah Bin Mohd Yusry, 16
Date
Sep 14
Year
2017
Location
Kuala Lumpur
Country
Malaysia
Killed
23
Injured
5
W
A
Additional Notes
Convicted and sentenced to detention at the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Tatarnikov, Vladimir Georgievich, 29
Tatarnikov, Vladimir Georgievich, 29
Perpetrator
Tatarnikov, Vladimir Georgievich, 29
Date
Apr 4
Year
1950
Location
Gîsca
Country
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
Killed
23
Injured
?
W
E
Additional Notes
Died in the blast
Ramos, Salvador Rolando, 18
Ramos, Salvador Rolando, 18
Perpetrator
Ramos, Salvador Rolando, 18
Date
May 24
Year
2022
Location
Uvalde, Texas
Country
United States
Killed
21
Injured
18
W
F
Additional Notes
Killed by police
Three more were injured by police
Patrick, 14
Marc, 14
Patrick, 14
Marc, 14
Perpetrator
Patrick, 14
Marc, 14
Date
Feb 6
Year
1973
Location
Paris
Country
France
Killed
21
Injured
?
W
A
Additional Notes
Patrick sentenced to five years in prison; Marc sentenced to four
Roslyakov, Vladislav Igorevich, 18
(Росляков, Владислав Игоревич)
Roslyakov, Vladislav Igorevich, 18
(Росляков, Владислав Игоревич)
Perpetrator
Roslyakov, Vladislav Igorevich, 18
(Росляков, Владислав Игоревич)
Date
Oct 17
Year
2018
Location
Kerch
Country
Russia (de facto)
Ukraine (de jure)
Killed
20
Injured
73
W
F E
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Unnamed student, 15
Unnamed student, 15
Perpetrator
Unnamed student, 15
Date
May 21
Year
2023
Location
Mahdia
Country
Guyana
Killed
20
Injured
29
W
A
Additional Notes
Arrested and charged with 20 counts of murder
Kazantsev, Artyom Igorevich, 34
(Казанцев, Артём Игоревич)
Kazantsev, Artyom Igorevich, 34
(Казанцев, Артём Игоревич)
Perpetrator
Kazantsev, Artyom Igorevich, 34
(Казанцев, Артём Игоревич)
Date
Sep 26
Year
2022
Location
Izhevsk
Country
Russia
Killed
18
Injured
23
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Cruz, Nikolas Jacob, 19
Cruz, Nikolas Jacob, 19
Perpetrator
Cruz, Nikolas Jacob, 19
Date
Feb 14
Year
2018
Location
Parkland, Florida
Country
United States
Killed
17
Injured
18
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Hamilton, Thomas Watt, 43
Hamilton, Thomas Watt, 43
Perpetrator
Hamilton, Thomas Watt, 43
Date
March 13
Year
1996
Location
Dunblane
Country
United Kingdom
Killed
17
Injured
15
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Whitman, Charles Joseph, 25
Whitman, Charles Joseph, 25
Perpetrator
Whitman, Charles Joseph, 25
Date
Aug 1
Year
1966
Location
Austin, Texas
Country
United States
Killed
16
Injured
31
W
FM
Additional Notes
Killed by police
Terminated a pregnancy
One of the victims died in 2001; attributed to this event
One more was injured while fleeing
Kozák, David, 24
Kozák, David, 24
Perpetrator
Kozák, David, 24
Date
Dec 16–21
Year
2023
Location
Prague
Country
Czech Republic
Killed
16
Injured
25
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
One more died indirectly.
Steinhäuser, Robert, 19
Steinhäuser, Robert, 19
Perpetrator
Steinhäuser, Robert, 19
Date
April 26
Year
2002
Location
Erfurt
Country
Germany
Killed
16
Injured
1
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Kretschmer, Tim, 17
Kretschmer, Tim, 17
Perpetrator
Kretschmer, Tim, 17
Date
March 11
Year
2009
Location
Winnenden and Wendlingen
Country
Germany
Killed
15
Injured
9
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Harris, Eric David, 18
Klebold, Dylan Bennet, 17
Harris, Eric David, 18
Klebold, Dylan Bennet, 17
Perpetrator
Harris, Eric David, 18
Klebold, Dylan Bennet, 17
Date
April 20
Year
1999
Location
Columbine, Colorado
Country
United States
Killed
14
Injured
20
W
F O
Additional Notes
Both committed suicide.
One of the victims died in 2025; attributed to this event
Lépine, Marc, 25
Lépine, Marc, 25
Perpetrator
Lépine, Marc, 25
Date
Dec 6
Year
1989
Location
Montreal, QC
Country
Canada
Killed
14
Injured
14
W
FM
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Soares dos Santos, Damião, 50
Soares dos Santos, Damião, 50
Perpetrator
Soares dos Santos, Damião, 50
Date
Oct 5
Year
2017
Location
Janaúba
Country
Brazil
Killed
13
Injured
37
W
A
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Menezes de Oliveira, Wellington, 23
Menezes de Oliveira, Wellington, 23
Perpetrator
Menezes de Oliveira, Wellington, 23
Date
April 7
Year
2011
Location
Rio de Janeiro
Country
Brazil
Killed
12
Injured
22
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Gadirov, Farda, 28
Gadirov, Farda, 28
Perpetrator
Gadirov, Farda, 28
Date
April 30
Year
2009
Location
Baku
Country
Azerbaijan
Killed
12
Injured
13
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Bai Ningyang, 18
(白宁阳)
Bai Ningyang, 18
(白宁阳)
Perpetrator
Bai Ningyang, 18
(白宁阳)
Date
May 8
Year
2006
Location
Shiguan
Country
China
Killed
12
Injured
5
W
MA
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Seifert, Willi Walter, 42
Seifert, Willi Walter, 42
Perpetrator
Seifert, Willi Walter, 42
Date
June 11
Year
1964
Location
Cologne
Country
West Germany
Killed
10
Injured
22
W
FM
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Pagourtzis, Dimitrios, 17 (accused)
Pagourtzis, Dimitrios, 17 (accused)
Perpetrator
Pagourtzis, Dimitrios, 17 (accused)
Date
May 18
Year
2018
Location
Santa Fe, Texas
Country
United States
Killed
10
Injured
13
W
F
Additional Notes
Arrested
Mersinli, İsa Aras, 13
Mersinli, İsa Aras, 13
Perpetrator
Mersinli, İsa Aras, 13
Date
April 15
Year
2026
Location
Onikişubat
Country
Turkey
Killed
10
Injured
12
W
F
Additional Notes
Killed
Achleitner, Arthur, 21
Achleitner, Arthur, 21
Perpetrator
Achleitner, Arthur, 21
Date
June 10
Year
2025
Location
Graz
Country
Austria
Killed
10
Injured
11
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Kecmanović, Kosta, 13
Kecmanović, Kosta, 13
Perpetrator
Kecmanović, Kosta, 13
Date
May 3
Year
2023
Location
Belgrade
Country
Serbia
Killed
10
Injured
6
W
F
Additional Notes
Arrested
Andersson, Rickard, 35
Andersson, Rickard, 35
Perpetrator
Andersson, Rickard, 35
Date
Feb 4
Year
2025
Location
Örebro
Country
Sweden
Killed
10
Injured
6
W
F A
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Saari, Matti Juhani, 22
Saari, Matti Juhani, 22
Perpetrator
Saari, Matti Juhani, 22
Date
Sep 23
Year
2008
Location
Kauhajoki
Country
Finland
Killed
10
Injured
1
W
F A
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Ten more were injured while fleeing
Galyaviev, Ilnaz Rinatovich, 19
(Галявиев, Ильназ Ринатович)
Galyaviev, Ilnaz Rinatovich, 19
(Галявиев, Ильназ Ринатович)
Perpetrator
Galyaviev, Ilnaz Rinatovich, 19
(Галявиев, Ильназ Ринатович)
Date
May 11
Year
2021
Location
Kazan
Country
Russia
Killed
9
Injured
23
W
F E
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Twenty-four more were injured while fleeing
Zhao Zewei, 28
(赵泽伟)
Zhao Zewei, 28
(赵泽伟)
Perpetrator
Zhao Zewei, 28
(赵泽伟)
Date
April 27
Year
2018
Location
Yulin
Country
China
Killed
9
Injured
12
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Wu Huanming, 47
(吴焕明)
Wu Huanming, 47
(吴焕明)
Perpetrator
Wu Huanming, 47
(吴焕明)
Date
May 12
Year
2010
Location
Linchang
Country
China
Killed
9
Injured
11
W
M
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Weise, Jeffrey James, 16
Weise, Jeffrey James, 16
Perpetrator
Weise, Jeffrey James, 16
Date
March 21
Year
2005
Location
Red Lake, Minnesota
Country
United States
Killed
9
Injured
9
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Harper-Mercer, Christopher Sean, 26
Harper-Mercer, Christopher Sean, 26
Perpetrator
Harper-Mercer, Christopher Sean, 26
Date
Oct 1
Year
2015
Location
Roseburg, Oregon
Country
United States
Killed
9
Injured
8
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Yan, Yanming, 21
(闫彦明)
Yan, Yanming, 21
(闫彦明)
Perpetrator
Yan, Yanming, 21
(闫彦明)
Date
Nov 26
Year
2004
Location
Ruzhou
Country
China
Killed
9
Injured
3
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Van Rootselaar, Jesse, 18
Van Rootselaar, Jesse, 18
Perpetrator
Van Rootselaar, Jesse, 18
Date
Feb 10
Year
2026
Location
Tumbler Ridge, BC
Country
Canada
Killed
8
Injured
27
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Xu, Jiajin, 21
Xu, Jiajin, 21
Perpetrator
Xu, Jiajin, 21
Date
Nov 16
Year
2024
Location
Yixing
Country
China
Killed
8
Injured
17
W
M
Additional Notes
Arrested
Takuma, Mamoru, 37
(宅間守)
Takuma, Mamoru, 37
(宅間守)
Perpetrator
Takuma, Mamoru, 37
(宅間守)
Date
June 8
Year
2001
Location
Ikeda, Osaka
Country
Japan
Killed
8
Injured
15
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Ala Hisham Abu Dheim, 26
(علاء هاشم أبو دهيم)
Ala Hisham Abu Dheim, 26
(علاء هاشم أبو دهيم)
Perpetrator
Ala Hisham Abu Dheim, 26
(علاء هاشم أبو دهيم)
Date
March 6
Year
2008
Location
Jerusalem
Country
Israel
Killed
8
Injured
11
W
F
Additional Notes
Killed by soldiers
Henrique de Castro, Luiz, 25
Taucci Monteiro, Guilherme, 17
Henrique de Castro, Luiz, 25
Taucci Monteiro, Guilherme, 17
Perpetrator
Henrique de Castro, Luiz, 25
Taucci Monteiro, Guilherme, 17
Date
March 13
Year
2019
Location
Suzano
Country
Brazil
Killed
8
Injured
11
W
FM
Additional Notes
Henrique killed by Taucci
Taucci committed suicide
Donchev, Branimir Delchev, 17
(Дончев, Бранимир Делчев)
Donchev, Branimir Delchev, 17
(Дончев, Бранимир Делчев)
Perpetrator
Donchev, Branimir Delchev, 17
(Дончев, Бранимир Делчев)
Date
Dec 24
Year
1974
Location
Durvenitsa
Country
Bulgaria
Killed
8
Injured
8
W
FM
Additional Notes
Incarcerated in a mental facility. Later shot and killed by officers in an escape attempt
Zheng Minsheng, 41
(郑民生)
Zheng Minsheng, 41
(郑民生)
Perpetrator
Zheng Minsheng, 41
(郑民生)
Date
March 23
Year
2010
Location
Nanping
Country
China
Killed
8
Injured
5
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Yu Hua, 40
(於華)
Yu Hua, 40
(於華)
Perpetrator
Yu Hua, 40
(於華)
Date
Sep 2
Year
2019
Location
Baiyangping
Country
China
Killed
8
Injured
2
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Auvinen, Pekka-Eric, 18
Auvinen, Pekka-Eric, 18
Perpetrator
Auvinen, Pekka-Eric, 18
Date
Nov 7
Year
2007
Location
Jokela
Country
Finland
Killed
8
Injured
1
W
F A
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Twelve more were injured while fleeing
Merah, Mohammed, 23
(محمد مراح)
Merah, Mohammed, 23
(محمد مراح)
Perpetrator
Merah, Mohammed, 23
(محمد مراح)
Date
March 11–22
Year
2012
Location
Toulouse & Montauban
Country
France
Killed
7
Injured
11
W
F
Additional Notes
Killed by police
Four were killed and four were injured at the school
Mikhail Tselousov (Целоусов, Михаил), 24
Mikhail Tselousov (Целоусов, Михаил), 24
Perpetrator
Mikhail Tselousov (Целоусов, Михаил), 24
Date
Feb 11
Year
1958
Location
Lyamino, Perm Krai
Country
Soviet Union
Killed
7
Injured
6
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
U Win-maung
U Win-maung
Perpetrator
U Win-maung
Date
March 26
Year
1975
Location
Kachin
Country
Burma
Killed
7
Injured
5
W
M
Additional Notes
Killed by police
Wang Xiangjun (王湘军)
Wang Xiangjun (王湘军)
Perpetrator
Wang Xiangjun (王湘军)
Date
April 1
Year
1996
Location
Meitian
Country
China
Killed
7
Injured
5
W
M
Additional Notes
Arrested
Goh, One L., 43
Goh, One L., 43
Perpetrator
Goh, One L., 43
Date
April 2
Year
2012
Location
Oakland, California
Country
United States
Killed
7
Injured
3
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Bekmansurov, Timur Maratovich, 18 (Бекмансуров, Тимур Маратович)
Bekmansurov, Timur Maratovich, 18 (Бекмансуров, Тимур Маратович)
Perpetrator
Bekmansurov, Timur Maratovich, 18 (Бекмансуров, Тимур Маратович)
Date
Sep 20
Year
2021
Location
Perm
Country
Russia
Killed
6
Injured
23
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Lee Chi Hang, 28
(李志衡)
Lee Chi Hang, 28
(李志衡)
Perpetrator
Lee Chi Hang, 28
(李志衡)
Date
June 3
Year
1982
Location
Sham Shui Po
Country
Hong Kong
Killed
6
Injured
37
W
M
Additional Notes
Found not guilty by reason of insanity
Mohammed Ahmad Misleh al-Nazari, 48
Mohammed Ahmad Misleh al-Nazari, 48
Perpetrator
Mohammed Ahmad Misleh al-Nazari, 48
Date
March 30
Year
1997
Location
Sana'a
Country
Yemen
Killed
6
Injured
12
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Roberts, Charles Carl, 32
Roberts, Charles Carl, 32
Perpetrator
Roberts, Charles Carl, 32
Date
Oct 2
Year
2006
Location
Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania
Country
United States
Killed
6
Injured
4
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
one of the victims died in 2024; attributed to this event
Fedorenko, Anatoly
(Федоренко, Анатолий)
Fedorenko, Anatoly
(Федоренко, Анатолий)
Perpetrator
Fedorenko, Anatoly
(Федоренко, Анатолий)
Date
May 19
Year
1977
Location
Leningrad
Country
Soviet Union
Killed
6
Injured
2
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death and executed
Lepnev, Sergei, 18
(Лепнев, Сергей)
Lepnev, Sergei, 18
(Лепнев, Сергей)
Perpetrator
Lepnev, Sergei, 18
(Лепнев, Сергей)
Date
March 9
Year
1997
Location
Kamyshin
Country
Russia
Killed
6
Injured
2
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death,
later changed to life imprisonment,
later changed to 25 years in prison
Wu Moujie, 25
(吴某杰)
Wu Moujie, 25
(吴某杰)
Perpetrator
Wu Moujie, 25
(吴某杰)
Date
July 10
Year
2023
Location
Lianjiang, Guangdong
Country
China
Killed
6
Injured
1
W
M
Additional Notes
Arrested
Hale, Aiden, 28
Hale, Aiden, 28
Perpetrator
Hale, Aiden, 28
Date
March 27
Year
2023
Location
Nashville, Tennessee
Country
United States
Killed
6
Injured
1
W
F
Additional Notes
Killed by police
One more was injured indirectly
Purdy, Patrick Edward, 24
Purdy, Patrick Edward, 24
Perpetrator
Purdy, Patrick Edward, 24
Date
Jan 17
Year
1989
Location
Stockton, California
Country
United States
Killed
5
Injured
32
W
F A
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Mohammed Fathi Farhat, 17
(محمد فتحي فرحات)
Mohammed Fathi Farhat, 17
(محمد فتحي فرحات)
Perpetrator
Mohammed Fathi Farhat, 17
(محمد فتحي فرحات)
Date
March 7
Year
2002
Location
Gush Katif, Gaza Strip
Country
Palestine
Killed
5
Injured
23
W
F E
Additional Notes
Killed by soldiers
Kazmierczak, Steven Phillip, 27
Kazmierczak, Steven Phillip, 27
Perpetrator
Kazmierczak, Steven Phillip, 27
Date
Feb 14
Year
2008
Location
DeKalb, Illinois
Country
United States
Killed
5
Injured
17
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Charva, Karel, 34
Charva, Karel, 34
Perpetrator
Charva, Karel, 34
Date
June 3
Year
1983
Location
Eppstein
Country
West Germany
Killed
5
Injured
14
W
F
Additional Notes
Committed suicide
Golden, Andrew Douglas, 11
Johnson, Mitchell Scott, 13
Golden, Andrew Douglas, 11
Johnson, Mitchell Scott, 13
Perpetrator
Golden, Andrew Douglas, 11
Johnson, Mitchell Scott, 13
Date
March 24
Year
1998
Location
Jonesboro, Arkansas
Country
United States
Killed
5
Injured
10
W
F
Additional Notes
Both were imprisoned until their 21st birthday
Fontaine, Randan Dakota, 17
Fontaine, Randan Dakota, 17
Perpetrator
Fontaine, Randan Dakota, 17
Date
Jan 22
Year
2016
Location
La Loche, SK
Country
Canada
Killed
5
Injured
6
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
One of the victims died in 2023; attributed to this event
Smith, Robert Benjamin, 18
Smith, Robert Benjamin, 18
Perpetrator
Smith, Robert Benjamin, 18
Date
Nov 12
Year
1966
Location
Mesa, Arizona
Country
United States
Killed
5
Injured
2
W
MF
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Kipper Mai, Fabiano, 18
Kipper Mai, Fabiano, 18
Perpetrator
Kipper Mai, Fabiano, 18
Date
May 4
Year
2021
Location
Saudades
Country
Brazil
Killed
5
Injured
1
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to 329 years and 4 months in prison
Spencer, Verlin, 37
Spencer, Verlin, 37
Perpetrator
Spencer, Verlin, 37
Date
May 6
Year
1940
Location
South Pasadena, California
Country
United States
Killed
5
Injured
1
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Kinkel, Kipland Philip, 15
Kinkel, Kipland Philip, 15
Perpetrator
Kinkel, Kipland Philip, 15
Date
May 20/21
Year
1998
Location
Springfield, Oregon
Country
United States
Killed
4
Injured
25
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to 111 years in prison
Schmidt, Heinz Jakob Friedrich Ernst, 29
Schmidt, Heinz Jakob Friedrich Ernst, 29
Perpetrator
Schmidt, Heinz Jakob Friedrich Ernst, 29
Date
June 20
Year
1913
Location
Bremen
Country
Germany
Killed
4
Injured
21
W
F
Additional Notes
Found not guilty by reason of insanity
One more died trying to escape
Rodrigues Castiglioni, Gabriel, 16
Rodrigues Castiglioni, Gabriel, 16
Perpetrator
Rodrigues Castiglioni, Gabriel, 16
Date
Nov 25
Year
2022
Location
Aracruz
Country
Brazil
Killed
4
Injured
12
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to 3 years' preventative detention
Released in 2025
Liu Hongwen, 28
(刘红文)
Liu Hongwen, 28
(刘红文)
Perpetrator
Liu Hongwen, 28
(刘红文)
Date
Sep 30
Year
2004
Location
Linwu County
Country
China
Killed
4
Injured
12
W
M
Additional Notes
Found not guilty by reason of insanity
De Gelder, Kim, 20
De Gelder, Kim, 20
Perpetrator
De Gelder, Kim, 20
Date
Jan 16/23
Year
2009
Location
Vrasene and Sint-Gillis-bij-Dendermonde
Country
Belgium
Killed
4
Injured
12
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Houston, Eric Christopher, 20
Houston, Eric Christopher, 20
Perpetrator
Houston, Eric Christopher, 20
Date
May 1
Year
1992
Location
Olivehurst, California
Country
United States
Killed
4
Injured
10
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to death
Gray, Colt, 14 (accused)
Gray, Colt, 14 (accused)
Perpetrator
Gray, Colt, 14 (accused)
Date
Sep 4
Year
2024
Location
Winder, Georgia
Country
United States
Killed
4
Injured
7
W
F
Additional Notes
Arrested
Crumbley, Ethan Robert, 15
Crumbley, Ethan Robert, 15
Perpetrator
Crumbley, Ethan Robert, 15
Date
Nov 30
Year
2021
Location
Oxford Township, Michigan
Country
United States
Killed
4
Injured
7
W
F
Additional Notes
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Henrique de Lima, Luiz, 25
Henrique de Lima, Luiz, 25
Perpetrator
Henrique de Lima, Luiz, 25
Date
April 5
Year
2023
Location
Blumenau
Country
Brazil
Killed
4
Injured
5
W
M
Additional Notes
Sentenced to 220 years in prison
| Perpetrator | Date | Year | Location | Country | Killed | Injured | W | Additional Notes | Ref. |
| Opiyo, Davis Onyango, 16 Ngumbao, Felix Mambo, 16 | March 25 | 2001 | Machakos County | Kenya | 67 | 18 | A | Both arrested and charged | |
| Kehoe, Andrew Philip, 55 | May 18 | 1927 | Bath Township, Michigan | United States | 45 | 57 | FME | Committed suicide Also killed numerous animals One victim succumbed to injuries | |
| Li Chuicai, 32 (李垂才) | March 6 | 2001 | Fanglin Village, Wanzai County, Jiangxi | China | 41 | 27 | EO | Committed suicide | |
| Khamrab, Panya, 34 (ปัญญา คำราบ) | Oct 6 | 2022 | Na Klang | Thailand | 36 | 10 | FMV | Committed suicide | |
| Cho, Seung-Hui, 23 (조승희) | April 16 | 2007 | Blacksburg, Virginia | United States | 32 | 17 | F | Committed suicide Six more people were injured by jumping out of windows as they escape from the perpetrator | |
| Lanza, Adam Peter, 20 | Dec 14 | 2012 | Newtown, Connecticut | United States | 27 | 2 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Unknown | May 25 | 1982 | Aire-sur-l'Adour | France | 24 | ? | A | Unsolved | |
| Muhammad Adli Shah Bin Mohd Yusry, 16 | Sep 14 | 2017 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | 23 | 5 | A | Convicted and sentenced to detention at the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong | |
| Tatarnikov, Vladimir Georgievich, 29 | Apr 4 | 1950 | Gîsca | Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | 23 | ? | E | Died in the blast | |
| Ramos, Salvador Rolando, 18 | May 24 | 2022 | Uvalde, Texas | United States | 21 | 18 | F | Killed by police Three more were injured by police | |
| Patrick, 14 Marc, 14 | Feb 6 | 1973 | Paris | France | 21 | ? | A | Patrick sentenced to five years in prison; Marc sentenced to four | |
| Roslyakov, Vladislav Igorevich, 18 (Росляков, Владислав Игоревич) | Oct 17 | 2018 | Kerch | Russia (de facto) Ukraine (de jure) | 20 | 73 | F E | Committed suicide | |
| Unnamed student, 15 | May 21 | 2023 | Mahdia | Guyana | 20 | 29 | A | Arrested and charged with 20 counts of murder | |
| Kazantsev, Artyom Igorevich, 34 (Казанцев, Артём Игоревич) | Sep 26 | 2022 | Izhevsk | Russia | 18 | 23 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Cruz, Nikolas Jacob, 19 | Feb 14 | 2018 | Parkland, Florida | United States | 17 | 18 | F | Sentenced to life imprisonment | |
| Hamilton, Thomas Watt, 43 | March 13 | 1996 | Dunblane | United Kingdom | 17 | 15 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Whitman, Charles Joseph, 25 | Aug 1 | 1966 | Austin, Texas | United States | 16 | 31 | FM | Killed by police Terminated a pregnancy One of the victims died in 2001; attributed to this event One more was injured while fleeing | |
| Kozák, David, 24 | Dec 16–21 | 2023 | Prague | Czech Republic | 16 | 25 | F | Committed suicide One more died indirectly. | |
| Steinhäuser, Robert, 19 | April 26 | 2002 | Erfurt | Germany | 16 | 1 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Kretschmer, Tim, 17 | March 11 | 2009 | Winnenden and Wendlingen | Germany | 15 | 9 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Harris, Eric David, 18 Klebold, Dylan Bennet, 17 | April 20 | 1999 | Columbine, Colorado | United States | 14 | 20 | F O | Both committed suicide. One of the victims died in 2025; attributed to this event | |
| Lépine, Marc, 25 | Dec 6 | 1989 | Montreal, QC | Canada | 14 | 14 | FM | Committed suicide | |
| Soares dos Santos, Damião, 50 | Oct 5 | 2017 | Janaúba | Brazil | 13 | 37 | A | Committed suicide | |
| Menezes de Oliveira, Wellington, 23 | April 7 | 2011 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | 12 | 22 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Gadirov, Farda, 28 | April 30 | 2009 | Baku | Azerbaijan | 12 | 13 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Bai Ningyang, 18 (白宁阳) | May 8 | 2006 | Shiguan | China | 12 | 5 | MA | Sentenced to death and executed | |
| Seifert, Willi Walter, 42 | June 11 | 1964 | Cologne | West Germany | 10 | 22 | FM | Committed suicide | |
| Pagourtzis, Dimitrios, 17 (accused) | May 18 | 2018 | Santa Fe, Texas | United States | 10 | 13 | F | Arrested | |
| Mersinli, İsa Aras, 13 | April 15 | 2026 | Onikişubat | Turkey | 10 | 12 | F | Killed | |
| Achleitner, Arthur, 21 | June 10 | 2025 | Graz | Austria | 10 | 11 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Kecmanović, Kosta, 13 | May 3 | 2023 | Belgrade | Serbia | 10 | 6 | F | Arrested | |
| Andersson, Rickard, 35 | Feb 4 | 2025 | Örebro | Sweden | 10 | 6 | F A | Committed suicide | |
| Saari, Matti Juhani, 22 | Sep 23 | 2008 | Kauhajoki | Finland | 10 | 1 | F A | Committed suicide Ten more were injured while fleeing | |
| Galyaviev, Ilnaz Rinatovich, 19 (Галявиев, Ильназ Ринатович) | May 11 | 2021 | Kazan | Russia | 9 | 23 | F E | Sentenced to life imprisonment Twenty-four more were injured while fleeing | |
| Zhao Zewei, 28 (赵泽伟) | April 27 | 2018 | Yulin | China | 9 | 12 | M | Sentenced to death and executed | |
| Wu Huanming, 47 (吴焕明) | May 12 | 2010 | Linchang | China | 9 | 11 | M | Committed suicide | |
| Weise, Jeffrey James, 16 | March 21 | 2005 | Red Lake, Minnesota | United States | 9 | 9 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Harper-Mercer, Christopher Sean, 26 | Oct 1 | 2015 | Roseburg, Oregon | United States | 9 | 8 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Yan, Yanming, 21 (闫彦明) | Nov 26 | 2004 | Ruzhou | China | 9 | 3 | M | Sentenced to death and executed | |
| Van Rootselaar, Jesse, 18 | Feb 10 | 2026 | Tumbler Ridge, BC | Canada | 8 | 27 | F | Committed suicide | |
| Xu, Jiajin, 21 | Nov 16 | 2024 | Yixing | China | 8 | 17 | M | Arrested | |
| Takuma, Mamoru, 37 (宅間守) | June 8 | 2001 | Ikeda, Osaka | Japan | 8 | 15 | M | Sentenced to death and executed | |
| Ala Hisham Abu Dheim, 26 (علاء هاشم أبو دهيم) | March 6 | 2008 | Jerusalem | Israel | 8 | 11 | F | Killed by soldiers | |
| Henrique de Castro, Luiz, 25 Taucci Monteiro, Guilherme, 17 | March 13 | 2019 | Suzano | Brazil | 8 | 11 | FM | Henrique killed by Taucci Taucci committed suicide | |
| Donchev, Branimir Delchev, 17 (Дончев, Бранимир Делчев) | Dec 24 | 1974 | Durvenitsa | Bulgaria | 8 | 8 | FM | Incarcerated in a mental facility. Later shot and killed by officers in an escape attempt | |
| Zheng Minsheng, 41 (郑民生) | March 23 | 2010 | Nanping | China | 8 | 5 | M | Sentenced to death and executed | |
| Yu Hua, 40 (於華) | Sep 2 | 2019 | Baiyangping | China | 8 | 2 | M | Sentenced to death and executed | |
| Auvinen, Pekka-Eric, 18 | Nov 7 | 2007 | Jokela | Finland | 8 | 1 | F A | Committed suicide Twelve more were injured while fleeing | |
| Merah, Mohammed, 23 (محمد مراح) | March 11–22 | 2012 | Toulouse & Montauban | France | 7 | 11 | F | Killed by police Four were killed and four were injured at the school |
References
- At least one of the victims was a relative of the assailant.
- At least one of the victims was a relative of the assailant.
- "Security tightened in Sulawesi"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/09/24/2003328972
- wwwhttps://www.observerbd.com/2015/03/25/79918.php
- India: Twilight at Midday : Untold Story of a Sick Societyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=Vq-_8V1GKGQC&pg=PA107
- Operation Ginny: The Most Significant Commando Raid of WWIIhttps://books.google.com/books?id=63eGEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bombing+of+Gorla%22&pg=PA42
- CNNhttps://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm73v6qo000b3b6r2bogv6my
- "Eastern University Massacre: Missing, Missing, Missing For 25 Years"https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/eastern-university-massacre-missing-missing-missing-for-25-years/
- ABC Newshttps://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-10/more-than-100-palestinians-killed-in-israeli-air-strike/104209574
- AP Newshttps://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-10-august-2024-f33867d7596ebb70c1cb3a77fd4437cc
- Daily Sabahhttps://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/israeli-airstrike-on-school-kills-15-injures-70-at-un-refugee-camp
- Barron'shttps://www.barrons.com/news/hamas-health-ministry-says-at-least-50-dead-in-bombing-of-un-school-314e84d0
- Forbeshttps://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/08/14/impunity-reigns-in-sri-lankas-august-14-2006-bombing-of-schoolgirls/?sh=387d3fb437e1
- Voice of Americahttps://www.voanews.com/a/afghan-protests-continue-against-school-attack-as-un-raises-death-toll-to-53-/6773473.html
- Wafahttps://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139161
- France 24https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250526-gaza-israeli-school
- "Israeli attack on school used as shelter in Gaza kills dozens, say local health officials – Middle East crisis live"https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/may/26/israel-airstrike-gaza-school-middle-east-crisis-latest-updates
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cekkd8k2gy9o
- AP Newshttps://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-6-6-2024-3d07e712f8abc1e08339163180823fb8
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/10/israel-gaza-war-latest-today-khan-younis-strike-abassan-death-toll