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List of proposed etymologies of OK

Updated: 11/6/2025, 1:15:04 AM Wikipedia source

Several etymologies have been proposed for the word OK or okay. The majority can be easily classified as false etymologies, or possibly folk etymologies. H. L. Mencken, in The American Language, lists serious candidates and "a few of the more picturesque or preposterous". Allen Walker Read surveyed a variety of explanations in a 1964 article titled "The Folklore of 'O. K.'" Eric Partridge described O.K. as "an evergreen of the correspondence column."

Tables

English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "oll korrect", a misspelling of "all correct"
Context
Coined during a fad for comical misspellings and abbreviations
Date first used
by 1839
Date proposed
by 1839
Notes
Documented by Allen Walker Read in 1964, and subsequently widely accepted by dictionaries and etymologists.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "Old Kinderhook"
Context
Nickname for Martin Van Buren, from his birthplace in Kinderhook, New York; used as a slogan in the 1840 presidential election
Date first used
by 1840
Proposer
editor of the New York New Era
Date proposed
27 May 1840
Notes
Reinterpreted by supporters of rival William Henry Harrison as "Out of Kash", "Orful Kalamity", etc. Allen Walker Read suggests this exploited and reinforced the pre-existing "oll korrect" sense.
Choctaw
Choctaw
Source language
Choctaw
Source
oke, okeh ("it is")
Context
Frontiersman trading with Choctaws borrowed the word directly or via Mobilian Jargon
Date first used
by 1812
Proposer
William S. Wyman
Date proposed
August 1885
Notes
The form is a verbal suffix "indeed, contrary to your supposition" with modern spelling -okii. Wyman suggested Andrew Jackson had learnt "O.K." from Choctaw and introduced it in the East; others suggest an 18th-century origin.
Choctaw
Choctaw
Source language
Choctaw
Source
si Hoka ('meaning "that's me" or "that's what I said"')
Context
Learned by Andrew Jackson from Pushmataha
Date first used
by 1812
Proposer
William H. Murray
Date proposed
1931
Notes
Pushmataha was a Choctaw chief who fought under Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
Wolof
Wolof
Source language
Wolof
Source
waaw-kay (waaw "yes" + emphatic -kay)
Context
Introduced by West African slaves
Date first used
by 1815
Proposer
David Dalby
Date proposed
1969
Notes
First proposed in the Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. Dalby did not specify Wolof, suggesting also Mandinka o ke ("that's it", "certainly"; also "do it").
Mandinka
Mandinka
Source language
Mandinka
Source
o ke ("that's it", "certainly"; also "do it")
Context
Introduced by West African slaves
Date first used
by 1815
Proposer
David Dalby
Date proposed
1969
Notes
First proposed in the Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture.
Djabo
Djabo
Source language
Djabo
Source
O'-ke
Context
Introduced by West African slaves
Date first used
by 1800
Proposer
Charles Blooah
Date proposed
1937
Notes
Liberian Charles Blooah had noted the similarity of Djabo affirmative O'-ke in 1937 without asserting any causality.
Unknown
Unknown
Source language
Unknown
Source
kay
Context
Introduced by West African slaves
Date first used
by 1784
Proposer
' North Carolina enslaved person '
Date proposed
1784
Notes
A particle "kay" is attested from a person enslaved in North Carolina in 1784, seeking to avoid being flogged.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "oll korrect"
Context
Coined by humorist Josh Billings
Date first used
1860s or 1870s
Proposer
"Callisthenes"
Date proposed
1935
Notes
Proposed in an advertisement in The Times for Selfridges; "Mr. Selfridge" purportedly remembered having read Billings as a boy.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "oll korrect"
Context
Misspelling by Andrew Jackson
Date first used
c. 1830
Proposer
James Gordon Bennett, Sr.
Date proposed
30 March 1840[citation needed]
Notes
Bennett's story, a fabricated anecdote, is the first attribution of "O.K." to Jackson, although the quality of Jackson's spelling had already been debated during the 1828 presidential election. Charles Godfrey Leland claimed in 1889 to have heard the Jackson-misspelling story in 1835.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "oll korrect"
Context
Misspelling by Thomas Daniels
Date first used
15 September 1840
Notes
Daniels painted a banner reading "The people is Oll Korrect" displayed at a rally for William Henry Harrison in Urbana, Ohio. H. L. Mencken described this as "the story generally credited" as the origin until earlier uses were discovered in the 1930s. Daniel Leffel, owner of the Sugar Grove tavern on the National Road outside Springfield, Ohio, erected a prominent "O.K." sign after reading about Daniels' banner.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "oll korrect"
Context
Misspelling by John Jacob Astor
Date first used
c.1800
Proposer
Eliezer Edward
Date proposed
1881
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "oll korrect"
Context
Popularized by James Pyle based on Andrew Jackson usage
Date first used
1862
Proposer
New York Times obituary
Date proposed
1900
Notes
James Pyle, inventor of "Pyle's Pearline" purchased by Procter & Gamble in 1914 and renamed "Ivory Snow," placed an ad in the New York Times, October 23, 1862 which refers to James Pyle's O.K. Soap. The New York Times obituary of James Pyle dated January 21, 1900 says "Brought O.K. Into Popularity." The obituary states "He was the first to utilize in advertisements the letters OK in their business significance of all correct. He had the original use of these letters by Stonewall Jackson as an endorsement and was struck by their catchiness. By his extensive employment of them he probably did more than any other person to raise them to the dignity of a popular term and an established business institution."
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Misspelling of "O.R." for "Order Received"
Context
A common mistake in the Western U.S. owing to the similar shapes of the letters R and K.
Date first used
by 1790
Proposer
Albigence Waldo Putnam
Date proposed
1859
Notes
The 1790 bill of sale "Andrew Jackson, Esq., proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker for a negro man, which was O.K." is cited in Putnam's History of Middle Tennessee; the assertion that the misspelling is common is added in James Parton's 1860 Life of Andrew Jackson. Woodford Heflin in 1941 established that the 1790 bill did in fact read "O.R." rather than "O.K."
German
German
Source language
German
Source
Initials of "Ohne Korrectur" [sic] (German for "No changes")
Context
The term OK was used by typesetters and people working in the publishing business. A manuscript that didn't need any changes or corrections would be marked "O.K." for Ohne Korrectur [sic] (German for "No changes").
Date first used
c. 1900
Proposer
Guido Carreras
Date proposed
June 30, 1941
Notes
In Newsweek.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "O'Kelly" or "Obediah Kelly"
Context
An early railroad agent or engineer certifying bills or deliveries.
Date proposed
by 1933
German
German
Source language
German
Source
Initials of Otto Kaiser
Context
An industrialist certifying his factory's produce for shipping
Date proposed
by 1953
Notes
Reported in 1953 to be widely believed in Germany.
Greek
Greek
Source language
Greek
Source
Initials of Ὅλα Καλά (Ola Kala, "everything is fine")
Context
Used by Greek teachers marking students' work. Prominence of Greek shipping would allow it to be spread by sailors
Proposer
John Alfred Huybers
Date proposed
1913
Notes
In the editor's preface to When I was a boy in Greece, by George Demetrios. Louise Pound supported the theory for a time.
Greek
Greek
Source language
Greek
Source
Initials of Ὅλα Καλά (Ola Kala, "everything is well").
Context
An abbreviation used by Greek immigrants in United States in the late 1800s, when sending telegrams to their relatives in Greece to keep the cost low.
Date first used
late 19th century
Byzantine Greek
Byzantine Greek
Source language
Byzantine Greek
Source
och, och (ὤχ, ὤχ)
Context
A magical incantation against fleas
Date first used
c.920
Proposer
W. Snow
Date proposed
26 October 1939
Notes
ὤχ, ὤχ occurs in the Geoponica, 13.15.9. Suggested in a letter to The Times.
French
French
Source language
French
Source
au(x) quai(s) ("to the dock(s)")
Context
Said of cotton bales accepted for export from New Orleans
Date first used
by 1803
Date proposed
by 1961
Notes
Martin R. Wall wrote in 1963 that he had been told this in France "several years ago".
French
French
Source language
French
Source
au(x) quai(s) ("on the quay(s)")
Context
stencilled on Puerto Rican rum specially selected for export
Date proposed
before 1953
Notes
A conflation of the au quai and Aux Cayes theories.
French
French
Source language
French
Source
au(x) quai(s) ("on the quay(s)")
Context
In the American Revolutionary War, of French sailors making appointments with American girls
Date first used
1780s
Proposer
"Beachcomber"
Date proposed
28 June 1940
Notes
In the Daily Express.
French
French
Source language
French
Source
Aux Cayes ("from Les Cayes, Haiti")
Context
Les Cayes is a port from which high-quality rum was exported
Date proposed
by 1905
German
German
Source language
German
Source
Initials of Ober Kommando (High Command)
Context
Used by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, inspector general of the Continental Army the American Revolutionary War endorsing letters and orders
Date first used
1780s
Date proposed
23 January 1938
Notes
German article reprinted in the Omaha Tribune. Giving a similar story in a letter to The Times in 1939, Sir Anthony Palmer used the name "General Schliessen" and phrase Oberst Kommandant ("colonel in command").
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "Open Key"
Context
A global telegraph signal meaning "ready to transmit"
Date first used
"1861 or 1862"
Date proposed
By 1882
Notes
The telegraph was not invented until 1844. A contemporary news report of the 1866 transatlantic telegraph cable says "The following telegram has been received from Mr. R. A. Glass, Managing Director of the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Limited) :— 'O.K.,' (all correct)."
Finnish
Finnish
Source language
Finnish
Source
oikea ("correct")
Date proposed
July 1940
Notes
In Cleveland Public Library Main Library News Notes.
Latin
Latin
Source language
Latin
Source
Initials of Omnis Correcta ("all correct"), with the K replacing the C
Context
Used by early schoolmasters marking examination papers
Date proposed
1935
Notes
In a letter in The Vancouver Sun.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "outer keel"
Context
Each timber in a wooden-hulled ship would be marked; "O.K. No 1" was the first timber to be laid
Proposer
John D. Forbes
Date proposed
by 1936
English
English
Source language
English
Source
hoacky or horkey
Context
Name for the harvest festival in eastern England
Proposer
Wilfred White
Date proposed
7 March 1935
Notes
Suggested in an article in the Daily Telegraph. The phrase "hocky cry" is attested from 1555.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of Orrin Kendall (The letters OK were stamped on each biscuit)
Context
Suppliers of high-quality biscuits to the Union War Department during the American Civil War.
Date first used
(after 1861)
Date proposed
16 December 1910
Notes
Article in the Chicago Record Herald.
Old English
Old English
Source language
Old English
Source
hogfor ("seaworthy")
Context
Shortened to HG, then pronounced by Norwegian and Danish sailors as hah gay.
Proposer
Frank Colby
Date proposed
21 March 1943
Notes
Colby reported the theory in his syndicated column "Take My Word For It", but did not endorse it.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of 0K "Zero Killed"
Context
In military dispatches after a battle or combat mission in which no casualties had been suffered
Proposer
Leon Godchaux
Date proposed
2 March 1981
Notes
In a letter to Time.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of King's Observatory, Kew
Context
Stamped on timepieces and instruments certified by the Observatory
Date first used
1878
Proposer
Lorah Harris Graham
Date proposed
1950
Notes
In fact, the stamp was "KO" rather than "OK", although the actual symbol comprised an ornate "O" and "K" superimposed, and it was described as "OK" in an 1884 almanac.
Occitan
Occitan
Source language
Occitan
Source
oc ("yes")
Context
Introduced by colonists in French Louisiana
Proposer
F. R. H. McLellan
Date proposed
14 December 1953
Notes
In The Daily Telegraph.
Scots
Scots
Source language
Scots
Source
och aye ("ah, yes")
Context
Scottish immigrants to North America
Proposer
"Barbarian"
Date proposed
15 October 1933
Notes
In a letter in The Observer.
Ulster Scots
Ulster Scots
Source language
Ulster Scots
Source
och aye ("ah, yes")
Context
Brought by Scotch-Irish American immigrants
Date first used
"18th [or] early 19th" century
Proposer
Mary Degges
Date proposed
October 1975
Notes
A variant of the och, aye theory Degges heard in Belfast; the Ulster pronunciation is purportedly closer to "OK" than the Scottish equivalent.
French
French
Source language
French
Source
O qu'oui ("ah, yes")
Context
Emphatic form of "yes"
Date first used
by 1768
Proposer
William McDevitt
Date proposed
by 1945
Notes
O qu'oui occurs in A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy by Laurence Sterne.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Initials of "Old Keokuk"
Context
The Sac chief signed treaties with these initials
Date first used
by 1830
Date proposed
by 1890
Notes
The theory was mentioned but not endorsed by the Century Dictionary in 1890.
French
French
Source language
French
Source
Misspelled initials of au courant
Context
In a poem by "Hans Breitmann", semi-educated German immigrant created by humorist Charles Godfrey Leland
Date first used
by 1865
Date proposed
1868
Notes
Breitmann's poems appeared during the U.S. Civil War; the glossary to the 1868 British edition equates "O.K." with au courant.
English
English
Source language
English
Source
Opposite of KO "knockout"
Date proposed
by 1981
Notes
Cited by Allan Pease.
Source language
Source
Context
Date first used
Proposer
Date proposed
Notes
English
Initials of "oll korrect", a misspelling of "all correct"
Coined during a fad for comical misspellings and abbreviations
by 1839
by 1839
Documented by Allen Walker Read in 1964, and subsequently widely accepted by dictionaries and etymologists.
English
Initials of "Old Kinderhook"
Nickname for Martin Van Buren, from his birthplace in Kinderhook, New York; used as a slogan in the 1840 presidential election
by 1840
editor of the New York New Era
27 May 1840
Reinterpreted by supporters of rival William Henry Harrison as "Out of Kash", "Orful Kalamity", etc. Allen Walker Read suggests this exploited and reinforced the pre-existing "oll korrect" sense.
Choctaw
oke, okeh ("it is")
Frontiersman trading with Choctaws borrowed the word directly or via Mobilian Jargon
by 1812
William S. Wyman
August 1885
The form is a verbal suffix "indeed, contrary to your supposition" with modern spelling -okii. Wyman suggested Andrew Jackson had learnt "O.K." from Choctaw and introduced it in the East; others suggest an 18th-century origin.
Choctaw
si Hoka ('meaning "that's me" or "that's what I said )
Learned by Andrew Jackson from Pushmataha
by 1812
William H. Murray
1931
Pushmataha was a Choctaw chief who fought under Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
Wolof
waaw-kay (waaw "yes" + emphatic -kay)
Introduced by West African slaves
by 1815
David Dalby
1969
First proposed in the Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. Dalby did not specify Wolof, suggesting also Mandinka o ke ("that's it", "certainly"; also "do it").
Mandinka
o ke ("that's it", "certainly"; also "do it")
Introduced by West African slaves
by 1815
David Dalby
1969
First proposed in the Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture.
Djabo
O'-ke
Introduced by West African slaves
by 1800
Charles Blooah
1937
Liberian Charles Blooah had noted the similarity of Djabo affirmative O'-ke in 1937 without asserting any causality.
Unknown
kay
Introduced by West African slaves
by 1784
' North Carolina enslaved person '
1784
A particle "kay" is attested from a person enslaved in North Carolina in 1784, seeking to avoid being flogged.
English
Initials of "oll korrect"
Coined by humorist Josh Billings
1860s or 1870s
"Callisthenes"
1935
Proposed in an advertisement in The Times for Selfridges; "Mr. Selfridge" purportedly remembered having read Billings as a boy.
English
Initials of "oll korrect"
Misspelling by Andrew Jackson
c. 1830
James Gordon Bennett, Sr.
30 March 1840[citation needed]
Bennett's story, a fabricated anecdote, is the first attribution of "O.K." to Jackson, although the quality of Jackson's spelling had already been debated during the 1828 presidential election. Charles Godfrey Leland claimed in 1889 to have heard the Jackson-misspelling story in 1835.
English
Initials of "oll korrect"
Misspelling by Thomas Daniels
15 September 1840
Daniels painted a banner reading "The people is Oll Korrect" displayed at a rally for William Henry Harrison in Urbana, Ohio. H. L. Mencken described this as "the story generally credited" as the origin until earlier uses were discovered in the 1930s. Daniel Leffel, owner of the Sugar Grove tavern on the National Road outside Springfield, Ohio, erected a prominent "O.K." sign after reading about Daniels' banner.
English
Initials of "oll korrect"
Misspelling by John Jacob Astor
c.1800
Eliezer Edward
1881
English
Initials of "oll korrect"
Popularized by James Pyle based on Andrew Jackson usage
1862
New York Times obituary
1900
James Pyle, inventor of "Pyle's Pearline" purchased by Procter & Gamble in 1914 and renamed "Ivory Snow," placed an ad in the New York Times, October 23, 1862 which refers to James Pyle's O.K. Soap. The New York Times obituary of James Pyle dated January 21, 1900 says "Brought O.K. Into Popularity." The obituary states "He was the first to utilize in advertisements the letters OK in their business significance of all correct. He had the original use of these letters by Stonewall Jackson as an endorsement and was struck by their catchiness. By his extensive employment of them he probably did more than any other person to raise them to the dignity of a popular term and an established business institution."
English
Misspelling of "O.R." for "Order Received"
A common mistake in the Western U.S. owing to the similar shapes of the letters R and K.
by 1790
Albigence Waldo Putnam
1859
The 1790 bill of sale "Andrew Jackson, Esq., proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker for a negro man, which was O.K." is cited in Putnam's History of Middle Tennessee; the assertion that the misspelling is common is added in James Parton's 1860 Life of Andrew Jackson. Woodford Heflin in 1941 established that the 1790 bill did in fact read "O.R." rather than "O.K."
German
Initials of "Ohne Korrectur" [sic] (German for "No changes")
The term OK was used by typesetters and people working in the publishing business. A manuscript that didn't need any changes or corrections would be marked "O.K." for Ohne Korrectur [sic] (German for "No changes").
c. 1900
Guido Carreras
June 30, 1941
In Newsweek.
English
Initials of "O'Kelly" or "Obediah Kelly"
An early railroad agent or engineer certifying bills or deliveries.
by 1933
German
Initials of Otto Kaiser
An industrialist certifying his factory's produce for shipping
by 1953
Reported in 1953 to be widely believed in Germany.
Greek
Initials of Ὅλα Καλά (Ola Kala, "everything is fine")
Used by Greek teachers marking students' work. Prominence of Greek shipping would allow it to be spread by sailors
John Alfred Huybers
1913
In the editor's preface to When I was a boy in Greece, by George Demetrios. Louise Pound supported the theory for a time.
Greek
Initials of Ὅλα Καλά (Ola Kala, "everything is well").
An abbreviation used by Greek immigrants in United States in the late 1800s, when sending telegrams to their relatives in Greece to keep the cost low.
late 19th century
Byzantine Greek
och, och (ὤχ, ὤχ)
A magical incantation against fleas
c.920
W. Snow
26 October 1939
ὤχ, ὤχ occurs in the Geoponica, 13.15.9. Suggested in a letter to The Times.
French
au(x) quai(s) ("to the dock(s)")
Said of cotton bales accepted for export from New Orleans
by 1803
by 1961
Martin R. Wall wrote in 1963 that he had been told this in France "several years ago".
French
au(x) quai(s) ("on the quay(s)")
stencilled on Puerto Rican rum specially selected for export
before 1953
A conflation of the au quai and Aux Cayes theories.
French
au(x) quai(s) ("on the quay(s)")
In the American Revolutionary War, of French sailors making appointments with American girls
1780s
"Beachcomber"
28 June 1940
In the Daily Express.
French
Aux Cayes ("from Les Cayes, Haiti")
Les Cayes is a port from which high-quality rum was exported
by 1905
German
Initials of Ober Kommando (High Command)
Used by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, inspector general of the Continental Army the American Revolutionary War endorsing letters and orders
1780s
23 January 1938
German article reprinted in the Omaha Tribune. Giving a similar story in a letter to The Times in 1939, Sir Anthony Palmer used the name "General Schliessen" and phrase Oberst Kommandant ("colonel in command").
English
Initials of "Open Key"
A global telegraph signal meaning "ready to transmit"
"1861 or 1862"
By 1882
The telegraph was not invented until 1844. A contemporary news report of the 1866 transatlantic telegraph cable says "The following telegram has been received from Mr. R. A. Glass, Managing Director of the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Limited) :— 'O.K.,' (all correct)."
Finnish
oikea ("correct")
July 1940
In Cleveland Public Library Main Library News Notes.
English
Initials of Onslow and Kilbracken
On bills reviewed by the Lord Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords (Onslow) and his counsel (Kilbracken)
(after 1932)
John Godley
1939
A jocular proposal by Kilbracken's son, then a student, in a letter to The Times in response to Sir Anthony Palmer's earlier letter.
Latin
Initials of Omnis Correcta ("all correct"), with the K replacing the C
Used by early schoolmasters marking examination papers
1935
In a letter in The Vancouver Sun.
English
Initials of "outer keel"
Each timber in a wooden-hulled ship would be marked; "O.K. No 1" was the first timber to be laid
John D. Forbes
by 1936
English
hoacky or horkey
Name for the harvest festival in eastern England
Wilfred White
7 March 1935
Suggested in an article in the Daily Telegraph. The phrase "hocky cry" is attested from 1555.
English
Initials of Orrin Kendall (The letters OK were stamped on each biscuit)
Suppliers of high-quality biscuits to the Union War Department during the American Civil War.
(after 1861)
16 December 1910
Article in the Chicago Record Herald.
Old English
hogfor ("seaworthy")
Shortened to HG, then pronounced by Norwegian and Danish sailors as hah gay.
Frank Colby
21 March 1943
Colby reported the theory in his syndicated column "Take My Word For It", but did not endorse it.
English
Initials of 0K "Zero Killed"
In military dispatches after a battle or combat mission in which no casualties had been suffered
Leon Godchaux
2 March 1981
In a letter to Time.
English
Initials of King's Observatory, Kew
Stamped on timepieces and instruments certified by the Observatory
1878
Lorah Harris Graham
1950
In fact, the stamp was "KO" rather than "OK", although the actual symbol comprised an ornate "O" and "K" superimposed, and it was described as "OK" in an 1884 almanac.
Occitan
oc ("yes")
Introduced by colonists in French Louisiana
F. R. H. McLellan
14 December 1953
In The Daily Telegraph.
Scots
och aye ("ah, yes")
Scottish immigrants to North America
"Barbarian"
15 October 1933
In a letter in The Observer.
Ulster Scots
och aye ("ah, yes")
Brought by Scotch-Irish American immigrants
"18th [or] early 19th" century
Mary Degges
October 1975
A variant of the och, aye theory Degges heard in Belfast; the Ulster pronunciation is purportedly closer to "OK" than the Scottish equivalent.
French
O qu'oui ("ah, yes")
Emphatic form of "yes"
by 1768
William McDevitt
by 1945
O qu'oui occurs in A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy by Laurence Sterne.
English
Initials of "Old Keokuk"
The Sac chief signed treaties with these initials
by 1830
by 1890
The theory was mentioned but not endorsed by the Century Dictionary in 1890.
French
Misspelled initials of au courant
In a poem by "Hans Breitmann", semi-educated German immigrant created by humorist Charles Godfrey Leland
by 1865
1868
Breitmann's poems appeared during the U.S. Civil War; the glossary to the 1868 British edition equates "O.K." with au courant.
English
Opposite of KO "knockout"
by 1981
Cited by Allan Pease.

References

  1. The American Language : Supplement I
    https://archive.org/stream/americanlangu00menc#page/269/mode/2up
  2. Read 1964.
  3. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
  4. American Speech
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F453580
  5. Oxford English Dictionary
  6. American Speech
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F453285
  7. Read 1964, pp. 14–17.
  8. Read 1964, pp. 15–16.
  9. American Speech
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F455123
  10. Read 1964, p. 23.
  11. A Tour in the United States of America
    https://archive.org/stream/cihm_41222/cihm_41222#page/n151/mode/2up/search/%22great+fifh%22
  12. The Times
  13. Read 1964, p. 13.
  14. American Speech
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F454098
  15. The Breitmann ballads
    https://archive.org/stream/breitmannballads00lelarich#page/137/mode/1up
  16. The American Language
    https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.212093/2015.212093.The-American#page/n217
  17. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications
    https://archive.org/stream/ohioarchologicalohio#page/352
  18. Read 1964, pp. 9–11.
  19. Read 1964, p. 21.
  20. Read 1964, p. 19.
  21. Read 1964, pp. 19–20.
  22. American Speech
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/486460
  23. Read 1964, p. 20.
  24. The Times
  25. Read 1964, p. 22.
  26. Read 1964, pp. 17–18.
  27. Read 1964, p. 21, fn. 84.
  28. Read 1964, p. 21, fn. 85.
  29. The Times
  30. Read 1964, p. 14.
  31. Saunders's News Letter
    https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001057/18660728/024/0003
  32. The Times
  33. Read 1964, p. 20, fn. 82.
  34. Read 1964, p. 24, fn. 100.
  35. Oxford English Dictionary
  36. Read 1964, pp. 18–19.
  37. Inspirations: Radio Talks and Travel Sketches
  38. The King's Observatory: Historical Report
    http://www.kingsobservatory.co.uk/resources/02_history/Cloake%20Study/Kings%20Observatory%20-%20Historical%20Report%20by%20John%20Cloake%20-%20Vol%201.pdf#page=17
  39. History of the Meteorological Office
    https://books.google.com/books?id=O6jAo4m4L_gC&pg=PA172
  40. The British Almanac
    https://books.google.com/books?id=m6AFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA17
  41. Read 1964, pp. 22–23, fn. 93.
  42. Read 1964, p. 23, fn. 98.
  43. American Speech
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3088024
  44. Read 1964, p. 17, fn. 68.
  45. Century Dictionary
    https://archive.org/stream/centurydictipt1400whituoft#page/4099/mode/1up
  46. Hans Breitmann as a politician
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8v4yAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA71
  47. Body Language: How To Read Others Thoughts By Their Gestures
    https://archive.org/stream/BodyLanguageHowToReadOthersThoughtsByTheirGestures_201403/Body%20Language%20How%20To%20Read%20Others%20Thoughts%20By%20Their%20Gestures#page/n11/mode/1up
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