List of political parties in Malaysia

A The coalition contested seats in West Malaysia using the symbol of the People's Justice Party while seats in East Malaysia were contested using the symbols of the individual coalition parties. Excludes the Malaysian United Indigenous Party, which was part of the coalition in the 2018 election but subsequently left and later joined Perikatan Nasional in 2020. B New alliance of parties formed in 2020. Share shown are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU, PAS and GERAKAN in the last election. C Four parties that made up Barisan Nasional Sarawak announced their withdrawal from the coalition and formed the new coalition of 12 June 2018. D Gabungan Rakyat Sabah Party (GRS) is an official political coalition party founded in September 2020 by Datuk Sri Panglima Hajiji Noor and successfully registered, confirmed on March 11, 2022 by Registry of Societies (RoS) E The party contested in an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan.

A Originally registered as Parti Demokratik Sabah (Sabah Democratic Party) in 1994, the party was renamed as United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation in 1999 and renamed further to its current name in 2019. B Originally registered as Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia (Muslim Community Union of Malaysia) in 1991, the party was reorganised with new leadership in 1999 and renamed Parti Keadilan Nasional (National Justice Party). In 2003, the party merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Party) and was again renamed to its current name. In 2005, a small left-wing group left the party to reorganise Parti Rakyat Malaysia just prior to its de-registration. C Originally registered as Parti Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia (Malaysian Worker's Party) in 1978, the party was reorganised with new leadership in 2015 and renamed to its current name.

A Originally registered in 1946, UMNO was deregistered in 1988 and the then Prime Minister registered a new party, UMNO Baru the same year. UMNO Baru is considered a successor party to the original UMNO. The suffix Baru or New was dropped from the name in July the same year B Originally registered as the Malayan Indian Congress, the name was changed to the current name after the formation of Malaysia in 1963 C Originally registered as the Malayan Chinese Association, the name was changed to the current name after the formation of Malaysia in 1963

A The party is a result of a merger between Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (Sarawak Bumiputera Party), itself a merger established in 1968 between Parti Negara Sarawak (Sarawak National Party or PANAS established in 1960) and Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (Sarawak Native People's Front or BARJASA established in 1961), and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (Sarawak Native's Heritage Party or PESAKA established in 1961) B Originally registered as the Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party, the name was changed to its current form to facilitate the expansion of the party beyond the state of Sarawak

This political coalition party was registered and legalised on March 11, 2022 under Societies Act 1966. C Originally established as the Sabah chapter of the State Reform Party (STAR), the party was reorganised and registered separately with the ROS after STAR decided to focus solely on Sarawak regional politics.

B PRM was originally registered as Partai Ra'ayat. It was renamed Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Socialist Party) in 1970 and then renamed again to its current name in 1989. In 2003 the party officially merged with Parti Keadilan Nasional to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat. Some members of the original PRM re-organised PRM as a functional political party in 2005 after some disagreement on the ideology and direction of the newly merged party, PKR. C KIMMA was accepted to become the associate member of UMNO with the obserser status on 27 August 2010. D The Punjabi Party of Malaysia was established in 1986 but only registered with the Elections Commission in 2003. E Originally registered as the Parti Demokratik Setiahati Kuasa Rakyat Bersatu Sabah, it was later renamed on 23 March 2011 when it extended its wings to Peninsular Malaysia. G Formed by former members of the original United Sabah National Organisation which was dissolved in 1991. H The party applied to change its name to Minority Rights Action Party and announced its support for the Pakatan Harapan coalition prior to the GE14. I The supposed plan to dissolve TERAS in 2016 was abandoned and never materialised.

Nanyang Communist PartyParti Komunis Nanyang

CPN

1925–1930

South Sea Communist Party is also referred to as Nanyang Communist Party or simply called as SSCP or CPN which operates and is headquartered in Singapore. SSCP or CPN has been published since 1925, and on the instructions of the Comintern then uncle Ho Chi Minh was sent as a Comintern representative for the establishment of communist parties national to harmonize the culture of the local community with the ideology of communism, such as the Indochina Communist Party, Communist Party of Indonesia, Chinese Communist Party and Communist Party of Thailand.

Communist Party of MalayaParti Komunis Malaya

CPM

1930–1989

The party operated legally from 1945 to 1948 before it was banned. After it was banned, the party went underground as the Malayan National Liberation Army to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1989, the party signed a peace treaty with the Malaysian and Thai governments ending its armed rebellion. The current status of the party as an organisation remains unclear.

Young Malays UnionKesatuan Melayu Muda

KMM

1937–1945

The first overtly political Malay national organisation. The party was dissolved after the surrender of Japan in 1945 but her members formed the nucleus of many post-war political parties.

Pahang Malays AssociationPersatuan Melayu Pahang

PMP

1938–1949

The first overtly semi-political Malays national organisation in Pahang. The association was dissolved and absorbed into UMNO branches and it can be said that all the former leaders of the Pahang Malay Association continued their activities as UMNO leaders.

Syarikat Bekerjasama Am SaiburiSaiburi General Cooperative Union

SABERKAS

1945–1954

Originally organised as an underground Malay nationalist movement in Thai occupied Kedah (Saiburi in Thai), it was legalised as a political organisation in 1945 just prior to the return of Kedah to the British authorities in 1946. It joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party in 1952 and was eventually merged with the other component parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.

Parti Kebangsaan Melayu MalayaMalays Nationalist Party

PKMM

1945–1948

The first post-war pan-Malayan Malay nationalist party formed by former activists of the Young Malays Union advocating a form of left-wing nationalism called Marhaenism. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.

Malayan Democratic UnionKesatuan Demokratik Malaya

MDU

1945–1948

The first post-war non-ethnic political party primarily but not exclusively operating in Singapore, an integral part of British Malaya then. The party was voluntarily dissolved after their failure to block the formation of the Federation of Malaya in favour of the Malayan Union and the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.

All-Malaya Council of Joint Action

AMCJA

1946–1948

A coalition of left-wing non-Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing Malay dominated coalition, PUTERA. The coalition ceased to exist after the dissolution of MDU, the primary component party, in 1948.

Angkatan Pemuda InsafAware Youth Corps

API

1946–1947

Originally the youth wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was subsequently banned in 1947.

Angkatan Wanita SedarAwakened Women's Union

AWAS

1946–1948

Originally the women's wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.

Overseas Chinese Youth AssociationPersatuan Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Sarawak

OCYA

1946–1959

New Democratic Youth League of MalayaLiga Pemuda Demokratik Baru Malaya

NDYL

1946–1948

A member of the AMCJA, it was banned during the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.

Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayatCentre of Peoples' Power

PUTERA

1947–1948

A coalition of left-wing Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing non-Malay dominated coalition, AMCJA. The coalition ceased to exist after the banning of PKMM, the primary component party, in 1948.

Barisan Tani Se-MalayaPan-Malayan Farmers' Front

BATAS

1947–1948

A left-wing party for organising Malayan peasants. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency and the party's leader, Musa Ahmad, eventually became the chairman of the Communist Party of Malaya.

Majlis Agama Tertinggi Se-MalayaPan-Malayan Supreme Religious Council

MATA

1947–1948

Established by radical Malay clerics to challenge the Sultan's control of Islam. It was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. It gradually adopted a more pan-Malay nationalist approach and eventually was absorbed by Hizbul Muslimin.

Gerakan Angkatan MudaYoung Generation Movement

GERAM

1947–1948

Led by Aziz Ishak and A Samad Ismail, it was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with the AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. The movement was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency.

Pemuda Radikal MelayuRadical Malay Youth Party

PERAM

1948

Established by Mohamed Mustaza, a former Secretary General of the PKMM, to replace the role played by API which was banned in 1947. PERAM was itself banned after the declaration of the Malayan Emergency.

Hizbul MusliminMalayan Muslim People's Party

HAMIM

1948

Inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood and led by Ustaz Abu Bakar al-Baqir, it was an attempt to transform MATA into a full-fledged political party. It ceased to exist after several of its leaders were arrested during the Malayan Emergency.

Malacca Labour PartyParti Buruh Melaka

MLP

1948–1954

With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was first organised within the territorial limits of Malacca in 1948 but only gained registration in 1951. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.

Peninsular Malays UnionPersatuan Melayu Semenanjung

PEMAS

1949–1965

Formed as an alternative to UMNO for poorer Malays, the party were deregistered on the height of Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation

Sarawak Overseas Chinese Democratic Youth LeagueLiga Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Demokratik Sarawak

SOCDYL

1951–1954

Radical left-wing offshoot of the Sarawak Overseas Chinese Youth Association. It was merged into the Sarawak Liberation League in 1954.

Radical PartyParti Radikal

RP

1951–1952

Led by Lim Chong Eu, the party was founded to contest the George Town Municipal Council elections. The party was dissolved in 1952 when Lim joined the Malayan Chinese Association.

Alliance PartyParti Perikatan

1951–1973

A coalition of the United Malays National Organisation, the Malayan Chinese Association and the Malayan Indian Congress. The coalition was expanded to include other parties after the 13 May Incident and was subsequently registered as the Barisan Nasional (National Front).

Independence of Malaya PartyParti Kemerdekaan Malaya

IMP

1951–1953

Established by founding president of the United Malays National Organisation, Onn Jaafar, to be a multi-ethnic party. The party did not do well electorally and was dissolved in 1953.

Labour Party of PenangParti Buruh Pulau Pinang

LPP

1951–1954

With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang to contest the George Town Municipal Elections. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.

Selangor Labour PartyParti Buruh Selangor

SLP

1951–1954

With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Selangor. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.

Perak Labour PartyParti Buruh Perak

PLP

1952–1954

With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Perak. In 1952 it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.

Negri Sembilan Labour PartyParti Buruh Negri Sembilan

NSLP

1952–1954

With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Negri Sembilan to contest the Seremban Town Council elections in 1953. In 1952 it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.

Pan-Malayan Labour PartyParti Buruh Se-Malaya

PMLP

1952–1954

With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party was formed as a confederation of labour parties from Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca and Singapore. With the loosening of regulations, it eventually centralised its organisation to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954.

National Association of PerakParti Kebangsaan Perak

NAP

1953–1959

Formed and led by the first Menteri Besar of Perak, Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz, the party was a multi-ethnic party that cooperated with the Independence of Malaya Party and later with Parti Negara. The party was renamed the Perak National Democratic Association and eventually absorbed by the United Malays National Organisation and the Malayan Chinese Association after the death of the founder.

Province Wellesley Labour PartyParti Buruh Seberang Prai

PWLP

1953–1959

With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang and competed against the Labour Party of Penang in the George Town Municipal Council elections in 1953. The party did not join the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and existed separately until its eventual merger with the LPM.

Parti NegaraNational Party

PN

1953–1962

The successor party to the Independence of Malaya Party, it took a more Malay nationalistic stance compared to its predecessor but maintained a multi-ethnic composition. The party was dissolved after the death of its founding president, Onn Jaafar.

Malaysia People's Progressive PartyParti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia

myPPP

1953–2019

A multiracial political party in Malaysia which was one of the component members of the National Front or Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 1973 to 2018. After losing the 2018 election, the party has been split into two factions – one led by Maglin Dennis D'Cruz who supported myPPP remaining part of the BN coalition and the other led by party president M. Kayveas who insisted on myPPP leaving the BN coalition. The latter emerged victorious in the immediate power struggle and myPPP subsequently exited the Barisan Nasional coalition. The Registrar of Societies (RoS) has deregistered MyPPP, which is facing leadership problems, effective 14 Jan 2019.

Labour Party of MalayaParti Buruh Malaya

LPM

1954–1972

With the easing of restrictions, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party re-organised itself from a confederation of labour parties into a centralised party.

Sarawak Liberation LeagueLiga Pembebasan Sarawak

SLL

1954–1956

A radical left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it was merged into the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association in 1956 after being proscribed by the colonial authorities.

Sarawak Advanced Youth AssociationPersatuan Pemuda Progresif Sarawak

SAYA

1956–1971

A militant left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it eventually coalesced with other radical left-wing groups and formed the nucleus of the North Kalimantan Communist Party.

Malayan Socialist Youth LeagueLiga Pemuda Sosialis Malaya

MSYL

1956–1958

Organised as the youth wing of the Labour Party of Malaya, it was eventually proscribed and banned shortly after the independence of Malaya.

Malayan PartyParti Malaya

MP

1956–1964

A Malacca based party, it was established to retain Malacca's status as a Crown Colony. With the formation of Malaysia in 1963, most members defected to the Alliance Party and the party eventually faded out.

Malayan Peoples' Socialist FrontFron Sosialis Rakyat Malaya

FSRM

1957–1969

A coalition initially comprising the Labour Party of Malaya and Partai Ra'ayat, it became the major Opposition party in the newly independent Malaya until the Confrontation resulted in its persecution and eventual demise.

Parti Negara SarawakNational Party of Sarawak

PANAS

1960–1968

A bumiputera dominated multi-ethnic political party, it was second political party to registered in Sarawak, it was established to contest municipal and district council elections. In 1968 the party merged with the Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak to form Parti Bumiputera.

United National Kadazan OrganisationPertubuhan Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu

UNKO

1961–1964

Established by Donald Stephens, the first indigenous party in Sabah was modeled after UMNO in Malaya to represent the interests of the Kadazandusun community. The party split in 1962 with a group led by G. S. Sundang going on to form the United Pasok Momogun Organisation.

United Sabah National OrganisationPertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu

USNO

1961–1996

Established by Mustapha Harun, it was established as a multi-ethnic party but was dominated by the Muslim Bajau community. The party was eventually dissolved in 1996 with her members either joining UMNO or Parti Bersatu Sabah after the dissolution.

Barisan Rakyat Jati SarawakSarawak Native People's Front

BARJASA

1961–1968

A Muslim bumiputera party primarily representing the interests of the ethnic Malay and Melanau community, it merged with Parti Negara Sarawak in 1968 to form Parti Bumiputera.

Sarawak National PartyParti Kebangsaan Sarawak

SNAP

1961–2013

A multi-ethnic party, it joined the Sarawak Alliance but was expelled in 1965. It joined the Barisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was again expelled in 2004. It then joined the Pakatan Rakyat coalition in 2010 but withdrew just before the 2011 Sarawak state election. Various internal power struggles culminated in the de-registration of the party in 2013.

North Borneo Democratic PartyParti Demokratik Borneo Utara

NBDP

1962

A Chinese-based party that was established in Jesselton, it merged later that same year with the Sandakan based United Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party).

United PartyParti Bersatu

UP

1962

A Chinese-based party that was established in Sandakan, it merged later that same year with the Jesselton based North Borneo Democratic Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party (later renamed the Sabah National Party).

United Pasok Momogun National OrganisationPersatuan Kebangsaan Pasok Momogun Bersatu

Pasok Momogun / UPMO

1962–1964

A breakaway from the United National Kadazan Organisation, it eventually reunited with its parent party to form the United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation and formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party.

Borneo Utara National PartyParti Kebangsaan Borneo Utara

BUNAP

1962–1963

A merger of the North Borneo Democratic Party and the United Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia.

Sarawak Chinese AssociationPersatuan Cina Sarawak

SCA

1962–1974

A Chinese-based party set up by former Parti Negara Sarawak, it was part of the Sarawak Alliance. In 1970, most of its members crossed over to the Sarawak United Peoples' Party. SCA fell into inactivity and was wounded up by its remnant members.

Parti Pesaka Anak SarawakSarawak Native's Heritage Party

PESAKA

1962–1973

A party established by Tun Jugah to represent Iban interests, it was in direct competition with the Sarawak National Party. It merged with Parti Bumiputera in 1973 to form the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu.

United Democratic PartyParti Demokratik Bersatu

UDP

1962–1968

Established by Lim Chong Eu, a former president of the Malayan Chinese Association, it won a single seat in the 1964 general election. It was dissolved in 1968 when Lim joined forces with a few other notable politicians to form Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia.

Sabah Indian CongressKongres India Sabah

SIC

1962–1975

A small party representing the interests of the Indian community in Sabah, it was part of the Sabah Alliance and held one of the nominated seats in the Sabah State Assembly until 1974 when the State Government fell to Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah. It subsequently ceased being active.

Sabah National PartyParti Kebangsaan Sabah

SANAP

1963–1965

Formerly the Borneo Utara National Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. In 1965, it absorbed the social organisation, the Sabah Chinese Association, and renamed itself as the latter.

National Convention PartyParti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan

NCP

1963–1965

Established by Abdul Aziz Ishak, a former Federal Minister in Tunku Abdul Rahman's first and second administration, the party was a component of the Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front. It was weakened after the arrest of Aziz under the Internal Security Act in 1964 and subsequently dissolved.

United Pasokmomogun Kadazan OrganisationPersatuan Pasaokmomogun Kadazan Bersatu

UPKO

1964–1967

A merger of the United Kadazan National Organisation and the United Pasok Momogun National Organisation, it formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party. By 1967, the party was absorbed the United Sabah National Organisation and had ceased to exist as an organised force.

Machinda PartyParti Machinda

MACHINDA

1964–1967

Formed by dissidents of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party who were discomforted by the increasing communist influence and led by Michael Buma, the party participated in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention. Internal conflict over the participation of the party in the MSC eventually caused the party's dissolution in 1967

Sabah Chinese AssociationPersatuan Cina Sabah

SCA

1965–1979

Renamed from the Sabah National Party after absorbing the smaller non-political Sabah Chinese Association, it was part of the Sabah Alliance until it left in 1976. In 1978, most of its leaders and members have left to form the Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party and the party was eventually deregistered in 1979.

Malaysian Solidarity ConventionKonvensyen Solidariti Malaysia

MSC

1965

A coalition led by the People's Action Party of Malaya consisting also of the United Democratic Party, the People's Progressive Party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party and the Machinda Party to challenge what they perceived as the growth of communalism in Malaysia. The MSC was short-lived as PAP, the main convenor, was de-registered following the withdrawal of Singapore from Malaysia.

United Malaysian Chinese OrganisationPersatuan Cina Malaysia Bersatu

UMCO

1966–1970

Formed by former founding member of the Malayan Chinese Association and founding Secretary General of the United Democratic Party, Chin See Yin, the party failed to obtain electoral support in the 1969 general election and was dissolved in the aftermath of the 13 May Incident.

Parti BumiputeraBumiputera Party

PB

1967–1973

A merger of the Parti Negara Sarawak and Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak, the party eventually merged with Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak to form Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu in 1973.

Parti Marhaen MalaysiaMalaysian Marhaen Party

PMM

1968–1974

Formed after the release of Parti Rakyat Malaysia founder, Ahmad Boestamam, the party was a result of Boestamam's disagreement with his former party's adoption of scientific socialism as its ideology. After the failure of the party to win electoral support in the 1974 general election, it merged with Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia.

United Sabah Action PartyParti Tindakan Sabah Bersatu

USAP

1970–1974

Formed by former United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation youth leader, Kalakau Untol, the party was short lived and dissolved after Kulakau joined Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia in 1974.

North Kalimantan Communist PartyParti Komunis Kalimantan Utara

NKCP

1971–1990

Formally established with the consolidation of activist and guerilla forces operating previously as the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association, communist elements of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, the Sarawak Peoples' Guerilla Force, and the North Kalimantan Peoples' Army. The NKCP fought a low intensity insurgency against the Malaysian government until a peace agreement was signed in 1990.

Parti Keadilan Masyarakat MalaysiaMalaysian Social Justice Party

PEKEMAS

1972–1982

Established by dissidents of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia after the party joined Barisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974, 1978, and 1982 general elections. The party did not manage to win much electoral support and lost members to Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia and the Democratic Action Party. After its failure to win any seats in the 1982 general election, the party was eventually dissolved.

Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction)Parti Komunis Malaya (Puak Revolusioner)

CPM–RF

1973–1983

Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau the Communist Party of Malaya when the 8th Regiment in Sadao broke from the main party. It merged with the Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist) in 1983 to form the Communist Party of Malaysia.

Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist)Parti Komunis Malaya (Marxis-Leninis)

CPM–ML

1974–1983

Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau of the Communist Party of Malaya when the 2nd district of the 12th Regiment broke from the main party. It merged with the Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction) in 1983 to form the Communist Party of Malaysia.

Parti Bisamah SarawakSarawak Unity Party

BISAMAH

1974–1978

Founded by former SNAP activist, Nelson Kundai Ngareng, the party was renamed Parti Umat Sarawak (Sarawak People's Party) in 1977. It contested the 1978 general election but failed to win any seats and was dissolved shortly thereafter.

Independent People's Progressive PartyParti Progresif Penduduk Bebas

IPPP

1974–1976

Established by dissidents of the People's Progressive Party after the party joined Barisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974 general election but failed to gain any seats. The party became defunct shortly thereafter.

Kesatuan Insaf Tanah AirHomeland Awareness Union

KITA

1974–1979

A multi-ethnic party by erstwhile members of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia and the PAS who disagreed with the decision of their former parties to join Barisan Nasional. The party was led by former PAS MP, Hashim Gera, and contested the 1974 and 1978 general elections. Having failed to gain electoral support, the party dissolved shortly their 1978 outing.

Parti Negara Rakyat SarawakSarawak Peoples' National Party

NEGARA

1974–1999

A small Sarawak based political party that was originally rumoured to have been funded by the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu to split the Opposition votes. It put up a strong challenge in the 1991 Sarawak state election together with Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak on a campaign promise to appoint a Dayak Chief Minister but was badly defeated.

Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata SabahSabah People's United Front

BERJAYA

1976–1991

Set up by the first Chief Minister of Sabah, Donald Stephens, and USNO Secretary-General, Harris Salleh, the party challenged USNO's dominance of Sabah politics and successfully won the 1976 Sabah state election. The party formed the state government for two terms before losing the 1985 election to Parti Bersatu Sabah. In 1991, the party together with USNO merged to form the Sabah chapter of the United Malays National Organisation.

Parti Perhimpunan Sabah BersatuUnited Sabah Assembly Party

PUSAKA

1977–1978

A short lived party established by Kalakau Untol, the party was dissolved when Kalakau joined Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah.

Sarawak People's OrganisationPertubuhan Rakyat Sarawak

SAPO

1978–1982

Formed by former SNAP Miri branch secretary, Raymond Szetu Mei Thong to protest the party's entry in to Barisan Nasional in 1976. The party won a seat in the 1978 general election but lost it in the following term. The party then ceased to exist as an organised force thereafter.

Social Democratic PartyParti Sosial Demokratik

SDP

1978–1986

Established by dissidents of the Democratic Action Party and led by Yeap Ghim Guan, the party was unable to gain electoral support and re-united with the parent party in 1986.

Parti Anak Jati SarawakSarawak Native's Party

PAJAR

1978–1982

Established by dissidents of the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu led by Alli Kawi, it emerged as a major contender in Sarawak and fielded many candidates in the 1978 Sarawak election but faded away after a poor electoral showing.

Parti Sarawak Demokratik BersatuSarawak United Democratic Party

SUDP / BERSATU

1978–1988

Contested in both the 1983 and 1987 Sarawak elections but faded away after a poor electoral showing in both elections.

United Pasok Nunukragang National OrganisationPertubuhan Kebangsaan Pasok Nunukragang Bersatu

PASOK

1978–2008

Set up by former Sabah Deputy Chief Minister G. S. Sundang, the party did not see much electoral success but have nurtured many politicians in its ranks that eventually gained prominency in Sabah. The party was de-registered in 2008 after failing to resolve a leadership crisis.

Sabah Chinese Consolidated PartyParti Cina Bersatu Sabah

SCCP

1980–1990

A breakaway from Sabah Chinese Association after the party's poor showing in the 1976 state election. In 1989, its leaders abandoned the party and crossed over to the newly formed Liberal Democratic Party.

Malaysian Communist PartyParti Komunis Malaysia

MCP

1983–1988

Formed on 5 December 1983 through the merger of two Communist Party of Malaya splinter groups; the Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction and the Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist-Leninist. Conducted armed struggle in the Malaysian-Thai border areas between 1983 and 1987. It eventually accepted a deal for cessation of hostilities with the Thai military and its cadres were resettled in 'friendship villages'.

Parti Hizbul Muslimin MalaysiaMuslim People's Party of Malaysia

HAMIM

1983–1998

Formed by the former president of the PAS, Asri Muda, it joined Barisan Nasional and was part of the ruling coalition of the state of Kelantan until the state fell to PAS again in 1990. The party's last electoral foray was in 1995 after which it eventually fell into inactivity and later de-registered.

Parti Bansa Dayak SarawakSarawak Native People's Party

PBDS

1983–2004

Formed by Leo Moggie Irok after a failed attempt to win the presidency of the Sarawak National Party, it was the main representative of the Dayak community in Barisan Nasional until its splintering and subsequent de-registration in 2004.

Sarawak United Labour PartyKongres Buruh Bersatu Sarawak

PLUS

1983–1991

A small Sibu based political party, it contested both the 1986 and 1990 general elections but failed to win any representation. It disbanded shortly thereafter.

Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera SabahSabah United Bumiputera People's Party

BERSEPADU

1984–?

Founded by former Sabah state minister Rauf Othman who was expelled from BERJAYA and then joined but left USNO. It contested in the 1985 Sabah state election but failed to capture any seats.

Parti Nasionalis MalaysiaMalaysian Nationalist Party

NASMA

1985–1989

The first Malay majority multi-racial party in the Peninsular since Parti Negara, it was embroiled in a leadership tussle within the first year, which triggered mass resignations. Entering the 1986 general Election in a weakened state, it did not capture any seat and faded away shortly after.

Parti Momogun Kebangsaan MalaysiaMalaysian National Momogun Party

MOMOGUN

1985–?

A Sabah-based party that contested only in the 1986 general election, it later changed its name to Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Sabah (Sabah National Momogun Party). Momogun has since become dormant.

Democratic Malaysian Indian PartyParti Demokratik India Malaysia

DMIP

1985–1997

A breakaway from the Malaysian Indian Congress led by a former Vice-President of the party, V. Govindaraj. After a ten-year effort to join Barisan Nasional ended in failure, the party was dissolved a Govindaraj returned to his original party.

Sabah Chinese PartyParti Cina Sabah

PCS

1986

Set up by former Parti Bersatu Sabah State Assembly Member Francis Leong, it applied to join Barisan Nasional but was turned down. A few months after registration, PCS proposed to merge with Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party, with the latter declining the offer, and the party was subsequently dissolved.

Malaysian Solidarity PartyParti Solidariti Malaysia

PCS

1986–1990

Set up by former Malaysian Chinese Association Secretary-General, Yeoh Poh San, the party was part of the Gagasan Rakyat coalition but dissolved after the resignation of Yeoh and other Committee members after the 1990 general election.

Harakah Keadilan RakyatPeople's Justice Movement

HAK

1986

A coalition composed of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, Parti Rakyat Malaysia, Parti Nasionalis Malaysia, and the Social Democratic Party set up to contest the 1986 general election against Barisan Nasional.

Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia SarawakSarawak Malaysian People's Association

PERMAS

1987–1991

Formed in the aftermath of the 1987 Ming Court Affair by dissidents against the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, the party managed to win a total of 20 seats with its ally, Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in the 1987 Sarawak election but was unable to unseat the Barisan Nasional. It failed to retain any of its seats in the 1991 election and the party dissolved shortly thereafter.

Community Coalition CongressKongres Penyatuan Masyarakat

CCC

1988–2010

Established as the Chinese Concultative Council of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party to face the 1986 general election, it was formally registered as a political party in 1988. It did not participate directly in any general election and was subsequently superseded by PAS Supporters' Assembly, an official wing of the larger party.

Parti Melayu Semangat 46Spirit of 46 Malay Party

S46

1989–1996

Formed by the losing faction in UMNO's contentious party elections in 1987, it was led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. It was part of the Gagasan Rakyat and Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah coalitions that contested the 1990 general election. By the mid 1990s it had grown severely weakened and in 1996 the party was dissolved when Razaleigh returned to UMNO.

Parti Rakyat SabahSabah People's Party

PRS

1989–1991

Founded by former BERJAYA leader James Ongkili to challenge and defeat the then-dominant Parti Bersatu Sabah in Sabah but he ultimately left the party to join PBS which was led by his uncle, Joseph Pairin Kitingan.

Angkatan Keadilan RakyatPeople's Justice Front

AKAR

1989–2001

Founded by a splinter of Parti Bersatu Sabah headed by Mark Koding, it joined Barisan Nasional in 1991. In 1998, it amended its name to Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu (United People's Justice Front). In 1996, a leadership tussle between its top two leaders Pandikar Amin Mulia and Jeffrey Kitingan led to the latter returning to PBS with a large group. Eventually, Pandikar and party remnants decided to dissolve the party and join UMNO.

Gagasan RakyatPeople's Might

GR

1989–1996

A coalition comprising the Democratic Action Party, Parti Melayu Semangat 46, Parti Rakyat Malaysia, Parti Bersatu Sabah, and the All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front to contest the 1990 general election. Disputes between the DAP and S46 eventually caused the coalition to fall apart and the coalition was dissolved after a poor showing in the 1995 general election.

Angkatan Perpaduan UmmahMuslim Unity Movement

APU

1989–1996

A coalition comprising the Parti Melayu Semangat 46, PAS, BERJASA, and the Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia to contest the 1990 general election. It won control of the Kelantan state government but was formally disbanded after 1995 general election.

Kongres Rakyat MalaysiaMalaysian People Congress

KRM

1986–?

Never contested in any general election

Malaysian Unity MovementParti Perpaduan Anak Malaysia

MUM

1986–?

Never contested in any general election

Parti Perpaduan MasyarakatCommunity Unity Party

PPM

1989–?

Never contested in any general election

Parti Merdeka MalaysiaMalaysian Independence Party

PMM

1989–?

Never contested in any general election

United Action PartyParti Tindakan Bersatu

UAP

1990–?

A small ethnic Chinese based party in Sabah.

Parti Kesejahteraan Insan Tanah Air Homeland People's Wellbeing Party

KITA

1995 (2011)-2012

Originally registered as Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia or AKIM (Malaysian People's Justice Front), it was later renamed on 13 December 2010 by its new chairman, Zaid Ibrahim.

Malaysian Democratic PartyParti Demokratik Malaysia

MDP

1998–2008

Established by Democratic Action Party dissidents, Wee Choo Keong and Yeap Ghim Guan, the party contested the 1999 and 2004 elections but failed to win any seat. In 2008, Wee joined Parti Keadilan Rakyat and the party was dissolved.

Barisan Rakyat Sabah BersekutuFederated Sabah People's Front

BERSEKUTU

1998–2010

Established by former Sabah Chief Minister, Harris Salleh, the party contested the 1999 general election but failed to win any seats. In 2010, the party was dissolved and Harris went on to form the Sabah People's Front.

Barisan AlternatifAlternative Front

BA

1998–2004

A coalition formed between the KeADILan, DAP, PAS, and PRM, it contested the 1999 and 2004 elections. Tensions between DAP and PAS caused the pact to fragment and by 2004, it had ceased to exist.

Angkatan Insaf RakyatConscious People's Movement

AIR

1999

A coalition formed by splinter parties and groups of PAS and led by AKIM, it consisted of AKIM, HAMIM, BERJASA, and two other smaller groups.

Parti Reformasi Insan MalaysiaMalaysian People's Reform Party

PRIM

1999–2009

Founded by P. Uthayakumar after he left Parti Keadilan Nasional in 1999, the party failed to obtain registration. PRIM activists formed the core of the HINDRAF. HINDRAF was banned in 2007 and its leaders, including Uthayakumar was arrested under the Internal Security Act. Upon Uthayakumar's release, he formed the Human Rights Party.

Malaysian Dayak CongressKongres Dayak Malaysia

MDC

2005–2013

Formed by supporters of Daniel Tajem who fought Dr James Masing in a bitter power struggle in Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in 2003–2004. This resulted in the de-registration of PBDS with Masing's supporters forming Parti Rakyat Sarawak. MDC however failed to obtain registration and her key leaders contested subsequent elections as Independents or representatives of other parties like Parti Keadilan Rakyat. In 2013, one group managed to successfully register Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru.

Malaysian Indian Democratic Action FrontBarisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia

MINDRAF

2005–2009

Formed by a veteran journalist Manuel Lopez to consolidate the objectives of the HINDRAF into a political movement, it failed to obtain registration and was hampered by the arrest of four major HINDRAF activists under the Internal Security Act. In 2009, the released detainees and party activists had formed the Human Rights Party instead.

Parti Mahasiswa NegaraNational Students' Party

PMN

2008

A multi-ethnic political party led by activists of the PAS friendly All Malaysia Muslim Undergraduates Movement (Gabungan Mahasiswa Islam Se-Malaysia) and supported by activists of the National Undergraduates Action Front (Barisan Bertindak Mahasiswa Negara), and Malaysian Students Solidarity (Solidariti Mahasiswa Malaysia), it failed to obtain registration as it was deemed to be against the provisions of the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 that forbade students from active participation in politics.

Pakatan RakyatPeople's Pact

PR

2008 -2015

A coalition between PKR, the DAP, the PAS and the SNAP that was formed after the 2008 general election. It failed to obtain registration but continued to operate as an electoral pact in the 2013 general election. In 2015, tensions between the DAP and PAS caused the coalition to fracture with PKR, DAP and the new PAS splinter party, AMANAH forming a new coalition called Pakatan Harapan while PAS went on to form its own coalition called Gagasan Sejahtera.

Human Rights Party Malaysia Parti Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia

HRP

2009–2019

A multi-ethnic political party led by human rights and equal rights activist P. Uthayakumar HRP registration application however was never approved and it is being considered as disbanded in due course as even the original movement it was based, HINDRAF had been deregistered in 2019.

Sabah People's Front Barisan Bersatu Sabah

SPF

2010–2012

A splinter party of the Federated Sabah People's Front. However, in 2012, SPF was taken over by some former Sarawak Peoples' Party (PRS) members led by dissident leader Sng Chee Hua and turned into the new Sarawak Workers Party (SWP). Meanwhile, the party former president Berman Angkap formed and became the president of new Sabah Peace Party (SPP) in 2013.

Parti Sarawak Bersatu United Sarawak Party

PSB

2014–2024

The PSB was actually a splinter party of Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) set-up by the Second Finance Minister for Sarawak, Wong Soon Koh along with his supporters following a leadership tussle of the party then and it started as a pro-Barisan Nasional (BN) political pact