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List of national emergencies in the United States

Updated: 11/6/2025, 12:17:54 AM Wikipedia source

A national emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions not normally permitted. The 1976 National Emergencies Act implemented various legal requirements regarding emergencies declared by the President of the United States. As of July 2025, 90 emergencies have been declared; 42 have expired and another 48 are currently in effect, each having been renewed annually by the president.

Tables

Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Wilson
Start date
February 5, 1917
End date
March 3, 1921
Category
Maritime
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 1354
Title
Emergency in Water Transportation of the United States
Description
Declared a national emergency arising from insufficient tonnage to carry the products of the farms, forests, mines and manufacturing industries of the United States, and admonishes all citizens to abide by the regulations in the Shipping Act.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Franklin Roosevelt
Start date
March 6, 1933
End date
September 14, 1978
Category
Economic
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 2039
Title
Declaring Bank Holiday
Description
Declared a bank holiday from March 6 through March 9, 1933, using the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 as a legal basis. The first of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 (1973) as never having been terminated.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Franklin Roosevelt
Start date
September 8, 1939
End date
April 28, 1952
Category
Military
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 2352
Title
Proclaiming a National Emergency in Connection with the Observance, Safeguarding, and Enforcement of Neutrality and the Strengthening of the National Defense Within the Limits of Peace-Time Authorizations
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Franklin Roosevelt
Start date
May 27, 1941
End date
Military
Category
Proclamation 2487
Source Document(s)
Proclaiming That an Unlimited National Emergency Confronts This Country, Which Requires That Its Military, Naval, Air and Civilian Defenses Be Put on the Basis of Readiness to Repel Any and All Acts or Threats of Aggression Directed Toward Any Part of the Western Hemisphere
Title
Declaration of an unlimited national emergency under threat from Nazi Germany.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Truman
Start date
December 16, 1950
End date
September 14, 1978
Category
Military
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 2914
Title
Proclaiming the Existence of a National Emergency
Description
Declared that the United States' "military, naval, air and civilian defenses" should be used to fight communism as part of the Korean War. The second of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Nixon
Start date
March 23, 1970
End date
Economic
Category
Proclamation 3972
Source Document(s)
Declaring a National Emergency
Title
Declaration in response to the 1970 United States Postal Service strike. The third of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
August 15, 1971
Start date
Trade
End date
Proclamation 4074
Category
Imposition of Supplemental Duty for Balance of Payments Purposes
Source Document(s)
Imposed import controls in response to the Nixon shock. The last of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Carter
Start date
November 14, 1979
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12170
Title
Blocking Iranian Government Property
Description
Ordered the freezing of Iranian assets as part of the U.S. response during the Iran hostage crisis
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
April 17, 1980
Start date
April 17, 1981
End date
Executive Order 12211, Executive Order 12282
Category
Further Prohibitions on Transactions with Iran
Source Document(s)
Prohibitions revoked on January 19, 1981, but national emergency neither terminated nor continued
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Reagan
Start date
October 14, 1983
End date
December 20, 1983
Category
Trade
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12444
Title
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Description
Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Reagan
Start date
March 30, 1984
End date
July 12, 1985
Category
Executive Order 12470
Source Document(s)
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Title
Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Reagan
Start date
May 1, 1985
End date
March 13, 1990
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12513
Title
Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving Nicaragua
Description
The United States embargo against Nicaragua, followed the victory by Sandinista candidate Daniel Ortega in the 1984 Nicaraguan general election over the U.S.-backed Contras
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Reagan
Start date
September 9, 1985
End date
July 10, 1991
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12532
Title
Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving South Africa
Description
Response to the initial attempt by Senate Democrats to pass what would be the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Reagan
Start date
January 7, 1986
End date
September 20, 2004
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12543
Title
Prohibiting Trade and Certain Transactions Involving Libya
Description
Followed the 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Reagan
Start date
April 8, 1988
End date
April 5, 1990
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12635
Title
Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Panama
Description
Deteriorating relationship between the U.S. and General Manuel Noriega
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush (H.W.)
Start date
August 2, 1990
End date
July 29, 2004
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12722
Title
Blocking Iraqi Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Iraq
Description
In response to the invasion of Kuwait
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush (H.W.)
Start date
September 30, 1990
End date
September 30, 1993
Category
Trade
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12730
Title
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Description
Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush (H.W.)
Start date
November 16, 1990
End date
November 11, 1994
Category
Arms
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12735
Title
Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation
Description
Followed the signing with the U.S.S.R. of the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord, and preceded the May 1991 commitment by George H.W. Bush to destroy weapon agents, systems, and production facilities of the United States chemical weapons program
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush (H.W.)
Start date
October 4, 1991
End date
October 14, 1994
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12775, Executive Order 12914
Title
Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Haiti
Description
Followed the 1991 Haitian coup d'état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Re-declared by Clinton on May 7, 1994 in Executive Order 12914
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush (H.W.)
Start date
May 30, 1992
End date
May 28, 2003
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12808
Title
Blocking "Yugoslav Government" Property and Property of the Governments of Serbia and Montenegro
Description
In response to the start of the Bosnian War
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
September 26, 1993
End date
May 6, 2003
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12865
Title
Prohibiting Certain Transactions Involving UNITA
Description
Imposed economic sanctions on UNITA, a political group in Angola.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
September 30, 1993
End date
September 29, 1994
Category
Arms
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12868
Title
Measures To Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation Activities
Description
Restricted US development of nuclear and chemical weapons.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
June 30, 1994
End date
August 19, 1994
Category
Trade
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12923
Title
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
August 19, 1994
End date
April 4, 2001
Category
Executive Order 12924
Source Document(s)
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Title
Revoked and revised Executive Order 12923.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
September 29, 1994
End date
November 14, 1994
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12930
Title
Measures to Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation Activities
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
October 25, 1994
End date
May 28, 2003
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12934
Title
Blocking Property and Additional Measures With Respect to the Bosnian Serb-Controlled Areas of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Clinton
Start date
November 14, 1994
Category
Arms
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12938
Title
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Description
Provides for control over the export of weapons; combined two previous national emergencies regarding WMDs.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
January 23, 1995
End date
September 10, 2019
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12947
Title
Prohibiting Transactions With Terrorists Who Threaten To Disrupt the Middle East Peace Process
Description
Imposed economic sanctions on Specially Designated Terrorists, including the ANO, Hezbollah, the DFLP, Hamas, and the PFLP.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Clinton
Start date
March 15, 1995
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12957
Title
Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to the Development of Iranian Petroleum Resources
Description
Intended to prevent a business deal between Iran and Conoco.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Clinton
Start date
October 21, 1995
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 12978
Title
Blocking Assets and Prohibiting Transactions with Significant Narcotics Traffickers
Description
Declared in response to Colombian drug cartels using American companies to launder money.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Clinton
Start date
March 1, 1996
Category
Maritime
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 6867
Title
Declaration of a National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels
Description
Implemented following the destruction of two civilian aircraft by the Cuban military on February 24, 1996.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
May 20, 1997
End date
October 7, 2016
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13047
Title
Prohibiting New Investment in Burma
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Clinton
Start date
November 3, 1997
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13067
Title
Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Sudan
Description
Established a trade embargo against Sudan, specifically targeting the Sudanese government.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
June 9, 1998
End date
May 28, 2003
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13088
Title
Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
Description
Declaration of a national emergency during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
July 4, 1999
End date
July 2, 2002
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13129
Title
Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With the Taliban
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
June 21, 2000
End date
June 25, 2012
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13159
Title
Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear Weapons
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Clinton
Start date
January 18, 2001
End date
January 15, 2004
Category
Trade
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13194
Title
Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
June 26, 2001
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13219, Executive Order 13304
Title
Blocking Property of Persons Who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans
Description
Intended to combat extremist Albanian insurgents operating in North Macedonia and limit obstruction of the Dayton Accords. Amended on May 28, 2003, by Executive Order 13304 following the Ohrid Agreement, signed in 2001.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
August 17, 2001
Category
Trade
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13222, Executive Order 13637
Title
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Description
Reasserted presidential control of exports of "defense articles" following the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1979 in 1994. Amended on March 8, 2013, by Executive Order 13637 to delegate authority provided by Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act from the president to the Secretary of State.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
September 14, 2001
Category
Military
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 7463
Title
Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks
Description
The first of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks, allowing the president to call troops from the National Guard or from retirement, to apportion military funding, to exercise more discretion over hiring military officers, and to promote more generals than previously allowed.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
September 23, 2001
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13224
Title
Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten To Commit, or Support Terrorism
Description
The second of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks, allowing the State and Treasury departments (through the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control) to designate entities as terrorists and apply economic sanctions. Due to the order's broad language, its scope has grown over the years to become one of the Treasury's "cornerstone sanctions programs" in fighting terrorism worldwide. Amended on July 2, 2002 (Executive Order 13268) to include the Taliban, and on January 23, 2003 (Executive Order 13284) to integrate the newly created position of Secretary of Homeland Security into the order's process.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush
Start date
March 6, 2003
End date
March 4, 2024
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13288
Title
Blocking Property of Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Zimbabwe
Description
Imposed economic sanctions on Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe and 76 other government officials following years of rigged elections and a recent food shortage, echoing similar sanctions imposed the previous year by the European Union. Amended on November 22, 2005 (Executive Order 13391) to revise the EO's annex listing the individuals targeted with sanctions.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
May 22, 2003
Category
Legal
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13303
Title
Protecting the Development Fund for Iraq and Certain Other Property in Which Iraq Has an Interest
Description
Granted the Development Fund for Iraq, established the same day, legal protection in the wake of the invasion of Iraq and amidst the Iraq War.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush
Start date
May 11, 2004
End date
July 1, 2025
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13338
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Export of Certain Goods to Syria
Description
Imposed mostly symbolic economic sanctions on Syria, grounding all flights between the two countries, banning all exports to Syria but food and medicine, and freezing some Syrians' assets.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush
Start date
July 22, 2004
End date
November 12, 2015
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13348
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Importation of Certain Goods from Liberia
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Bush
Start date
February 7, 2006
End date
September 14, 2016
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13396
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Côte d'Ivoire
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
June 16, 2006
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13405
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Belarus
Description
Imposed sanctions, including a travel ban, on Alexander Lukashenko after Belarus's crackdown on peaceful protests against the recent presidential election and following similar sanctions by the European Union.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
October 27, 2006
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13413
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Description
Imposed economic sanctions on DRC government officials amidst widespread violence taking place during runoffs for Congo's first free election in decades.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
August 1, 2007
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13441
Title
Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Sovereignty of Lebanon or Its Democratic Processes and Institutions
Description
Imposed sanctions intended as a warning to Syria and Hezbollah, months after a similar travel ban, during widespread unrest in the country, and out of concern over rifts between prime minister Fouad Siniora and president Émile Lahoud.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Bush
Start date
June 26, 2008
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13466
Title
Continuing Certain Restrictions With Respect to North Korea and North Korean Nationals
Description
Retained "certain restrictions" on North Korea as the United States removed North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and as North Korea publicly declared its nuclear program.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Obama
Start date
October 24, 2009
End date
October 23, 2010
Category
Public health
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 8443
Title
Declaration of a National Emergency With Respect to the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
Description
Empowered the secretary of Health and Human Services to issue waivers allowing overcrowded hospitals to move swine flu patients to satellite facilities or other hospitals. Months before this national emergency was declared, on April 26, 2009, Obama's acting director of Health and Human Services declared H1N1 a public health emergency. Later on October 24, 2009, a second declaration was made by Obama to temporarily waive or modify certain requirements of the Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children's Health Insurance programs and of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
April 12, 2010
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13536
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Somalia
Description
Intended to help combat Somali pirates.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
February 25, 2011
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13566
Title
Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya
Description
Imposed sanctions on Muammar Gaddafi, his family, and Libyan officials after protestors were killed by government forces, including freezing assets and consideration of prosecution for war crimes.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
July 24, 2011
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13581
Title
Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations
Description
Levied sanctions against four criminal organizations—Los Zetas, the Brothers' Circle, the Yakuza, and the Camorra—including freezing assets, barring ownership of American real estate, and implementing travel bans.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
May 16, 2012
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13611
Title
Blocking Property of Persons Threatening the Peace, Security, or Stability of Yemen
Description
Intended to counter unrest in Yemen in the aftermath of the Yemeni Revolution.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Obama
Start date
June 25, 2012
End date
May 26, 2015
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13617
Title
Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear Weapons
Description
Imposed sanctions on Russia over the disposal of highly enriched uranium.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
March 6, 2014
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13660
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine
Description
Imposed sanctions, including restricting visas, in concert with the European Union and the international community against Russia after its Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. Amended on March 16, 2014 (Executive Order 13661), March 20, 2014 (Executive Order 13662), and December 19, 2014 (Executive Order 13685) to expand the scope of sanctions.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
April 3, 2014
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13664
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to South Sudan
Description
Enabled economic sanctions to be placed due to the civil war in South Sudan; sanctions were first imposed a month later.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
May 12, 2014
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13667
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Central African Republic
Description
Imposed sanctions against former Central African Republic president François Bozizé, following similar sanctions placed on Bozizé by the United Nations Security Council the previous week; also contains provisions against the use of child soldiers.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
March 8, 2015
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13692
Title
Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Venezuela
Description
Imposed sanctions on seven high-ranking Venezuelan government officials, including SEBIN director Gustavo Enrique González López, PNB director Manuel Perez, and CVG head Justo Noguero.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Obama
Start date
April 1, 2015
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13694
Title
Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities
Description
Intended to allow sanctions to be levied on foreign individuals determined by the Department of the Treasury to have engaged in cyber-crime or cyber-terrorism; was in the works for two years.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Obama
Start date
November 22, 2015
End date
November 18, 2021
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13712
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Burundi
Description
Imposed sanctions on four Burundi nationals—minister of public security Alain Guillaume Bunyoni, National Police of Burundi deputy director-general Godefroid Bizimana, Godefroid Niyombare, and Cyrille Ndayirukiye—in the wake of widespread unrest.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
December 20, 2017
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13818
Title
Blocking the Property of Persons Involved in Serious Human Rights Abuse or Corruption
Description
Imposed sanctions due to the Rohingya conflict in Myanmar, specifically against general Maung Maung Soe; works in tandem with the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
September 12, 2018
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13848
Title
Imposing Certain Sanctions in the Event of Foreign Interference in a United States Election
Description
Intended to enable automatic sanctions in response to election interference; intelligence agencies are given 45 days after an election to assess any possible interference.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
November 27, 2018
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13851
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Nicaragua
Description
Announces certain sanctions against current and former Daniel Ortega government officials engaging in human rights abuse or corruption.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Trump
Start date
February 15, 2019
End date
January 20, 2021
Category
Military
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 9844
Title
Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States
Description
Seeks to divert $8 billion of funds, which were previously allocated to other programs, to build a wall on the southern border of the United States, which the order calls a "major entry point for criminals, gang members, and illicit narcotics" into the United States. This emergency declaration is the first since the passage of the National Emergencies Act in which the president sought to take funds for which Congress previously denied appropriation, and the first time both houses of Congress passed a resolution declaring the emergency terminated, sending it to the president for his signature. The resolution passed, but failed to acquire the two thirds support in both houses of congress needed to override a veto. It was subsequently vetoed and failed to become law.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
May 15, 2019
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13873
Title
Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain
Description
Bans American companies from using any telecommunications equipment that the secretary of Commerce declares to be a national security risk. Soon after the executive order was signed, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the Department of Commerce announced that it will be adding Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd and 70 affiliates to its Entity List. The Department of Commerce alleged that Huawei was engaged in activities that are contrary to US national security or foreign policy interest. As a result, sale or transfer of American technology to a company or person on the Entity List requires a license issued by the BIS, and a license may be denied if the sale or transfer would harm US national security or foreign policy interests.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
July 26, 2019
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13882
Title
Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Mali
Description
Freezes property and suspends entry to the United States of persons who threaten the peace and security of Mali, and prohibits making donations to such persons.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
October 14, 2019
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13894
Title
Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Syria
Description
Imposes sanctions against persons involved in war-time actions of the Bashar al-Assad government during the Syrian Civil War, or who obstruct postwar stabilization. (Repurposed in 2025 from an emergency that targeted Turkey)
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Trump
Start date
March 13, 2020
End date
April 10, 2023
Category
Public health
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 9994
Title
Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak
Description
On March 13, 2020, President Donald Trump declared that he would give the states and territories access to up to 50 billion dollars in federal funds to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes the ability to waive laws to enable tele-health. Stated by President Trump: "It gives remote doctor's visits and hospital check ins. The power to waive certain federal license requirements so the doctors from other states can provide services in states with the greatest need." On April 10, 2023, three years after the emergency declaration, Congress sent a Joint Resolution terminating the national emergency to the President's desk, at which point it was signed into law. This marks the first time since the passage of the National Emergencies Act that a National Emergency was terminated through Congressional action.
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Trump
Start date
June 11, 2020
End date
April 1, 2021
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13928
Title
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated with the International Criminal Court
Description
Freezes property of persons directly engaged in, or materially supporting, any effort by the ICC to investigate, arrest, detain or prosecute US or US-allied personnel in connection with the War in Afghanistan; bars entry into the US by such directly engaged persons and their immediate families.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
July 14, 2020
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13936
Title
The President’s Executive Order on Hong Kong Normalization
Description
Freezes property of persons involved in the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law by the People's Republic of China.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
November 12, 2020
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 13959
Title
Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies
Description
Prohibits transactions in securities and derivatives of military companies in the People's Republic of China.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
February 10, 2021
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14014
Title
Blocking Property with Respect to the Situation in Burma
Description
Freezes property of and denies entry to persons involved in the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and their immediate families, and likewise for all businesses operating in Myanmar's defense sector or controlled by the Myanmar military.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
April 15, 2021
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14024
Title
Blocking Property with Respect to Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation
Description
Freezes the property of persons involved in cyber and other threats coming from Russian government.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
September 17, 2021
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14046
Title
Imposing Sanctions on Certain Persons With Respect to the Humanitarian and Human Rights Crisis in Ethiopia
Description
Imposes sanctions on individuals threatening the stability in Ethiopia or undermining democratic processes or institutions in Ethiopia or its territorial integrity.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
December 15, 2021
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14059
Title
Imposing Sanctions on Foreign Persons Involved in the Global Illicit Drug Trade
Description
Authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to issue sanctions on persons who have engaged in activities that contributed to the international trade of illegal drugs or gained property that was from or caused those drug trading activities.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
February 11, 2022
Category
Seizure
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14064
Title
Protecting Certain Property of Da Afghanistan Bank for the Benefit of the People of Afghanistan
Description
Requires the transfer of all US-held assets of Da Afghanistan Bank to an account at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
April 21, 2022
Category
Security
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 10371
Title
Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Russian-Affiliated Vessels to United States Ports
Description
Prohibits Russian-affiliated vessels from entering into United States ports, except those ships that transport source material, special nuclear material, and nuclear byproduct material, or provide humanitarian aid.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
July 19, 2022
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14078
Title
Bolstering Efforts To Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Biden
Start date
August 9, 2023
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14105
Title
Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern
Description
Directs the Secretary of the Treasury to issue regulations that monitor or prohibit transactions that may help China develop technology to counter US national security capabilities
Ended
Ended
Status
Ended
President
Biden
Start date
February 1, 2024
End date
January 20, 2025
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14115
Title
Imposing Certain Sanctions on Persons Undermining Peace, Security, and Stability in the West Bank
Description
Prohibits transactions involving property of foreign persons who participate in activities that threaten the peace and security of the West Bank, including settler violence against Palestinian civilians; suspends entry of such persons into the U.S.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
January 20, 2025
Category
Security
Source Document(s)
Proclamation 10886
Title
Declaring a National Emergency at the Southern Border of the United States
Description
Directing Secretary of Defense to redirect as many military units as needed to aid the Secretary of Homeland Security in achieving full control of the United States' southern border and take all legal measures possible to deny physical entry into the United States of all illegal migrants. The order also orders the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security to start construction for additional physical barriers on the southern border.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
January 20, 2025
Category
Economic
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14156
Title
Declaring a National Energy Emergency
Description
Directs federal agencies to use emergency authorities to facilitate acquisition and exploitation of domestic energy resources, and orders the Secretary of the Army to report possible actions to facilitate the national energy supply
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
January 20, 2025
Category
Economic
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14157
Title
Designating Cartels and Other Organizations as Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Specially Designated Global Terrorists
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
Feb 1, 2025
Category
Economic
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14193
Title
Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
Feb 1, 2025
Category
Economic
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14194
Title
Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
Feb 1, 2025
Category
Economic
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14195
Title
Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
Feb 6, 2025
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14203
Title
Imposing Sanctions on the International Criminal Court
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
April 2, 2025
Category
Economic
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14257
Title
Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits
Description
Tariffs in the second Trump administration § "Reciprocal tariff" policy: Imposing a minimum ad valorem duty of 10%, and higher rates on trading partners listed in Annex I of the EO.
Current
Current
Status
Current
President
Trump
Start date
July 30, 2025
Category
Sanctions
Source Document(s)
Executive Order 14323
Title
Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil
Description
Imposes a 40% tariff on Brazilian goods
Status
President
Start date
End date
Category
Source Document(s)
Title
Description
Ended
Wilson
February 5, 1917
March 3, 1921
Maritime
Proclamation 1354
Emergency in Water Transportation of the United States
Declared a national emergency arising from insufficient tonnage to carry the products of the farms, forests, mines and manufacturing industries of the United States, and admonishes all citizens to abide by the regulations in the Shipping Act.
Ended
Franklin Roosevelt
March 6, 1933
September 14, 1978
Economic
Proclamation 2039
Declaring Bank Holiday
Declared a bank holiday from March 6 through March 9, 1933, using the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 as a legal basis. The first of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 (1973) as never having been terminated.
Ended
Franklin Roosevelt
September 8, 1939
April 28, 1952
Military
Proclamation 2352
Proclaiming a National Emergency in Connection with the Observance, Safeguarding, and Enforcement of Neutrality and the Strengthening of the National Defense Within the Limits of Peace-Time Authorizations
Ended
Franklin Roosevelt
May 27, 1941
Military
Proclamation 2487
Proclaiming That an Unlimited National Emergency Confronts This Country, Which Requires That Its Military, Naval, Air and Civilian Defenses Be Put on the Basis of Readiness to Repel Any and All Acts or Threats of Aggression Directed Toward Any Part of the Western Hemisphere
Declaration of an unlimited national emergency under threat from Nazi Germany.
Ended
Truman
December 16, 1950
September 14, 1978
Military
Proclamation 2914
Proclaiming the Existence of a National Emergency
Declared that the United States military, naval, air and civilian defenses" should be used to fight communism as part of the Korean War. The second of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
Ended
Nixon
March 23, 1970
Economic
Proclamation 3972
Declaring a National Emergency
Declaration in response to the 1970 United States Postal Service strike. The third of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
Ended
August 15, 1971
Trade
Proclamation 4074
Imposition of Supplemental Duty for Balance of Payments Purposes
Imposed import controls in response to the Nixon shock. The last of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.
Current
Carter
November 14, 1979
Sanctions
Executive Order 12170
Blocking Iranian Government Property
Ordered the freezing of Iranian assets as part of the U.S. response during the Iran hostage crisis
Ended
April 17, 1980
April 17, 1981
Executive Order 12211, Executive Order 12282
Further Prohibitions on Transactions with Iran
Prohibitions revoked on January 19, 1981, but national emergency neither terminated nor continued
Ended
Reagan
October 14, 1983
December 20, 1983
Trade
Executive Order 12444
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
Ended
Reagan
March 30, 1984
July 12, 1985
Executive Order 12470
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
Ended
Reagan
May 1, 1985
March 13, 1990
Sanctions
Executive Order 12513
Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving Nicaragua
The United States embargo against Nicaragua, followed the victory by Sandinista candidate Daniel Ortega in the 1984 Nicaraguan general election over the U.S.-backed Contras
Ended
Reagan
September 9, 1985
July 10, 1991
Sanctions
Executive Order 12532
Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving South Africa
Response to the initial attempt by Senate Democrats to pass what would be the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986
Ended
Reagan
January 7, 1986
September 20, 2004
Sanctions
Executive Order 12543
Prohibiting Trade and Certain Transactions Involving Libya
Followed the 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks
Ended
Reagan
April 8, 1988
April 5, 1990
Sanctions
Executive Order 12635
Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Panama
Deteriorating relationship between the U.S. and General Manuel Noriega
Ended
Bush (H.W.)
August 2, 1990
July 29, 2004
Sanctions
Executive Order 12722
Blocking Iraqi Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Iraq
In response to the invasion of Kuwait
Ended
Bush (H.W.)
September 30, 1990
September 30, 1993
Trade
Executive Order 12730
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979
Ended
Bush (H.W.)
November 16, 1990
November 11, 1994
Arms
Executive Order 12735
Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation
Followed the signing with the U.S.S.R. of the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord, and preceded the May 1991 commitment by George H.W. Bush to destroy weapon agents, systems, and production facilities of the United States chemical weapons program
Ended
Bush (H.W.)
October 4, 1991
October 14, 1994
Sanctions
Executive Order 12775, Executive Order 12914
Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Haiti
Followed the 1991 Haitian coup d'état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Re-declared by Clinton on May 7, 1994 in Executive Order 12914
Ended
Bush (H.W.)
May 30, 1992
May 28, 2003
Sanctions
Executive Order 12808
Blocking "Yugoslav Government" Property and Property of the Governments of Serbia and Montenegro
In response to the start of the Bosnian War
Ended
Clinton
September 26, 1993
May 6, 2003
Sanctions
Executive Order 12865
Prohibiting Certain Transactions Involving UNITA
Imposed economic sanctions on UNITA, a political group in Angola.
Ended
Clinton
September 30, 1993
September 29, 1994
Arms
Executive Order 12868
Measures To Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation Activities
Restricted US development of nuclear and chemical weapons.
Ended
Clinton
June 30, 1994
August 19, 1994
Trade
Executive Order 12923
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Ended
Clinton
August 19, 1994
April 4, 2001
Executive Order 12924
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Revoked and revised Executive Order 12923.
Ended
Clinton
September 29, 1994
November 14, 1994
Sanctions
Executive Order 12930
Measures to Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation Activities
Ended
Clinton
October 25, 1994
May 28, 2003
Sanctions
Executive Order 12934
Blocking Property and Additional Measures With Respect to the Bosnian Serb-Controlled Areas of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Current
Clinton
November 14, 1994
Arms
Executive Order 12938
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Provides for control over the export of weapons; combined two previous national emergencies regarding WMDs.
Ended
Clinton
January 23, 1995
September 10, 2019
Sanctions
Executive Order 12947
Prohibiting Transactions With Terrorists Who Threaten To Disrupt the Middle East Peace Process
Imposed economic sanctions on Specially Designated Terrorists, including the ANO, Hezbollah, the DFLP, Hamas, and the PFLP.
Current
Clinton
March 15, 1995
Sanctions
Executive Order 12957
Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to the Development of Iranian Petroleum Resources
Intended to prevent a business deal between Iran and Conoco.
Current
Clinton
October 21, 1995
Sanctions
Executive Order 12978
Blocking Assets and Prohibiting Transactions with Significant Narcotics Traffickers
Declared in response to Colombian drug cartels using American companies to launder money.
Current
Clinton
March 1, 1996
Maritime
Proclamation 6867
Declaration of a National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels
Implemented following the destruction of two civilian aircraft by the Cuban military on February 24, 1996.
Ended
Clinton
May 20, 1997
October 7, 2016
Sanctions
Executive Order 13047
Prohibiting New Investment in Burma
Current
Clinton
November 3, 1997
Sanctions
Executive Order 13067
Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Sudan
Established a trade embargo against Sudan, specifically targeting the Sudanese government.
Ended
Clinton
June 9, 1998
May 28, 2003
Sanctions
Executive Order 13088
Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo
Declaration of a national emergency during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
Ended
Clinton
July 4, 1999
July 2, 2002
Sanctions
Executive Order 13129
Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With the Taliban
Ended
Clinton
June 21, 2000
June 25, 2012
Sanctions
Executive Order 13159
Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear Weapons
Ended
Clinton
January 18, 2001
January 15, 2004
Trade
Executive Order 13194
Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone
Current
Bush
June 26, 2001
Sanctions
Executive Order 13219, Executive Order 13304
Blocking Property of Persons Who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans
Intended to combat extremist Albanian insurgents operating in North Macedonia and limit obstruction of the Dayton Accords. Amended on May 28, 2003, by Executive Order 13304 following the Ohrid Agreement, signed in 2001.
Current
Bush
August 17, 2001
Trade
Executive Order 13222, Executive Order 13637
Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Reasserted presidential control of exports of "defense articles" following the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1979 in 1994. Amended on March 8, 2013, by Executive Order 13637 to delegate authority provided by Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act from the president to the Secretary of State.
Current
Bush
September 14, 2001
Military
Proclamation 7463
Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks
The first of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks, allowing the president to call troops from the National Guard or from retirement, to apportion military funding, to exercise more discretion over hiring military officers, and to promote more generals than previously allowed.
Current
Bush
September 23, 2001
Sanctions
Executive Order 13224
Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten To Commit, or Support Terrorism
The second of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks, allowing the State and Treasury departments (through the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control) to designate entities as terrorists and apply economic sanctions. Due to the order's broad language, its scope has grown over the years to become one of the Treasury's "cornerstone sanctions programs" in fighting terrorism worldwide. Amended on July 2, 2002 (Executive Order 13268) to include the Taliban, and on January 23, 2003 (Executive Order 13284) to integrate the newly created position of Secretary of Homeland Security into the order's process.
Ended
Bush
March 6, 2003
March 4, 2024
Sanctions
Executive Order 13288
Blocking Property of Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Zimbabwe
Imposed economic sanctions on Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe and 76 other government officials following years of rigged elections and a recent food shortage, echoing similar sanctions imposed the previous year by the European Union. Amended on November 22, 2005 (Executive Order 13391) to revise the EO's annex listing the individuals targeted with sanctions.
Current
Bush
May 22, 2003
Legal
Executive Order 13303
Protecting the Development Fund for Iraq and Certain Other Property in Which Iraq Has an Interest
Granted the Development Fund for Iraq, established the same day, legal protection in the wake of the invasion of Iraq and amidst the Iraq War.
Ended
Bush
May 11, 2004
July 1, 2025
Sanctions
Executive Order 13338
Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Export of Certain Goods to Syria
Imposed mostly symbolic economic sanctions on Syria, grounding all flights between the two countries, banning all exports to Syria but food and medicine, and freezing some Syrians' assets.
Ended
Bush
July 22, 2004
November 12, 2015
Sanctions
Executive Order 13348
Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Importation of Certain Goods from Liberia
Ended
Bush
February 7, 2006
September 14, 2016
Sanctions
Executive Order 13396
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Côte d'Ivoire
Current
Bush
June 16, 2006
Sanctions
Executive Order 13405
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Belarus
Imposed sanctions, including a travel ban, on Alexander Lukashenko after Belarus's crackdown on peaceful protests against the recent presidential election and following similar sanctions by the European Union.
Current
Bush
October 27, 2006
Sanctions
Executive Order 13413
Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Imposed economic sanctions on DRC government officials amidst widespread violence taking place during runoffs for Congo's first free election in decades.
Current
Bush
August 1, 2007
Sanctions
Executive Order 13441
Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Sovereignty of Lebanon or Its Democratic Processes and Institutions
Imposed sanctions intended as a warning to Syria and Hezbollah, months after a similar travel ban, during widespread unrest in the country, and out of concern over rifts between prime minister Fouad Siniora and president Émile Lahoud.

References

  1. Brennan Center for Justice
    https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/analysis/NEA%20Declarations.pdf
  2. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/07/politics/trump-wall-active-national-emergency/index.html
  3. Pacific Standard
    https://psmag.com/news/the-united-states-states-of-emergencies
  4. ABC News
    https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/list-31-national-emergencies-effect-years/story?id=60294693
  5. Declarations Under the National Emergencies Act, Part 1: Declarations Currently in Effect
    https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/LSB10252.pdf
  6. Declarations Under the National Emergencies Act, Part 2: Declarations No Longer in Effect
    https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/LSB10253.pdf
  7. "Proclamation 1354 – Emergency in Water Transportation of the United States"
    https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-1354-emergency-water-transportation-the-united-states
  8. Presidential Studies Quarterly
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/20556861
  9. "Senate Report 93-549: War and Emergency Power Statutes"
    https://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/Articles/SenateReport93-549.htm
  10. Public Law 95-223
    https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg1625.pdf
  11. "Proclamation 2039 – Declaring Bank Holiday"
    https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2039-bank-holiday-march-6-9-1933-inclusive
  12. "Proclamation 2974"
    https://www.trumanlibrary.org/proclamations/index.php?pid=597&st=&st1=
  13. The American Presidency Project
    https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2352-proclaiming-national-emergency-connection-with-the-observance
  14. The American Presidency Project
    https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2487-proclaiming-that-unlimited-national-emergency-confronts-this-country
  15. History.com
    https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fdr-proclaims-an-unlimited-national-emergency
  16. "Proclamation 2914"
    https://www.trumanlibrary.org/proclamations/index.php?pid=473&st=&st1=
  17. The New York Times
    https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/dec-16-1950-president-truman-proclaims-state-of-emergency-during-korean-war/
  18. "Declaring a National Emergency"
    https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-84/pdf/STATUTE-84-Pg2222.pdf
  19. "Proclamation 4074"
    https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-85/pdf/STATUTE-85-Pg926.pdf
  20. "Executive Order No. 12170"
    https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/Executive%20Order%2012170.pdf
  21. National Archives
    https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12211.html
  22. National Archives
    https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12282.html
  23. "Declared National Emergencies Under the National Emergencies Act, 1978-2018"
    https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/analysis/DeclaredNationalEmergenciesUndertheNationalEmergenciesAct_2.14.19.pdf
  24. "Executive Order 12513--Prohibiting trade and certain other transactions involving Nicaragua"
    https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12513.html
  25. "1990 Executive Orders Disposition Tables"
    https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1990.html#12707
  26. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/02/world/reagan-declaring-threat-forbids-nicaraguan-trade-and-cuts-air-and-sea-links.html
  27. "Executive Order 12775—Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to Haiti"
    https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12775-prohibiting-certain-transactions-with-respect-haiti
  28. "Termination of Emergency With Respect to Haiti"
    https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12932.pdf
  29. Federal Register
    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1994/05/10/94-11547/prohibiting-certain-transactions-with-respect-to-haiti
  30. The New York Times
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  31. GovInfo.gov
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  32. Federal Register
    https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12868.pdf
  33. Federal Register
    https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12923.pdf
  34. "Executive Order 13206: Termination of Emergency Authority for Certain Export Controls"
    https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=
  35. Federal Register
    https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12924.pdf
  36. Federal Register
    https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12930.pdf
  37. Federal Register
    https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12934.pdf
  38. "The US is currently in 31 other national emergencies. Here's what that means"
    https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-01-11/us-currently-31-other-national-emergencies-heres-what-means
  39. "Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction"
    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/11/09/2018-24810/continuation-of-the-national-emergency-with-respect-to-the-proliferation-of-weapons-of-mass
  40. "Executive Order 12938"
    https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/12938.pdf
  41. "Executive Order 12947 of January 23, 1995"
    https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/12947.pdf
  42. Federal Register
    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/09/12/2019-19895/modernizing-sanctions-to-combat-terrorism
  43. "Executive Order 12957: Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to the Development of Iranian Petroleum Resources"
    https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=457238
  44. Time
    https://time.com/5496270/presidents-history-national-emergency/
  45. "Executive Order 12978: Blocking Assets and Prohibiting Transactions with Significant Narcotics Traffickers"
    https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=462849
  46. "Proclamation 6867 – Declaration of a National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels"
    https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/WCPD-1996-03-04/pdf/WCPD-1996-03-04-Pg394.pdf
  47. "Report on the shooting down of two U.S.-registered private civil aircraft by Cuban military aircraft on 24 February 199
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  119. "Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities"
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  171. Federal Register
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