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List of most massive black holes

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of most massive black holes

This is an ordered list of the most massive black holes so far discovered (and probable candidates), measured in units of solar masses (M☉), approximately 2×1030 kilograms.

Tables

List of most massive black holes · List
(Maximal Theoretical Limit)
(Maximal Theoretical Limit)
Host or black hole name
(Maximal Theoretical Limit)
Mass (M☉)
2.7×1011
Notes
This is the maximum mass of a black hole that models predict, at least for luminous accreting SMBHs. At around 1010 M☉, effects of both intense radiation and star formation in the accretion disc slow down black hole growth. Given the age of the universe and the composition of available matter, there is simply not enough time to grow black holes larger than this mass. The limit is only 5×1010 M☉ for black holes with typical properties, but can reach 2.7×1011 M☉ at maximal prograde spin (a = 1).
Phoenix A
Phoenix A
Host or black hole name
Phoenix A
Mass (M☉)
1×1011, ~1.26×1010
Notes
Estimated using a calorimetric model on the adiabatic behavior of core regrowth and an assumed core-Sérsic model of n=4. It is consistent with evolutionary modelling of gas accretion and the dynamics and density profiles of the galaxy. Mass has not been measured directly. Another recent estimate gives ~1.26×1010 M☉, though this is still uncertain due to low resolution of X-ray/MIR data.
IC 1101
IC 1101
Host or black hole name
IC 1101
Mass (M☉)
9.77 +17.14−6.22 × 1010
Notes
Estimated from the break radius of the central core; previous estimations using properties of the host galaxy (Faber–Jackson relation) yield about (4–10)×1010 M☉
4C +74.13
4C +74.13
Host or black hole name
4C +74.13
Mass (M☉)
5.13+9.66−3.35×1010
Notes
Produced a colossal AGN outburst after accreting 600 million M☉ worth of material. Estimated using the break radius of 0.5 kpc core of the central galaxy. Previous indirect assumptions about the efficiencies of gas accretion and jet power yield a lower limit of 1 billion M☉.
(Typical Theoretical Limit)
(Typical Theoretical Limit)
Host or black hole name
(Typical Theoretical Limit)
Mass (M☉)
5×1010
Notes
This is the maximum mass of a black hole with typical properties that models predict, at least for luminous accreting SMBHs. At around 1010 M☉, effects of both intense radiation and star formation in the accretion disc slow down black hole growth. Given the age of the universe and the composition of available matter, there is simply not enough time to grow black holes larger than this mass. The limit is only 5×1010 M☉ for black holes with typical properties, but can reach 2.7×1011 M☉ at maximal prograde spin (a = 1).
TON 618
TON 618
Host or black hole name
TON 618
Mass (M☉)
4.07×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar C IV line correlation. An older estimate gives a mass of 6.6×1010M☉ based on the quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS 143148.09+053558
SDSS 143148.09+053558
Host or black hole name
SDSS 143148.09+053558
Mass (M☉)
3.64×1010
SDSS J114833.14+193003.2
SDSS J114833.14+193003.2
Host or black hole name
SDSS J114833.14+193003.2
Mass (M☉)
3.631+0.550−0.625×1010
NGC 3842
NGC 3842
Host or black hole name
NGC 3842
Mass (M☉)
3.46+6.30−2.24×1010
Notes
Brightest galaxy in the Leo Cluster; estimation using break radius. Previous estimates yield at least 9.7 billion M☉.
SMSS J215728.21-360215.1
SMSS J215728.21-360215.1
Host or black hole name
SMSS J215728.21-360215.1
Mass (M☉)
3.4±0.6 × 1010
Notes
Estimated using near-infrared spectroscopic measurements of the MgII emission line doublet.
SDSS J102325.31+514251.0
SDSS J102325.31+514251.0
Host or black hole name
SDSS J102325.31+514251.0
Mass (M☉)
3.31+0.67−0.56×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Abell 1201 BCG
Abell 1201 BCG
Host or black hole name
Abell 1201 BCG
Mass (M☉)
3.27±0.71 × 1010
Notes
Estimated using strong gravitational lensing from a distant galaxy 1.3 arcseconds separated from the nucleus of the BCG. Earlier estimates suggest a mass of 1.3×1010 M☉. Beware of ambiguity between the BH mass determination and the galaxy cluster's dark matter profile.
H1821+643
H1821+643
Host or black hole name
H1821+643
Mass (M☉)
3×1010
Notes
Value obtained as an indirect estimate using a model of minimum Eddington luminosity required to account for the Compton cooling of the surrounding cluster.
NGC 6166
NGC 6166
Host or black hole name
NGC 6166
Mass (M☉)
2.84+0.27−0.18×1010
Notes
Central galaxy of Abell 2199; notable for its hundred thousand light year long relativistic jet.
4C +37.11
4C +37.11
Host or black hole name
4C +37.11
Mass (M☉)
2.8+0.8−0.8×1010
Notes
Total mass of black hole binary system.
ESO 383-76
ESO 383-76
Host or black hole name
ESO 383-76
Mass (M☉)
2.75+4.66−1.73×1010
Notes
Estimated using break radius of the galaxy central core.
2MASS J13260399+7023462
2MASS J13260399+7023462
Host or black hole name
2MASS J13260399+7023462
Mass (M☉)
2.7±0.4 × 1010
Notes
Estimated using the full-width half maxima of the CIV emission line and monochromatic luminosity at 1350 Å wavelength.
ESO 444-46
ESO 444-46
Host or black hole name
ESO 444-46
Mass (M☉)
2.69×1010(5.01×108–7.76×1010)
Notes
Brightest cluster galaxy of Abell 3558 in the center of the Shapley Supercluster; estimated using break radius of the host galaxy.
APM 08279+5255
APM 08279+5255
Host or black hole name
APM 08279+5255
Mass (M☉)
2.3×1010,1.0+0.17−0.13×1010
Notes
Based on velocity width of CO line from orbiting molecular gas, and reverberation mapping using SiIV and CIV emission lines.
Holmberg 15A
Holmberg 15A
Host or black hole name
Holmberg 15A
Mass (M☉)
2.16+0.23−0.28 × 1010
Notes
Mass based on the orbital motion of stars around the SMBH. Earlier estimates range from ~310 billion M☉ down to 3 billion M☉, all relying on empirical scaling relations and are thus obtained from extrapolation and not from kinematical measurements.
NGC 4889
NGC 4889
Host or black hole name
NGC 4889
Mass (M☉)
2.1±1.6 × 1010
Notes
Best fit: the estimate ranges from 6 billion to 37 billion M☉.
SDSS J074521.78+734336.1
SDSS J074521.78+734336.1
Host or black hole name
SDSS J074521.78+734336.1
Mass (M☉)
1.95±0.05 × 1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
OJ 287 primary
OJ 287 primary
Host or black hole name
OJ 287 primary
Mass (M☉)
1.835×1010
Notes
A smaller 100 million M☉ black hole orbits this one in a 12-year period (see below).
NGC 1600
NGC 1600
Host or black hole name
NGC 1600
Mass (M☉)
1.7±0.15 × 1010
Notes
Unprecedentedly massive in relation of its location: an elliptical galaxy host in a sparse environment.
SDSS J010013.02+280225.8
SDSS J010013.02+280225.8
Host or black hole name
SDSS J010013.02+280225.8
Mass (M☉)
5.0×109 – 1.58×1010
SDSS J08019.69+373047.3
SDSS J08019.69+373047.3
Host or black hole name
SDSS J08019.69+373047.3
Mass (M☉)
(1.51±0.31)×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J115954.33+201921.1
SDSS J115954.33+201921.1
Host or black hole name
SDSS J115954.33+201921.1
Mass (M☉)
(1.41±0.10)×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J075303.34+423130.8
SDSS J075303.34+423130.8
Host or black hole name
SDSS J075303.34+423130.8
Mass (M☉)
(1.38±0.03)×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080430.56+542041.1
SDSS J080430.56+542041.1
Host or black hole name
SDSS J080430.56+542041.1
Mass (M☉)
(1.35±0.22)×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J081855.77+095848.0
SDSS J081855.77+095848.0
Host or black hole name
SDSS J081855.77+095848.0
Mass (M☉)
(1.20±0.06)×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
NGC 1270
NGC 1270
Host or black hole name
NGC 1270
Mass (M☉)
1.2×1010
Notes
Elliptical galaxy located in the Perseus Cluster. Also is a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN).
SDSS J082535.19+512706.3
SDSS J082535.19+512706.3
Host or black hole name
SDSS J082535.19+512706.3
Mass (M☉)
(1.12±0.20)×1010
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line
S5 0014+81
S5 0014+81
Host or black hole name
S5 0014+81
Mass (M☉)
(1.1–1.38)×1010
Notes
A 2010 paper suggested that a funnel collimates the radiation around the jet axis, creating an optical illusion of very high brightness, and thus a possible overestimed mass of 40 billion M☉.
SDSS J013127.34-032100.1
SDSS J013127.34-032100.1
Host or black hole name
SDSS J013127.34-032100.1
Mass (M☉)
(1.1±0.2)×1010
Notes
Estimated from accretion disk spectrum modelling.
ICRF J131043.3-555211
ICRF J131043.3-555211
Host or black hole name
ICRF J131043.3-555211
Mass (M☉)
1.05+0.02−0.05×1010
Notes
Estimated from MgII emission line correlation.
PSO J334.2028+01.4075
PSO J334.2028+01.4075
Host or black hole name
PSO J334.2028+01.4075
Mass (M☉)
1×1010
Notes
There are actually two black holes, orbiting at each other in a close pair with a 542-day period. The largest one is quoted, while the smaller one's mass is not defined.
RX J1532.9+3021
RX J1532.9+3021
Host or black hole name
RX J1532.9+3021
Mass (M☉)
1×1010
QSO B2126-158
QSO B2126-158
Host or black hole name
QSO B2126-158
Mass (M☉)
1×1010–4.9+1.13−1.01×1010
Notes
Higher value estimated with quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
NGC 1281
NGC 1281
Host or black hole name
NGC 1281
Mass (M☉)
1×1010
Notes
Compact elliptical galaxy in the Perseus Cluster. Mass estimates range from 10 billion M☉ down to <5 billion M☉.
SDSS J015741.57-010629.6
SDSS J015741.57-010629.6
Host or black hole name
SDSS J015741.57-010629.6
Mass (M☉)
(9.8±1.4)×109
SDSS J230301.45-093930.7
SDSS J230301.45-093930.7
Host or black hole name
SDSS J230301.45-093930.7
Mass (M☉)
(9.12±0.88)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J140821.67+025733.2
SDSS J140821.67+025733.2
Host or black hole name
SDSS J140821.67+025733.2
Mass (M☉)
8×109
Notes
This black hole was initially reported to have a mass of 1.96×1011 M☉, which would make it the most massive known black hole. It turned out this mass estimated was affected by an incorrect measurement of its C IV width in the DR12Q catalog, amplified by a correction method that exacerbated the mass overestimate. The black hole's mass is now thought to be around 8×109 M☉ using quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J075819.70+202300.9
SDSS J075819.70+202300.9
Host or black hole name
SDSS J075819.70+202300.9
Mass (M☉)
(7.8±3.9)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
CID-947
CID-947
Host or black hole name
CID-947
Mass (M☉)
6.9+0.8−1.2×109
Notes
Constitutes 10% of the total mass of its host galaxy. Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080956.02+502000.9
SDSS J080956.02+502000.9
Host or black hole name
SDSS J080956.02+502000.9
Mass (M☉)
(6.46±0.45)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J014214.75+002324.2
SDSS J014214.75+002324.2
Host or black hole name
SDSS J014214.75+002324.2
Mass (M☉)
(6.31±1.16)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Messier 87
Messier 87
Host or black hole name
Messier 87
Mass (M☉)
7.22+0.34−0.40×1096.3×109
Notes
Central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster; the first black hole directly imaged.
NGC 5419
NGC 5419
Host or black hole name
NGC 5419
Mass (M☉)
7.2+2.7−1.9×109
Notes
Estimated from the stellar velocity distribution. A secondary satellite SMBH may orbit around 70 parsecs.
SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
Host or black hole name
SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
Mass (M☉)
(5.25±0.73)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J094202.04+042244.5
SDSS J094202.04+042244.5
Host or black hole name
SDSS J094202.04+042244.5
Mass (M☉)
(5.13±0.71)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
QSO B0746+254
QSO B0746+254
Host or black hole name
QSO B0746+254
Mass (M☉)
5×109
QSO B2149-306
QSO B2149-306
Host or black hole name
QSO B2149-306
Mass (M☉)
5×109
SDSS J090033.50+421547.0
SDSS J090033.50+421547.0
Host or black hole name
SDSS J090033.50+421547.0
Mass (M☉)
(4.7±0.2)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Messier 60
Messier 60
Host or black hole name
Messier 60
Mass (M☉)
(4.5±1.0)×109
SDSS J011521.20+152453.3
SDSS J011521.20+152453.3
Host or black hole name
SDSS J011521.20+152453.3
Mass (M☉)
(4.1±2.4)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
QSO B0222+185
QSO B0222+185
Host or black hole name
QSO B0222+185
Mass (M☉)
4×109
Hercules A (3C 348)
Hercules A (3C 348)
Host or black hole name
Hercules A (3C 348)
Mass (M☉)
4×109
Notes
Notable for its million light-year long relativistic jet.
SDSS J075403.60+481428.0
SDSS J075403.60+481428.0
Host or black hole name
SDSS J075403.60+481428.0
Mass (M☉)
3.89×109
SDSS J150752.66+133844.5
SDSS J150752.66+133844.5
Host or black hole name
SDSS J150752.66+133844.5
Mass (M☉)
3.681×109
Abell 1836-BCG
Abell 1836-BCG
Host or black hole name
Abell 1836-BCG
Mass (M☉)
3.61+0.41−0.50×109
SDSS J213023.61+122252.0
SDSS J213023.61+122252.0
Host or black hole name
SDSS J213023.61+122252.0
Mass (M☉)
(3.5±0.2)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J173352.23+540030.4
SDSS J173352.23+540030.4
Host or black hole name
SDSS J173352.23+540030.4
Mass (M☉)
(3.4±0.4)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
WISE J104222.11+164115.3
WISE J104222.11+164115.3
Host or black hole name
WISE J104222.11+164115.3
Mass (M☉)
3.24×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hα line correlation. Another paper suggests much higher masses of (8.318±0.6)×1010 M☉ and 8.511+2.2−1.8×1010 M☉ based on Hα and Hβ line correlations, however, this is likely inaccurate due to the model not taking into account the reddening of the AGN.
SDSS J025021.76-075749.9
SDSS J025021.76-075749.9
Host or black hole name
SDSS J025021.76-075749.9
Mass (M☉)
(3.1±0.6)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
NGC 1271
NGC 1271
Host or black hole name
NGC 1271
Mass (M☉)
3.0+1.0−1.1×109
Notes
Compact elliptical or lenticular galaxy in the Perseus Cluster.
SDSS J030341.04-002321.9
SDSS J030341.04-002321.9
Host or black hole name
SDSS J030341.04-002321.9
Mass (M☉)
(3.0±0.4)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
QSO B0836+710
QSO B0836+710
Host or black hole name
QSO B0836+710
Mass (M☉)
3×109
SDSS J162752.18+541912.5
SDSS J162752.18+541912.5
Host or black hole name
SDSS J162752.18+541912.5
Mass (M☉)
2.75×109
SDSS J224956.08+000218.0
SDSS J224956.08+000218.0
Host or black hole name
SDSS J224956.08+000218.0
Mass (M☉)
(2.63±1.21)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J030449.85-000813.4
SDSS J030449.85-000813.4
Host or black hole name
SDSS J030449.85-000813.4
Mass (M☉)
(2.4±0.50)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J234625.66-001600.4
SDSS J234625.66-001600.4
Host or black hole name
SDSS J234625.66-001600.4
Mass (M☉)
(2.24±0.15)×109
Notes
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
ULAS J1120+0641
ULAS J1120+0641
Host or black hole name
ULAS J1120+0641
Mass (M☉)
2×109
QSO 0537-286
QSO 0537-286
Host or black hole name
QSO 0537-286
Mass (M☉)
2×109
NGC 3115
NGC 3115
Host or black hole name
NGC 3115
Mass (M☉)
2×109
Q0906+6930
Q0906+6930
Host or black hole name
Q0906+6930
Mass (M☉)
2×109
Notes
Most distant blazar, at z = 5.47
SDSS J025231.19+034112.7
SDSS J025231.19+034112.7
Host or black hole name
SDSS J025231.19+034112.7
Mass (M☉)
1.51×109
QSO B0805+614
QSO B0805+614
Host or black hole name
QSO B0805+614
Mass (M☉)
1.5×109
Messier 84
Messier 84
Host or black hole name
Messier 84
Mass (M☉)
1.5×109
Pōniuāʻena (J100758.264+211529.207)
Pōniuāʻena (J100758.264+211529.207)
Host or black hole name
Pōniuāʻena (J100758.264+211529.207)
Mass (M☉)
(1.5±0.2)×109
Notes
Second most-distant quasar known
PKS 2059+034
PKS 2059+034
Host or black hole name
PKS 2059+034
Mass (M☉)
1.36×109
Abell 3565-BCG
Abell 3565-BCG
Host or black hole name
Abell 3565-BCG
Mass (M☉)
1.34+0.21−0.19×109
NGC 7768
NGC 7768
Host or black hole name
NGC 7768
Mass (M☉)
1.3+0.5−0.4×109
NGC 1277
NGC 1277
Host or black hole name
NGC 1277
Mass (M☉)
1.2×109
Notes
Once thought to harbor a black hole so large that it contradicted modern galaxy formation and evolutionary theories, re-analysis of the data revised it downward to roughly a third of the original estimate. and then one tenth.
SDSS J233254.46+151305.5
SDSS J233254.46+151305.5
Host or black hole name
SDSS J233254.46+151305.5
Mass (M☉)
1.094×109
QSO B225155+2217
QSO B225155+2217
Host or black hole name
QSO B225155+2217
Mass (M☉)
1×109
QSO B1210+330
QSO B1210+330
Host or black hole name
QSO B1210+330
Mass (M☉)
1×109
Cygnus A
Cygnus A
Host or black hole name
Cygnus A
Mass (M☉)
1×109
Notes
Brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky as seen at frequencies above 1 GHz
Sombrero Galaxy
Sombrero Galaxy
Host or black hole name
Sombrero Galaxy
Mass (M☉)
1×109
Notes
Bolometrically most luminous galaxy in the local universe and also the nearest billion-solar-mass black hole to Earth.
Markarian 501
Markarian 501
Host or black hole name
Markarian 501
Mass (M☉)
9×108–3.4×109
Notes
Brightest object in the sky in very high energy gamma rays.
PG 1426+015
PG 1426+015
Host or black hole name
PG 1426+015
Mass (M☉)
(1.298±0.385)×109467740000
3C 109
3C 109
Host or black hole name
3C 109
Mass (M☉)
9.3×108
3C 273
3C 273
Host or black hole name
3C 273
Mass (M☉)
(8.86±1.87)×108550000000
Notes
Brightest quasar in the sky
ULAS J1342+0928
ULAS J1342+0928
Host or black hole name
ULAS J1342+0928
Mass (M☉)
8×108
SDSS J155053.16+052112.1
SDSS J155053.16+052112.1
Host or black hole name
SDSS J155053.16+052112.1
Mass (M☉)
7.94×108
Messier 49
Messier 49
Host or black hole name
Messier 49
Mass (M☉)
5.6×108
NGC 1399
NGC 1399
Host or black hole name
NGC 1399
Mass (M☉)
5×108
Notes
Central galaxy of the Fornax Cluster
PG 0804+761
PG 0804+761
Host or black hole name
PG 0804+761
Mass (M☉)
(6.93±0.83)×108190550000
PG 1617+175
PG 1617+175
Host or black hole name
PG 1617+175
Mass (M☉)
(5.94±1.38)×108275420000
PG 1700+518
PG 1700+518
Host or black hole name
PG 1700+518
Mass (M☉)
7.81+1.82−1.65×10860260000
UGC 12591
UGC 12591
Host or black hole name
UGC 12591
Mass (M☉)
(6.18±2.61)×108
SDSS J214611.58-070449.2
SDSS J214611.58-070449.2
Host or black hole name
SDSS J214611.58-070449.2
Mass (M☉)
2.75×109
SDSS J020151.65+012902.5
SDSS J020151.65+012902.5
Host or black hole name
SDSS J020151.65+012902.5
Mass (M☉)
5.37×108
SDSS J113029.48+634620.4
SDSS J113029.48+634620.4
Host or black hole name
SDSS J113029.48+634620.4
Mass (M☉)
4.90×108
NGC 4261
NGC 4261
Host or black hole name
NGC 4261
Mass (M☉)
4×108
Notes
Notable for its 88000 light-year long relativistic jet.
PG 1307+085
PG 1307+085
Host or black hole name
PG 1307+085
Mass (M☉)
4.4±1.23 × 108,281 840 000
SDSS J134617.54+622045.5
SDSS J134617.54+622045.5
Host or black hole name
SDSS J134617.54+622045.5
Mass (M☉)
3.98×108
SAGE0536AGN
SAGE0536AGN
Host or black hole name
SAGE0536AGN
Mass (M☉)
3.5±0.8 × 108
Notes
Constitutes 1.4% of the mass of its host galaxy
NGC 1275
NGC 1275
Host or black hole name
NGC 1275
Mass (M☉)
3.4×108
Notes
Central galaxy of the Perseus Cluster
3C 390.3
3C 390.3
Host or black hole name
3C 390.3
Mass (M☉)
2.87±0.64 × 108338840000
II Zwicky 136
II Zwicky 136
Host or black hole name
II Zwicky 136
Mass (M☉)
(4.57±0.55)×108144540000
PG 0052+251
PG 0052+251
Host or black hole name
PG 0052+251
Mass (M☉)
(3.69±0.76)×108218780000
Messier 59
Messier 59
Host or black hole name
Messier 59
Mass (M☉)
2.7×108
Notes
This black hole has a retrograde rotation.
PG 1411+442
PG 1411+442
Host or black hole name
PG 1411+442
Mass (M☉)
(4.43±1.46)×10879430000
Markarian 876
Markarian 876
Host or black hole name
Markarian 876
Mass (M☉)
(2.79±1.29)×108240000000
PG 0953+414
PG 0953+414
Host or black hole name
PG 0953+414
Mass (M☉)
(2.76±0.59)×108182000000
PG 0026+129
PG 0026+129
Host or black hole name
PG 0026+129
Mass (M☉)
(3.93±0.96)×10853700000
Fairall 9
Fairall 9
Host or black hole name
Fairall 9
Mass (M☉)
(2.55±0.56)×10879430000
NGC 7727
NGC 7727
Host or black hole name
NGC 7727
Mass (M☉)
1.54+0.18−0.15×108
Notes
with 6.3×106 companion and the closest confirmed BBH to Earth at about 89 million light years away
Markarian 1095
Markarian 1095
Host or black hole name
Markarian 1095
Mass (M☉)
(1.5±0.19)×108182000000
Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31)
Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31)
Host or black hole name
Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31)
Mass (M☉)
1.41+0.63−4.4×108,6.22+3.19−2.11×107,9.4+8.1−4.35×107,6.98+7.88−3.29×107,3.74+11.43−1.39×107,1.19+2.41−0.8×108,4.36+3.57−1.96×107,2.96+3.08−1.51×107
Notes
Nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way. Masses measured with different methods.
OJ 287 secondary
OJ 287 secondary
Host or black hole name
OJ 287 secondary
Mass (M☉)
1.5×108
Notes
The smaller black hole orbiting OJ 287 primary (see above).
PG 1211+143
PG 1211+143
Host or black hole name
PG 1211+143
Mass (M☉)
1.46±0.44 × 108,40740000
Messier 105
Messier 105
Host or black hole name
Messier 105
Mass (M☉)
1.4×108–2×108
Markarian 509
Markarian 509
Host or black hole name
Markarian 509
Mass (M☉)
1.43±0.12 × 108,57550000
RX J124236.9-111935
RX J124236.9-111935
Host or black hole name
RX J124236.9-111935
Mass (M☉)
1×108
Notes
Observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory to be tidally disrupting a star.
Messier 85
Messier 85
Host or black hole name
Messier 85
Mass (M☉)
1×108
NGC 5548
NGC 5548
Host or black hole name
NGC 5548
Mass (M☉)
6.71±0.26 × 107123000000
Messier 88
Messier 88
Host or black hole name
Messier 88
Mass (M☉)
8×107
Messier 81 (Bode's Galaxy)
Messier 81 (Bode's Galaxy)
Host or black hole name
Messier 81 (Bode's Galaxy)
Mass (M☉)
7×107
Markarian 771
Markarian 771
Host or black hole name
Markarian 771
Mass (M☉)
7.32±3.52 × 1077.586×107
Messier 58
Messier 58
Host or black hole name
Messier 58
Mass (M☉)
7×107
PG 0844+349
PG 0844+349
Host or black hole name
PG 0844+349
Mass (M☉)
9.24±3.81 × 1072.138×107
Centaurus A
Centaurus A
Host or black hole name
Centaurus A
Mass (M☉)
5.5×107
Notes
Also notable for its million light-year long relativistic jet.
Markarian 79
Markarian 79
Host or black hole name
Markarian 79
Mass (M☉)
5.24±1.44 × 1075.25×107
Messier 96
Messier 96
Host or black hole name
Messier 96
Mass (M☉)
4.8×107 (48000000)
Notes
Estimates can be as low as 1.5 million solar masses
Markarian 817
Markarian 817
Host or black hole name
Markarian 817
Mass (M☉)
4.94±0.77 × 1074.365×107
NGC 3227
NGC 3227
Host or black hole name
NGC 3227
Mass (M☉)
4.22±2.14 × 1073.89×107
NGC 4151 primary
NGC 4151 primary
Host or black hole name
NGC 4151 primary
Mass (M☉)
4×107
Notes
A small black hole of 10×106 M☉ orbits this one (see below)
3C 120
3C 120
Host or black hole name
3C 120
Mass (M☉)
5.55+3.14−2.25×1072.29×107
Markarian 279
Markarian 279
Host or black hole name
Markarian 279
Mass (M☉)
3.49±0.92 × 1074.17×107
NGC 3516
NGC 3516
Host or black hole name
NGC 3516
Mass (M☉)
4.27±1.46 × 1072.3×107
NGC 863
NGC 863
Host or black hole name
NGC 863
Mass (M☉)
4.75±0.74 × 1071.77×107
Messier 82 (Cigar Galaxy)
Messier 82 (Cigar Galaxy)
Host or black hole name
Messier 82 (Cigar Galaxy)
Mass (M☉)
3×107
Notes
Prototype starburst galaxy.
Messier 108
Messier 108
Host or black hole name
Messier 108
Mass (M☉)
2.4×107
M60-UCD1
M60-UCD1
Host or black hole name
M60-UCD1
Mass (M☉)
2×107
Notes
Constitutes 15% of the mass of its host galaxy.
NGC 3783
NGC 3783
Host or black hole name
NGC 3783
Mass (M☉)
2.98±0.54 × 1079300000
Markarian 110
Markarian 110
Host or black hole name
Markarian 110
Mass (M☉)
2.51±0.61 × 1075620000
Markarian 335
Markarian 335
Host or black hole name
Markarian 335
Mass (M☉)
1.42±0.37 × 1076310000
NGC 4151 secondary
NGC 4151 secondary
Host or black hole name
NGC 4151 secondary
Mass (M☉)
10×106 (10000000)
Notes
Orbiting larger companion (see above)
NGC 7469
NGC 7469
Host or black hole name
NGC 7469
Mass (M☉)
12.2±1.4 × 106,6460000
IC 4329A
IC 4329A
Host or black hole name
IC 4329A
Mass (M☉)
9.90+17.88−11.88×106,5010000
NGC 4593
NGC 4593
Host or black hole name
NGC 4593
Mass (M☉)
5.36+9.37−6.95×106,8130000
Messier 61
Messier 61
Host or black hole name
Messier 61
Mass (M☉)
5×106
Sagittarius A*
Sagittarius A*
Host or black hole name
Sagittarius A*
Mass (M☉)
4.3×106 (8.54×1036 kg)
Notes
The black hole at the center of the Milky Way; second black hole directly imaged (after Messier 87)
Messier 32
Messier 32
Host or black hole name
Messier 32
Mass (M☉)
1.5×106–5×106
Notes
A dwarf satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy.
NGC 4395
NGC 4395
Host or black hole name
NGC 4395
Mass (M☉)
3.599×105
Notes
May be the smallest supermassive black hole.
Host or black hole name
Mass (M☉)
Notes
(Maximal Theoretical Limit)
2.7×1011
This is the maximum mass of a black hole that models predict, at least for luminous accreting SMBHs. At around 1010 M☉, effects of both intense radiation and star formation in the accretion disc slow down black hole growth. Given the age of the universe and the composition of available matter, there is simply not enough time to grow black holes larger than this mass. The limit is only 5×1010 M☉ for black holes with typical properties, but can reach 2.7×1011 M☉ at maximal prograde spin (a = 1).
Phoenix A
1×1011, ~1.26×1010
Estimated using a calorimetric model on the adiabatic behavior of core regrowth and an assumed core-Sérsic model of n=4. It is consistent with evolutionary modelling of gas accretion and the dynamics and density profiles of the galaxy. Mass has not been measured directly. Another recent estimate gives ~1.26×1010 M☉, though this is still uncertain due to low resolution of X-ray/MIR data.
IC 1101
9.77 +17.14−6.22 × 1010
Estimated from the break radius of the central core; previous estimations using properties of the host galaxy (Faber–Jackson relation) yield about (4–10)×1010 M☉
4C +74.13
5.13+9.66−3.35×1010
Produced a colossal AGN outburst after accreting 600 million M☉ worth of material. Estimated using the break radius of 0.5 kpc core of the central galaxy. Previous indirect assumptions about the efficiencies of gas accretion and jet power yield a lower limit of 1 billion M☉.
(Typical Theoretical Limit)
5×1010
This is the maximum mass of a black hole with typical properties that models predict, at least for luminous accreting SMBHs. At around 1010 M☉, effects of both intense radiation and star formation in the accretion disc slow down black hole growth. Given the age of the universe and the composition of available matter, there is simply not enough time to grow black holes larger than this mass. The limit is only 5×1010 M☉ for black holes with typical properties, but can reach 2.7×1011 M☉ at maximal prograde spin (a = 1).
TON 618
4.07×1010
Estimated from quasar C IV line correlation. An older estimate gives a mass of 6.6×1010M☉ based on the quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS 143148.09+053558
3.64×1010
SDSS J114833.14+193003.2
3.631+0.550−0.625×1010
NGC 3842
3.46+6.30−2.24×1010
Brightest galaxy in the Leo Cluster; estimation using break radius. Previous estimates yield at least 9.7 billion M☉.
SMSS J215728.21-360215.1
3.4±0.6 × 1010
Estimated using near-infrared spectroscopic measurements of the MgII emission line doublet.
SDSS J102325.31+514251.0
3.31+0.67−0.56×1010
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Abell 1201 BCG
3.27±0.71 × 1010
Estimated using strong gravitational lensing from a distant galaxy 1.3 arcseconds separated from the nucleus of the BCG. Earlier estimates suggest a mass of 1.3×1010 M☉. Beware of ambiguity between the BH mass determination and the galaxy cluster's dark matter profile.
H1821+643
3×1010
Value obtained as an indirect estimate using a model of minimum Eddington luminosity required to account for the Compton cooling of the surrounding cluster.
NGC 6166
2.84+0.27−0.18×1010
Central galaxy of Abell 2199; notable for its hundred thousand light year long relativistic jet.
4C +37.11
2.8+0.8−0.8×1010
Total mass of black hole binary system.
ESO 383-76
2.75+4.66−1.73×1010
Estimated using break radius of the galaxy central core.
2MASS J13260399+7023462
2.7±0.4 × 1010
Estimated using the full-width half maxima of the CIV emission line and monochromatic luminosity at 1350 Å wavelength.
ESO 444-46
2.69×1010(5.01×108–7.76×1010)
Brightest cluster galaxy of Abell 3558 in the center of the Shapley Supercluster; estimated using break radius of the host galaxy.
APM 08279+5255
2.3×1010,1.0+0.17−0.13×1010
Based on velocity width of CO line from orbiting molecular gas, and reverberation mapping using SiIV and CIV emission lines.
Holmberg 15A
2.16+0.23−0.28 × 1010
Mass based on the orbital motion of stars around the SMBH. Earlier estimates range from ~310 billion M☉ down to 3 billion M☉, all relying on empirical scaling relations and are thus obtained from extrapolation and not from kinematical measurements.
NGC 4889
2.1±1.6 × 1010
Best fit: the estimate ranges from 6 billion to 37 billion M☉.
SDSS J074521.78+734336.1
1.95±0.05 × 1010
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
OJ 287 primary
1.835×1010
A smaller 100 million M☉ black hole orbits this one in a 12-year period (see below).
NGC 1600
1.7±0.15 × 1010
Unprecedentedly massive in relation of its location: an elliptical galaxy host in a sparse environment.
SDSS J010013.02+280225.8
5.0×109 – 1.58×1010
SDSS J08019.69+373047.3
(1.51±0.31)×1010
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J115954.33+201921.1
(1.41±0.10)×1010
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J075303.34+423130.8
(1.38±0.03)×1010
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080430.56+542041.1
(1.35±0.22)×1010
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J081855.77+095848.0
(1.20±0.06)×1010
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
NGC 1270
1.2×1010
Elliptical galaxy located in the Perseus Cluster. Also is a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN).
SDSS J082535.19+512706.3
(1.12±0.20)×1010
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line
S5 0014+81
(1.1–1.38)×1010
A 2010 paper suggested that a funnel collimates the radiation around the jet axis, creating an optical illusion of very high brightness, and thus a possible overestimed mass of 40 billion M☉.
SDSS J013127.34-032100.1
(1.1±0.2)×1010
Estimated from accretion disk spectrum modelling.
ICRF J131043.3-555211
1.05+0.02−0.05×1010
Estimated from MgII emission line correlation.
PSO J334.2028+01.4075
1×1010
There are actually two black holes, orbiting at each other in a close pair with a 542-day period. The largest one is quoted, while the smaller one's mass is not defined.
RX J1532.9+3021
1×1010
QSO B2126-158
1×1010–4.9+1.13−1.01×1010
Higher value estimated with quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
NGC 1281
1×1010
Compact elliptical galaxy in the Perseus Cluster. Mass estimates range from 10 billion M☉ down to <5 billion M☉.
SDSS J015741.57-010629.6
(9.8±1.4)×109
SDSS J230301.45-093930.7
(9.12±0.88)×109
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J140821.67+025733.2
8×109
This black hole was initially reported to have a mass of 1.96×1011 M☉, which would make it the most massive known black hole. It turned out this mass estimated was affected by an incorrect measurement of its C IV width in the DR12Q catalog, amplified by a correction method that exacerbated the mass overestimate. The black hole's mass is now thought to be around 8×109 M☉ using quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J075819.70+202300.9
(7.8±3.9)×109
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
CID-947
6.9+0.8−1.2×109
Constitutes 10% of the total mass of its host galaxy. Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080956.02+502000.9
(6.46±0.45)×109
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J014214.75+002324.2
(6.31±1.16)×109
Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Messier 87
7.22+0.34−0.40×1096.3×109
Central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster; the first black hole directly imaged.
NGC 5419
7.2+2.7−1.9×109
Estimated from the stellar velocity distribution. A secondary satellite SMBH may orbit around 70 parsecs.
SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
(5.25±0.73)×109
Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.

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