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List of missions to Mars

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of missions to Mars

This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers. Mission time is often measured in Mars sols, solar days on Mars.

Tables

· Missions
1
1
Mission
1
Mission
1M No.1
Spacecraft
1M No.1
Launch Date
10 October 1960
Operator
OKB-1 Soviet Union
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Carrier rocket
Molniya
2
2
Mission
2
Mission
1M No.2
Spacecraft
1M No.2
Launch Date
14 October 1960
Operator
OKB-1 Soviet Union
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Carrier rocket
Molniya
3
3
Mission
3
Mission
2MV-4 No.1
Spacecraft
2MV-4 No.1
Launch Date
24 October 1962
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO
Carrier rocket
Molniya
4
4
Mission
4
Mission
Mars 1
Spacecraft
Mars 1(2MV-4 No.2)
Launch Date
1 November 1962
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Remarks
Communications lost before first flyby
Carrier rocket
Molniya
5
5
Mission
5
Mission
2MV-3 No.1
Spacecraft
2MV-3 No.1
Launch Date
4 November 1962
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Lander
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Never left LEO
Carrier rocket
Molniya
6
6
Mission
6
Mission
Mariner 3
Spacecraft
Mariner 3
Launch Date
5 November 1964
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Payload fairing failed to separate
Carrier rocket
Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
7
7
Mission
7
Mission
Mariner 4
Spacecraft
Mariner 4
Launch Date
28 November 1964
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965
Carrier rocket
Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
8
8
Mission
8
Mission
Zond 2
Spacecraft
Zond 2(3MV-4A No.2)
Launch Date
30 November 1964
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Remarks
Communications lost before flyby
Carrier rocket
Molniya
9
9
Mission
9
Mission
Mariner 6
Spacecraft
Mariner 6
Launch Date
25 February 1969
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Successful
Carrier rocket
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
10
10
Mission
10
Mission
2M No.521
Spacecraft
2M No.521 (1969A)
Launch Date
27 March 1969
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
11
11
Mission
11
Mission
Mariner 7
Spacecraft
Mariner 7
Launch Date
27 March 1969
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Successful
Carrier rocket
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
12
12
Mission
12
Mission
2M No.522
Spacecraft
2M No.522 (1969B)
Launch Date
2 April 1969
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
13
13
Mission
13
Mission
Mariner 8
Spacecraft
Mariner 8
Launch Date
9 May 1971
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Carrier rocket
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
14
14
Mission
14
Mission
Kosmos 419
Spacecraft
Kosmos 419(3MS No.170)
Launch Date
10 May 1971
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
15
15
Mission
15
Mission
Mars 2
Spacecraft
Mars 2(4M No.171)
Launch Date
19 May 1971
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
On November 27 it became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 362 orbits
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
Mars 2 lander(SA 4M No.171)
Mars 2 lander(SA 4M No.171)
Mission
Mars 2 lander(SA 4M No.171)
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Spacecraft failure
Launch Date
First lander to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971.
PrOP-M
PrOP-M
Mission
PrOP-M
Mission
Rover
Spacecraft
FailureLost with Mars 2
Launch Date
First rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars.
16
16
Mission
16
Mission
Mars 3
Spacecraft
Mars 3(4M No.172)
Launch Date
28 May 1971
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
On December 2 it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 20 orbits
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
Mars 3 lander(SA 4M No.172)
Mars 3 lander(SA 4M No.172)
Mission
Mars 3 lander(SA 4M No.172)
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Partial success
Launch Date
First lander to make a soft landing on Mars. Landed on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details". Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing.
PrOP-M
PrOP-M
Mission
PrOP-M
Mission
Rover
Spacecraft
Carrier vehicle failed before rover was deployed
Launch Date
First rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander.
17
17
Mission
17
Mission
Mariner 9
Spacecraft
Mariner 9
Launch Date
30 May 1971
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14. Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit.
Carrier rocket
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
18
18
Mission
18
Mission
Mars 4
Spacecraft
Mars 4(3MS No.52S)
Launch Date
21 July 1973
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Partial success
Remarks
Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby.
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
19
19
Mission
19
Mission
Mars 5
Spacecraft
Mars 5(3MS No.53S)
Launch Date
25 July 1973
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
20
20
Mission
20
Mission
Mars 6
Spacecraft
Mars 6(3MP No.50P)
Launch Date
5 August 1973
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Flyby bus collected data.
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
Mars 6 lander
Mars 6 lander
Mission
Mars 6 lander
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Spacecraft failure
Launch Date
Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable.
21
21
Mission
21
Mission
Mars 7
Spacecraft
Mars 7(3MP No.51P)
Launch Date
9 August 1973
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Flyby
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Flyby bus collected data.
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D
Mars 7 lander
Mars 7 lander
Mission
Mars 7 lander
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Spacecraft failure
Launch Date
Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere.
22
22
Mission
22
Mission
Viking 1
Spacecraft
Viking 1 orbiter
Launch Date
20 August 1975
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Operated for 1385 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976.
Carrier rocket
Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 1 lander
Viking 1 lander
Mission
Viking 1 lander
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
First successful Mars lander. Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols.
23
23
Mission
23
Mission
Viking 2
Spacecraft
Viking 2 orbiter
Launch Date
9 September 1975
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976.
Carrier rocket
Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 lander
Viking 2 lander
Mission
Viking 2 lander
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980).
24
24
Mission
24
Mission
Phobos 1
Spacecraft
Phobos 1(1F No.101)
Launch Date
7 July 1988
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Remarks
Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D-2
DAS
DAS
Mission
DAS
Mission
Phobos lander
Spacecraft
FailureLost with Phobos 1
Launch Date
To have been deployed by Phobos 1
25
25
Mission
25
Mission
Phobos 2
Spacecraft
Phobos 2(1F No.102)
Launch Date
12 July 1988
Operator
Soviet Union
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Mostly successful
Remarks
Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander deployment.
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D-2
Prop-F
Prop-F
Mission
Prop-F
Mission
Phobos rover
Spacecraft
FailureLost with Phobos 2
Launch Date
To have been deployed by Phobos 2
DAS
DAS
Mission
DAS
Mission
Phobos lander
Spacecraft
FailureLost with Phobos 2
Launch Date
To have been deployed by Phobos 2
26
26
Mission
26
Mission
Mars Observer
Spacecraft
Mars Observer
Launch Date
25 September 1992
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Remarks
Lost communications before orbital insertion
Carrier rocket
Commercial Titan III
27
27
Mission
27
Mission
Mars Global Surveyor
Spacecraft
Mars Global Surveyor
Launch Date
7 November 1996
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Operated for ten years
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7925
28
28
Mission
28
Mission
Mars 96
Spacecraft
Mars 96(M1 No.520) (Mars-8)
Launch Date
16 November 1996
Operator
Rosaviakosmos Russia
Mission Type
OrbiterPenetrators
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Never left LEO
Carrier rocket
Proton-K/D-2
Mars 96 lander
Mars 96 lander
Mission
Mars 96 lander
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
Launch Date
Two Mars landers to have been deployed by Mars 96.
Mars 96 lander
Mars 96 lander
Mission
Mars 96 lander
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
Mars 96 penetrator
Mars 96 penetrator
Mission
Mars 96 penetrator
Mission
Penetrator
Spacecraft
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
Launch Date
Two Mars Penetrators to have been deployed by Mars 96.
Mars 96 penetrator
Mars 96 penetrator
Mission
Mars 96 penetrator
Mission
Penetrator
Spacecraft
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
29
29
Mission
29
Mission
Mars Pathfinder
Spacecraft
Mars Pathfinder
Launch Date
4 December 1996
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Lander
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997, Last contact on 27 September 1997
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7925
Sojourner
Sojourner
Mission
Sojourner
Mission
Rover
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
First rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days
30
30
Mission
30
Mission
Nozomi
Spacecraft
Nozomi(PLANET-B)
Launch Date
3 July 1998
Operator
ISAS Japan
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Remarks
Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment.
Carrier rocket
M-V
31
31
Mission
31
Mission
Mars Climate Orbiter
Spacecraft
Mars Climate Orbiter
Launch Date
11 December 1998
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Remarks
Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7425
32
32
Mission
32
Mission
Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2
Spacecraft
Mars Polar Lander
Launch Date
3 January 1999
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Lander
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Remarks
Failed to function after landing
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7425
Deep Space 2
Deep Space 2
Mission
Deep Space 2
Mission
Penetrator
Spacecraft
Spacecraft failure
Launch Date
No data transmitted after deployment from MPL.
Deep Space 2
Deep Space 2
Mission
Deep Space 2
Mission
Penetrator
Spacecraft
Spacecraft failure
33
33
Mission
33
Mission
Mars Odyssey
Spacecraft
Mars Odyssey
Launch Date
7 April 2001
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Expected to remain operational until 2025.
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7925
34
34
Mission
34
Mission
Mars Express
Spacecraft
Mars Express
Launch Date
2 June 2003
Operator
ESA
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Enough fuel to remain operational until 2035
Carrier rocket
Soyuz-FG / Fregat
Beagle 2
Beagle 2
Mission
Beagle 2
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Lander failure
Launch Date
No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications.
35
35
Mission
35
Mission
Spirit
Spacecraft
Spirit(MER-A)
Launch Date
10 June 2003
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Rover
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Landed on 4 January 2004.Operated for 2208 sols
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7925
36
36
Mission
36
Mission
Opportunity
Spacecraft
Opportunity(MER-B)
Launch Date
8 July 2003
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Rover
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Landed on 25 January 2004.Operated for 5351 sols
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7925H
–
–
Mission
–
Mission
Rosetta
Spacecraft
Rosetta
Launch Date
2 March 2004
Operator
ESA
Mission Type
Flyby (Gravity assist)
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Carrier rocket
Ariane 5G+
Philae
Philae
Mission
Philae
Mission
Flyby (Gravity assist)
Spacecraft
Successful
37
37
Mission
37
Mission
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Spacecraft
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Launch Date
12 August 2005
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Entered orbit on 10 March 2006
Carrier rocket
Atlas V 401
38
38
Mission
38
Mission
Phoenix
Spacecraft
Phoenix
Launch Date
4 August 2007
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Lander
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Landed on 25 May 2008.End of mission 2 November 2008
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7925
–
–
Mission
–
Mission
Dawn
Spacecraft
Dawn
Launch Date
27 September 2007
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Flyby (Gravity assist)
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres
Carrier rocket
Delta II 7925H
39
39
Mission
39
Mission
Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1
Spacecraft
Fobos-Grunt
Launch Date
8 November 2011
Operator
Roscosmos Russia
Mission Type
OrbiterPhobos sample return
Outcome
Launch failure
Remarks
Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power)
Carrier rocket
Zenit-2M
Yinghuo-1
Yinghuo-1
Mission
Yinghuo-1
Mission
CNSA China
Spacecraft
Orbiter
Launch Date
PrecludedLost with Fobos-Grunt
Operator
To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt
40
40
Mission
40
Mission
Mars Science Laboratory
Spacecraft
Curiosity(Mars Science Laboratory)
Launch Date
26 November 2011
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Rover
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Landed on 6 August 2012
Carrier rocket
Atlas V 541
41
41
Mission
41
Mission
Mars Orbiter Mission
Spacecraft
Mars Orbiter Mission
Launch Date
5 November 2013
Operator
ISRO India
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended to 2022, where the mission concluded on September 27, 2022 after contact was lost.
Carrier rocket
PSLV-XL
42
42
Mission
42
Mission
MAVEN
Spacecraft
MAVEN
Launch Date
18 November 2013
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014
Carrier rocket
Atlas V 401
43
43
Mission
43
Mission
ExoMars 2016
Spacecraft
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
Launch Date
14 March 2016
Operator
ESA/RoscosmosESA/ Russia
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Entered orbit on 19 October 2016
Carrier rocket
Proton-M / Briz-M
Schiaparelli EDM lander
Schiaparelli EDM lander
Mission
Schiaparelli EDM lander
Mission
ESA
Spacecraft
Lander
Launch Date
Spacecraft failure
Operator
Carried by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Although the lander crashed, engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.
44
44
Mission
44
Mission
InSight
Spacecraft
InSight
Launch Date
5 May 2018
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Lander
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Landed on 26 November 2018. Last contact 15 December 2022.
Carrier rocket
Atlas V 401
MarCO A
MarCO A
Mission
MarCO A
Mission
Flyby
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 29 December 2018.
MarCO B
MarCO B
Mission
MarCO B
Mission
Flyby
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 4 January 2019.
45
45
Mission
45
Mission
Emirates Mars Mission
Spacecraft
Hope
Launch Date
19 July 2020
Operator
MBRSC United Arab Emirates
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Entered orbit on 9 February 2021.
Carrier rocket
H-IIA
46
46
Mission
46
Mission
Tianwen-1
Spacecraft
Tianwen-1 orbiter
Launch Date
23 July 2020
Operator
CNSA China
Mission Type
Orbiter
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Entered orbit on 10 February 2021
Carrier rocket
Long March 5
Tianwen-1 lander
Tianwen-1 lander
Mission
Tianwen-1 lander
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
Landed on 14 May 2021
Zhurong rover
Zhurong rover
Mission
Zhurong rover
Mission
Rover
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
Landed on 14 May 2021 Deployed by the Tianwen-1 lander on 22 May 2021. Became inactive on 20 May 2022.
Tianwen-1 Remote Camera
Tianwen-1 Remote Camera
Mission
Tianwen-1 Remote Camera
Mission
Lander
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
Landed on 14 May 2021 Deployed by the Zhurong rover on 1 June 2021.
Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2
Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2
Mission
Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2
Mission
Orbiter
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
Entered orbit on 10 February 2021, deployed 31 December 2021
47
47
Mission
47
Mission
Mars 2020
Spacecraft
Perseverance
Launch Date
30 July 2020
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Rover
Outcome
Operational
Remarks
Landed on 18 February 2021
Carrier rocket
Atlas V 541
Ingenuity
Ingenuity
Mission
Ingenuity
Mission
Helicopter
Spacecraft
Successful
Launch Date
First aerodynamic flight on another planet. Landed with Perseverance rover on 18 February 2021. Deployed from rover on 3 April 2021. First flight achieved on April 19, 2021. Retired on 25 January 2024 due to sustained rotor blade damage.
–
–
Mission
–
Mission
Psyche
Spacecraft
Psyche
Launch Date
13 October 2023
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Flyby(Gravity assist)
Outcome
Enroute
Remarks
Gravity assist en route to 16 Psyche in May 2026
Carrier rocket
Falcon Heavy
–
–
Mission
–
Mission
Hera
Spacecraft
Hera
Launch Date
7 October 2024
Operator
ESA
Mission Type
Flyby(Gravity assist)
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Flyby in March 2025 en route to 65803 Didymos
Carrier rocket
Falcon 9
–
–
Mission
–
Mission
Europa Clipper
Spacecraft
Europa Clipper
Launch Date
14 October 2024
Operator
NASA United States
Mission Type
Flyby(Gravity assist)
Outcome
Successful
Remarks
Flyby in March 2025 en route to Jupiter and Europa
Carrier rocket
Falcon Heavy
Mission
Spacecraft
Launch Date
Operator
Mission Type
Outcome
Remarks
Carrier rocket
1
1M No.1
1M No.1
10 October 1960
OKB-1 Soviet Union
Flyby
Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Molniya
2
1M No.2
1M No.2
14 October 1960
OKB-1 Soviet Union
Flyby
Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Molniya
3
2MV-4 No.1
2MV-4 No.1
24 October 1962
Soviet Union
Flyby
Launch failure
Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO
Molniya
4
Mars 1
Mars 1(2MV-4 No.2)
1 November 1962
Soviet Union
Flyby
Spacecraft failure
Communications lost before first flyby
Molniya
5
2MV-3 No.1
2MV-3 No.1
4 November 1962
Soviet Union
Lander
Launch failure
Never left LEO
Molniya
6
Mariner 3
Mariner 3
5 November 1964
NASA United States
Flyby
Launch failure
Payload fairing failed to separate
Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
7
Mariner 4
Mariner 4
28 November 1964
NASA United States
Flyby
Successful
First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965
Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
8
Zond 2
Zond 2(3MV-4A No.2)
30 November 1964
Soviet Union
Flyby
Spacecraft failure
Communications lost before flyby
Molniya
9
Mariner 6
Mariner 6
25 February 1969
NASA United States
Flyby
Successful
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
10
2M No.521
2M No.521 (1969A)
27 March 1969
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Proton-K/D
11
Mariner 7
Mariner 7
27 March 1969
NASA United States
Flyby
Successful
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
12
2M No.522
2M No.522 (1969B)
2 April 1969
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Proton-K/D
13
Mariner 8
Mariner 8
9 May 1971
NASA United States
Orbiter
Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
14
Kosmos 419
Kosmos 419(3MS No.170)
10 May 1971
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Launch failure
Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly
Proton-K/D
15
Mars 2
Mars 2(4M No.171)
19 May 1971
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Successful
On November 27 it became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 362 orbits
Proton-K/D
Mars 2 lander(SA 4M No.171)
Lander
Spacecraft failure
First lander to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971.
PrOP-M
Rover
FailureLost with Mars 2
First rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars.
16
Mars 3
Mars 3(4M No.172)
28 May 1971
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Successful
On December 2 it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 20 orbits
Proton-K/D
Mars 3 lander(SA 4M No.172)
Lander
Partial success
First lander to make a soft landing on Mars. Landed on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details". Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing.
PrOP-M
Rover
Carrier vehicle failed before rover was deployed
First rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander.
17
Mariner 9
Mariner 9
30 May 1971
NASA United States
Orbiter
Successful
First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14. Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit.
Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
18
Mars 4
Mars 4(3MS No.52S)
21 July 1973
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Partial success
Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby.
Proton-K/D
19
Mars 5
Mars 5(3MS No.53S)
25 July 1973
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Successful
Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames
Proton-K/D
20
Mars 6
Mars 6(3MP No.50P)
5 August 1973
Soviet Union
Flyby
Successful
Flyby bus collected data.
Proton-K/D
Mars 6 lander
Lander
Spacecraft failure
Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable.
21
Mars 7
Mars 7(3MP No.51P)
9 August 1973
Soviet Union
Flyby
Successful
Flyby bus collected data.
Proton-K/D
Mars 7 lander
Lander
Spacecraft failure
Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere.
22
Viking 1
Viking 1 orbiter
20 August 1975
NASA United States
Orbiter
Successful
Operated for 1385 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976.
Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 1 lander
Lander
Successful
First successful Mars lander. Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols.
23
Viking 2
Viking 2 orbiter
9 September 1975
NASA United States
Orbiter
Successful
Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976.
Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 lander
Lander
Successful
Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980).
24
Phobos 1
Phobos 1(1F No.101)
7 July 1988
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Spacecraft failure
Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit
Proton-K/D-2
DAS
Phobos lander
FailureLost with Phobos 1
To have been deployed by Phobos 1
25
Phobos 2
Phobos 2(1F No.102)
12 July 1988
Soviet Union
Orbiter
Mostly successful
Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander deployment.
Proton-K/D-2
Prop-F
Phobos rover
FailureLost with Phobos 2
To have been deployed by Phobos 2
DAS
Phobos lander
FailureLost with Phobos 2
To have been deployed by Phobos 2
26
Mars Observer
Mars Observer
25 September 1992
NASA United States
Orbiter
Spacecraft failure
Lost communications before orbital insertion
Commercial Titan III
27
Mars Global Surveyor
Mars Global Surveyor
7 November 1996
NASA United States
Orbiter
Successful
Operated for ten years
Delta II 7925
28
Mars 96
Mars 96(M1 No.520) (Mars-8)
16 November 1996
Rosaviakosmos Russia
OrbiterPenetrators
Launch failure
Never left LEO
Proton-K/D-2
Mars 96 lander
Lander
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
Two Mars landers to have been deployed by Mars 96.
Mars 96 lander
Lander
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
Mars 96 penetrator
Penetrator
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
Two Mars Penetrators to have been deployed by Mars 96.
Mars 96 penetrator
Penetrator
Launch failureLost with Mars 96
29
Mars Pathfinder
Mars Pathfinder
4 December 1996
NASA United States
Lander
Successful
Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997, Last contact on 27 September 1997
Delta II 7925
Sojourner
Rover
Successful
First rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days
30
Nozomi
Nozomi(PLANET-B)
3 July 1998
ISAS Japan
Orbiter
Spacecraft failure
Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment.
M-V
31
Mars Climate Orbiter
Mars Climate Orbiter
11 December 1998
NASA United States
Orbiter
Spacecraft failure
Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit
Delta II 7425
32
Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2
Mars Polar Lander
3 January 1999
NASA United States
Lander
Spacecraft failure
Failed to function after landing
Delta II 7425
Deep Space 2
Penetrator
Spacecraft failure
No data transmitted after deployment from MPL.
· Missions to the moons of Mars
Phobos 1
Phobos 1
Mission
Phobos 1
Target
Phobos
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Phobos 2
Phobos 2
Mission
Phobos 2
Target
Phobos
Outcome
Spacecraft failure
Fobos-Grunt
Fobos-Grunt
Mission
Fobos-Grunt
Target
Phobos
Outcome
Launch failure
Mission
Target
Outcome
Reference
Phobos 1
Phobos
Spacecraft failure
Phobos 2
Phobos
Spacecraft failure
Fobos-Grunt
Phobos
Launch failure
· Missions to the moons of Mars
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
Planned mission
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
Target
Phobos and Deimos
Planned mission
Target
Reference
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
Phobos and Deimos
· Missions to the moons of Mars
Aladdin
Aladdin
Proposal
Aladdin
Target
Phobos and Deimos
DePhine
DePhine
Proposal
DePhine
Target
Phobos and Deimos
DSR
DSR
Proposal
DSR
Target
Deimos
Gulliver
Gulliver
Proposal
Gulliver
Target
Deimos
Hall
Hall
Proposal
Hall
Target
Phobos and Deimos
M-PADS
M-PADS
Proposal
M-PADS
Target
Phobos and Deimos
Merlin
Merlin
Proposal
Merlin
Target
Phobos and Deimos
MMSR
MMSR
Proposal
MMSR
Target
Phobos or Deimos
OSIRIS-REx 2
OSIRIS-REx 2
Proposal
OSIRIS-REx 2
Target
Phobos or Deimos
Pandora
Pandora
Proposal
Pandora
Target
Phobos and Deimos
PCROSS
PCROSS
Proposal
PCROSS
Target
Phobos
Phobos Surveyor
Phobos Surveyor
Proposal
Phobos Surveyor
Target
Phobos
PRIME
PRIME
Proposal
PRIME
Target
Phobos
Fobos-Grunt 2
Fobos-Grunt 2
Proposal
Fobos-Grunt 2
Target
Phobos
Phootprint
Phootprint
Proposal
Phootprint
Target
Phobos
PADME
PADME
Proposal
PADME
Target
Phobos and Deimos
Proposal
Target
Reference
Aladdin
Phobos and Deimos
DePhine
Phobos and Deimos
DSR
Deimos
Gulliver
Deimos
Hall
Phobos and Deimos
M-PADS
Phobos and Deimos
Merlin
Phobos and Deimos
MMSR
Phobos or Deimos
OSIRIS-REx 2
Phobos or Deimos
Pandora
Phobos and Deimos
PCROSS
Phobos
Phobos Surveyor
Phobos
PRIME
Phobos
Fobos-Grunt 2
Phobos
Phootprint
Phobos
PADME
Phobos and Deimos
Mars missions · Statistics › Mission milestone by country
United States
United States
Country/Agency
United States
Flyby
Mariner 4, 1965 †
Orbit
Mariner 9, 1971 †
Impact
Mars Polar Lander, 1999
Lander
Viking 1, 1976
Rover
Sojourner, 1997 †
Powered flight
Ingenuity, 2021 †
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
China
China
Country/Agency
China
Flyby
Tianwen-1, 2021
Orbit
Tianwen-1, 2021
Impact
—
Lander
Tianwen-1, 2021
Rover
Zhurong, 2021
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Country/Agency
Soviet Union
Flyby
Mars 2, 1971
Orbit
Mars 2, 1971
Impact
Mars 2 Lander, 1971 †
Lander
Mars 3, 1971 †
Rover
PrOP-M, 1971
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
ESA
ESA
Country/Agency
ESA
Flyby
Mars Express, 2003
Orbit
Mars Express, 2003
Impact
Schiaparelli EDM, 2016
Lander
Schiaparelli EDM, 2016
Rover
—
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Country/Agency
United Kingdom
Flyby
Beagle 2, 2003
Orbit
—
Impact
Beagle 2, 2003
Lander
Beagle 2, 2003
Rover
—
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
Russia
Russia
Country/Agency
Russia
Flyby
TGO, 2016
Orbit
TGO, 2016
Impact
Mars 96, 1996
Lander
Mars 96, 1996
Rover
—
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
India
India
Country/Agency
India
Flyby
MOM, 2014
Orbit
MOM, 2014
Impact
—
Lander
—
Rover
—
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
UAE
UAE
Country/Agency
UAE
Flyby
Hope, 2021
Orbit
Hope, 2021
Impact
—
Lander
—
Rover
—
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
Japan
Japan
Country/Agency
Japan
Flyby
Nozomi, 1998
Orbit
Nozomi, 1998
Impact
—
Lander
—
Rover
—
Powered flight
—
Sample return
—
Crewed Landing
—
Country/Agency
Flyby
Orbit
Impact
Lander
Rover
Powered flight
Sample return
Crewed Landing
United States
Mariner 4, 1965 †
Mariner 9, 1971 †
Mars Polar Lander, 1999
Viking 1, 1976
Sojourner, 1997 †
Ingenuity, 2021 †
—
—
China
Tianwen-1, 2021
Tianwen-1, 2021
—
Tianwen-1, 2021
Zhurong, 2021
—
—
—
Soviet Union
Mars 2, 1971
Mars 2, 1971
Mars 2 Lander, 1971 †
Mars 3, 1971 †
PrOP-M, 1971
—
—
—
ESA
Mars Express, 2003
Mars Express, 2003
Schiaparelli EDM, 2016
Schiaparelli EDM, 2016
—
—
—
—
United Kingdom
Beagle 2, 2003
—
Beagle 2, 2003
Beagle 2, 2003
—
—
—
—
Russia
TGO, 2016
TGO, 2016
Mars 96, 1996
Mars 96, 1996
—
—
—
—
India
MOM, 2014
MOM, 2014
—
—
—
—
—
—
UAE
Hope, 2021
Hope, 2021
—
—
—
—
—
—
Japan
Nozomi, 1998
Nozomi, 1998
—
—
—
—
—
—
Phobos missions · Statistics › Mission milestone by country
Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Country/Agency
Soviet Union
Impact
Phobos 1, 1988
Lander
Phobos 1, 1988
Rover
Phobos 1, 1988
Sample return
—
Russia
Russia
Country/Agency
Russia
Impact
Fobos-Grunt, 2011
Lander
Fobos-Grunt, 2011
Rover
—
Sample return
Fobos-Grunt, 2011
Country/Agency
Impact
Lander
Rover
Sample return
Soviet Union
Phobos 1, 1988
Phobos 1, 1988
Phobos 1, 1988
—
Russia
Fobos-Grunt, 2011
Fobos-Grunt, 2011
—
Fobos-Grunt, 2011
· Statistics › Missions by organization/company
United States
United States
Country
United States
Agency or company
NASA
Successful
13
Partial failure
-
Failure
5
Operational
4
Gravity assist
1
Total
23
Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Country
Soviet Union
Agency or company
Energia
Successful
1
Partial failure
6
Failure
10
Operational
-
Gravity assist
-
Total
17
Russia
Russia
Country
Russia
Agency or company
Roscosmos
Successful
-
Partial failure
1
Failure
2
Operational
-
Gravity assist
-
Total
3
ESA
ESA
Country
ESA
Agency or company
ESA
Successful
-
Partial failure
2
Failure
-
Operational
-
Gravity assist
1
Total
3
China
China
Country
China
Agency or company
CNSA
Successful
1
Partial failure
-
Failure
1
Operational
1
Gravity assist
-
Total
2
India
India
Country
India
Agency or company
ISRO
Successful
1
Partial failure
-
Failure
-
Operational
-
Gravity assist
-
Total
1
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Country
United Arab Emirates
Agency or company
UAESA
Successful
1
Partial failure
-
Failure
-
Operational
1
Gravity assist
-
Total
1
Japan
Japan
Country
Japan
Agency or company
ISAS
Successful
-
Partial failure
-
Failure
1
Operational
-
Gravity assist
-
Total
1
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Country
United Kingdom
Agency or company
NSC
Successful
-
Partial failure
-
Failure
1
Operational
-
Gravity assist
-
Total
1
Country
Agency or company
Successful
Partial failure
Failure
Operational
Gravity assist
Total
United States
NASA
13
-
5
4
1
23
Soviet Union
Energia
1
6
10
-
-
17
Russia
Roscosmos
-
1
2
-
-
3
ESA
ESA
-
2
-
-
1
3
China
CNSA
1
-
1
1
-
2
India
ISRO
1
-
-
-
-
1
United Arab Emirates
UAESA
1
-
-
1
-
1
Japan
ISAS
-
-
1
-
-
1
United Kingdom
NSC
-
-
1
-
-
1
· Future missions › Under development
EscaPADE
EscaPADE
Name
EscaPADE
Proposed launch date
November 2025
Type
Two orbiters
Status
ready for launch
Martian Moons eXploration and Idefix rover
Martian Moons eXploration and Idefix rover
Name
Martian Moons eXploration and Idefix rover
Proposed launch date
2026
Type
Phobos sample return mission
Status
under development
Tianwen-3
Tianwen-3
Name
Tianwen-3
Proposed launch date
2028
Type
Mars sample return mission
Status
under development
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin
Name
Rosalind Franklin
Proposed launch date
2028
Type
Rover
Status
under development
Mars Lander Mission
Mars Lander Mission
Name
Mars Lander Mission
Proposed launch date
2031
Type
Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft
Status
under development
Name
Proposed launch date
Type
Status
Reference
EscaPADE
November 2025
Two orbiters
ready for launch
Martian Moons eXploration and Idefix rover
2026
Phobos sample return mission
under development
Tianwen-3
2028
Mars sample return mission
under development
Rosalind Franklin
2028
Rover
under development
Mars Lander Mission
2031
Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft
under development
· Future missions › Proposed missions
First Commercial Mission to Mars
First Commercial Mission to Mars
Mission
First Commercial Mission to Mars
Organisation
Relativity Space, Impulse Space
Proposedlaunch
2026
Type
Lander
SpaceX Uncrewed Landing
SpaceX Uncrewed Landing
Mission
SpaceX Uncrewed Landing
Organisation
SpaceX
Proposedlaunch
2026
Type
Uncrewed lander (SpaceX Mars colonization program)
SpaceX First Crewed Landing
SpaceX First Crewed Landing
Mission
SpaceX First Crewed Landing
Organisation
SpaceX
Proposedlaunch
2028/2029
Type
Crewed lander
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
Mission
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
Organisation
NASA/ESA
Proposedlaunch
NET 2030
Type
Orbiter/Lander/Return vehicle
TEREX
TEREX
Mission
TEREX
Organisation
JAXA
Proposedlaunch
Mid 2020s
Type
Orbiter
International Mars Ice Mapper Mission
International Mars Ice Mapper Mission
Mission
International Mars Ice Mapper Mission
Organisation
NASA (withdrawn)Canadian Space AgencyItalian Space Agency JAXA
Proposedlaunch
2030s
Type
Orbiter
Mars Life Explorer
Mars Life Explorer
Mission
Mars Life Explorer
Organisation
NASA
Proposedlaunch
2030s
Type
Lander
Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt
Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt
Mission
Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt
Organisation
Roscosmos
Proposedlaunch
2030s
Type
Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
MAGGIE
MAGGIE
Mission
MAGGIE
Organisation
NASA
Type
Aircraft
M-MATISSE
M-MATISSE
Mission
M-MATISSE
Organisation
ESA
Type
Two orbiters
Mission
Organisation
Proposedlaunch
Type
First Commercial Mission to Mars
Relativity Space, Impulse Space
2026
Lander
SpaceX Uncrewed Landing
SpaceX
2026
Uncrewed lander (SpaceX Mars colonization program)
SpaceX First Crewed Landing
SpaceX
2028/2029
Crewed lander
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
NASA/ESA
NET 2030
Orbiter/Lander/Return vehicle
TEREX
JAXA
Mid 2020s
Orbiter
International Mars Ice Mapper Mission
NASA (withdrawn)Canadian Space AgencyItalian Space Agency JAXA
2030s
Orbiter
Mars Life Explorer
NASA
2030s
Lander
Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt
Roscosmos
2030s
Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
MAGGIE
NASA
Aircraft
M-MATISSE
ESA
Two orbiters

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