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List of military alliances

Updated: 11/6/2025, 12:29:14 AM Wikipedia source

A military alliance is a legally binding treaty between two or more parties in which the contracting parties agree to mutually protect one another militarily in case of an armed conflict. Military alliances differ from coalitions, which are formed in response to a specific crisis and last until the crisis is resolved. Military alliances can be bilateral or multilateral. Numerous forms of military and defensive alliances have existed between states since early human history. This is a comprehensive list of former and present military alliances.

Tables

· Bilateral military alliances
Legend
Active military alliances
· Bilateral military alliances
Foedus Cassianum
Foedus Cassianum
Years
493 BC
Name
Foedus Cassianum
Members
Roman RepublicLatin League
Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty
Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty
Years
215 BC
Name
Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty
Members
MacedoniaCarthage
Silla–Baekje Alliance [ko]
Silla–Baekje Alliance [ko]
Years
433–554
Name
Silla–Baekje Alliance [ko]
Members
Silla Baekje
Pactum Warmundi
Pactum Warmundi
Years
1123
Name
Pactum Warmundi
Members
Kingdom of Jerusalem Republic of Venice
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Years
1266–1320
Name
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Members
Byzantine Empire Golden Horde
Auld Alliance
Auld Alliance
Years
1295–1560
Name
Auld Alliance
Members
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Scotland
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
Years
1373
Name
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
Members
Kingdom of England Kingdom of Portugal
Treaty of Windsor
Treaty of Windsor
Years
1386
Name
Treaty of Windsor
Members
Kingdom of England Kingdom of Portugal
Treaty of Blois
Treaty of Blois
Years
1499
Name
Treaty of Blois
Members
Kingdom of France Republic of Venice
Franco-Polish alliance
Franco-Polish alliance
Years
1524–1525
Name
Franco-Polish alliance
Members
Crown of Poland Kingdom of France
Franco-Hungarian alliance
Franco-Hungarian alliance
Years
1528
Name
Franco-Hungarian alliance
Members
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Hungary
Franco-Ottoman alliance
Franco-Ottoman alliance
Years
1536–1798
Name
Franco-Ottoman alliance
Members
Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Years
1631–1639
Name
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Members
Electorate of Bavaria Kingdom of France
Treaty of Compiègne (1635)
Treaty of Compiègne (1635)
Years
1635
Name
Treaty of Compiègne (1635)
Members
Kingdom of France Sweden
Anglo-Swedish Alliance
Anglo-Swedish Alliance
Years
1654
Name
Anglo-Swedish Alliance
Members
England Sweden
Pereiaslav Agreement
Pereiaslav Agreement
Years
1654–1764
Name
Pereiaslav Agreement
Members
Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate
Treaty of Marienburg
Treaty of Marienburg
Years
1656
Name
Treaty of Marienburg
Members
Brandenburg-Prussia Sweden
Treaty of Stockholm
Treaty of Stockholm
Years
1672
Name
Treaty of Stockholm
Members
Kingdom of France Sweden
Anglo-French Alliance
Anglo-French Alliance
Years
1716–1731
Name
Anglo-French Alliance
Members
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Great Britain
Anglo-Austrian Alliance
Anglo-Austrian Alliance
Years
1731–1756
Name
Anglo-Austrian Alliance
Members
Kingdom of Great Britain Holy Roman Empire
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)
Years
1756–1762
Name
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)
Members
Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Prussia
Franco-Austrian Alliance
Franco-Austrian Alliance
Years
1756–1792
Name
Franco-Austrian Alliance
Members
Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire
Russo-Prussian alliance
Russo-Prussian alliance
Years
1764–1788
Name
Russo-Prussian alliance
Members
Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia
Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
Years
1773–1810
Name
Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
Members
Denmark–Norway Russian Empire
Treaty of Alliance
Treaty of Alliance
Years
1778–1800
Name
Treaty of Alliance
Members
United States Kingdom of France
Treaty of Aranjuez
Treaty of Aranjuez
Years
1779–1783
Name
Treaty of Aranjuez
Members
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Spain
Austro-Russian Alliance
Austro-Russian Alliance
Years
1781–1790
Name
Austro-Russian Alliance
Members
Russian Empire Holy Roman Empire
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1788)
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1788)
Years
1788–1791
Name
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1788)
Members
Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Prussia
Polish–Prussian alliance
Polish–Prussian alliance
Years
1790–1792
Name
Polish–Prussian alliance
Members
Kingdom of Prussia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russo-Serbian Alliance
Russo-Serbian Alliance
Years
1807
Name
Russo-Serbian Alliance
Members
Russian Empire Revolutionary Serbia
Treaties of Tilsit
Treaties of Tilsit
Years
1807–1812
Name
Treaties of Tilsit
Members
Napoleonic France Russian Empire
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867
Years
1867–1868
Name
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867
Members
Kingdom of Greece Principality of Serbia
Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)
Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)
Years
1873
Name
Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)
Members
Bolivia Peru
Dual Alliance
Dual Alliance
Years
1879–1918
Name
Dual Alliance
Members
Austria–Hungary German Empire
Austro-Serbian Alliance
Austro-Serbian Alliance
Years
1881–1908
Name
Austro-Serbian Alliance
Members
Austria–Hungary Principality of Serbia
Franco-Russian Alliance
Franco-Russian Alliance
Years
1892–1917
Name
Franco-Russian Alliance
Members
French Third Republic Russian Empire
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Years
1902–1923
Name
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Members
Japan United Kingdom
Entente Cordiale
Entente Cordiale
Years
1904
Name
Entente Cordiale
Members
France United Kingdom
Treaty of Sofia
Treaty of Sofia
Years
1904
Name
Treaty of Sofia
Members
Principality of Bulgaria Kingdom of Serbia
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913
Years
1913–1914
Name
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913
Members
Greece Serbia
Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
Years
1914–1918
Name
Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
Members
Kingdom of Bulgaria Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)
Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)
Years
1915–1918
Name
Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)
Members
Kingdom of Bulgaria German Empire
German–Ottoman alliance
German–Ottoman alliance
Years
1915–1918
Name
German–Ottoman alliance
Members
German Empire Ottoman Empire
Polish–Ukrainian Agreement
Polish–Ukrainian Agreement
Years
1920–1921
Name
Polish–Ukrainian Agreement
Members
Poland Ukraine
Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)
Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)
Years
1920–1940
Name
Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)
Members
France Poland
Georgian–Polish alliance
Georgian–Polish alliance
Years
1920–1921
Name
Georgian–Polish alliance
Members
Georgia Poland
Polish–Romanian alliance
Polish–Romanian alliance
Years
1921–1939
Name
Polish–Romanian alliance
Members
Poland Romania
Anglo-Iraqi treaties of 1922, 1930 and 1948
Anglo-Iraqi treaties of 1922, 1930 and 1948
Years
1922–1958
Name
Anglo-Iraqi treaties of 1922, 1930 and 1948
Members
Iraq United Kingdom
Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation
Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation
Years
1930–1939/40
Name
Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation
Members
Estonia Finland
Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Years
1935–1939
Name
Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Members
France Soviet Union
Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
Years
1936–1956
Name
Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
Members
Egypt United Kingdom
Anglo-Polish alliance
Anglo-Polish alliance
Years
1939–1944
Name
Anglo-Polish alliance
Members
Poland United Kingdom
Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Years
1939–1940
Name
Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Members
Estonia Soviet Union
Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Years
1939–1940
Name
Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Members
Latvia Soviet Union
Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Years
1939–1940
Name
Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Members
Lithuania Soviet Union
Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy or Pact of Steel
Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy or Pact of Steel
Years
1939–1949
Name
Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy or Pact of Steel
Members
Germany Italy
Ogdensburg Agreement
Ogdensburg Agreement
Years
1940
Name
Ogdensburg Agreement
Members
Canada United States
Anglo-Soviet Agreement
Anglo-Soviet Agreement
Years
1941–1945
Name
Anglo-Soviet Agreement
Members
Soviet Union United Kingdom
Twenty-Year Mutual Assistance Agreement Between theUnited Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republicsor Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
Twenty-Year Mutual Assistance Agreement Between theUnited Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republicsor Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
Years
1942–1945
Name
Twenty-Year Mutual Assistance Agreement Between theUnited Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republicsor Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
Members
Soviet Union United Kingdom
Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty in Respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Transjordan or Treaty of London (1946)
Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty in Respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Transjordan or Treaty of London (1946)
Years
1946–1948
Name
Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty in Respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Transjordan or Treaty of London (1946)
Members
Jordan United Kingdom
Treaty of Dunkirk
Treaty of Dunkirk
Years
1947–1997
Name
Treaty of Dunkirk
Members
France United Kingdom
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
Years
1950–1979
Name
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
Members
China Soviet Union
Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America (MDT)
Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America (MDT)
Years
1951
Name
Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America (MDT)
Members
Philippines United States
U.S.–Japan Alliance
U.S.–Japan Alliance
Years
1951
Name
U.S.–Japan Alliance
Members
Japan United States
Brazil–United States Treaty
Brazil–United States Treaty
Years
1952–1977
Name
Brazil–United States Treaty
Members
Brazil United States
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea
Years
1953
Name
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea
Members
South Korea United States
Simonstown Agreement
Simonstown Agreement
Years
1955–1975
Name
Simonstown Agreement
Members
South Africa United Kingdom
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China
Years
1955–1980
Name
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China
Members
China (Republic of China) United States
Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA)
Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA)
Years
1957–1967
Name
Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA)
Members
Malaya United Kingdom
Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandfor Cooperation on the uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purposes or 1958 UK–US Mutual Defence Agreement
Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandfor Cooperation on the uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purposes or 1958 UK–US Mutual Defence Agreement
Years
1958
Name
Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandfor Cooperation on the uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purposes or 1958 UK–US Mutual Defence Agreement
Members
United Kingdom United States
Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty between The People's Republic of China and The Democratic People's Republic of Korea or Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty between The People's Republic of China and The Democratic People's Republic of Korea or Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
Years
1961
Name
Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty between The People's Republic of China and The Democratic People's Republic of Korea or Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
Members
China North Korea
Thanat–Rusk Communiqué
Thanat–Rusk Communiqué
Years
1962
Name
Thanat–Rusk Communiqué
Members
Thailand United States
Israel–South Africa Agreement (ISSA)
Israel–South Africa Agreement (ISSA)
Years
1975–1994
Name
Israel–South Africa Agreement (ISSA)
Members
Israel South Africa
Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA)
Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA)
Years
1987
Name
Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA)
Members
List Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2012–2022) Argentina (1998) Australia Bahrain (2002) Brazil (2019) Colombia (2022) Egypt Israel Japan Jordan (1996) Kenya (2024) Kuwait (2004) Morocco (2004) New Zealand (1996) Pakistan (2004) Philippines (2003) Qatar (2022) South Korea Taiwan (2003) Thailand (2003) Tunisia (2015)
Split Agreement
Split Agreement
Years
1995
Name
Split Agreement
Members
Croatia Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
Years
2010
Name
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
Members
Azerbaijan Turkey
Lancaster House Treaties
Lancaster House Treaties
Years
2010
Name
Lancaster House Treaties
Members
France United Kingdom
Treaty on Franco-German Cooperation and Integration or Aachen Treaty
Treaty on Franco-German Cooperation and Integration or Aachen Treaty
Years
2019
Name
Treaty on Franco-German Cooperation and Integration or Aachen Treaty
Members
France Germany
Franco-Greek defence agreement
Franco-Greek defence agreement
Years
2021
Name
Franco-Greek defence agreement
Members
France Greece
Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the Russian Federation and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the Russian Federation and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Years
2024
Name
Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the Russian Federation and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Members
North Korea Russia
Treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Federal Republic of Germany on Friendship and Bilateral Cooperation or Kensington Treaty
Treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Federal Republic of Germany on Friendship and Bilateral Cooperation or Kensington Treaty
Years
2025
Name
Treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Federal Republic of Germany on Friendship and Bilateral Cooperation or Kensington Treaty
Members
Germany United Kingdom
Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA)
Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA)
Years
2025
Name
Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA)
Members
Pakistan Saudi Arabia
Pukpuk Treaty
Pukpuk Treaty
Years
2025
Name
Pukpuk Treaty
Members
Australia Papua New Guinea
Years
Name
Members
493 BC
Foedus Cassianum
Roman RepublicLatin League
215 BC
Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty
MacedoniaCarthage
433–554
Silla–Baekje Alliance [ko]
Silla Baekje
1123
Pactum Warmundi
Kingdom of Jerusalem Republic of Venice
1266–1320
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Byzantine Empire Golden Horde
1295–1560
Auld Alliance
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Scotland
1373
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
Kingdom of England Kingdom of Portugal
1386
Treaty of Windsor
Kingdom of England Kingdom of Portugal
1499
Treaty of Blois
Kingdom of France Republic of Venice
1524–1525
Franco-Polish alliance
Crown of Poland Kingdom of France
1528
Franco-Hungarian alliance
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Hungary
1536–1798
Franco-Ottoman alliance
Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire
1631–1639
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Electorate of Bavaria Kingdom of France
1635
Treaty of Compiègne (1635)
Kingdom of France Sweden
1654
Anglo-Swedish Alliance
England Sweden
1654–1764
Pereiaslav Agreement
Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate
1656
Treaty of Marienburg
Brandenburg-Prussia Sweden
1672
Treaty of Stockholm
Kingdom of France Sweden
1716–1731
Anglo-French Alliance
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Great Britain
1731–1756
Anglo-Austrian Alliance
Kingdom of Great Britain Holy Roman Empire
1756–1762
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)
Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Prussia
1756–1792
Franco-Austrian Alliance
Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire
1764–1788
Russo-Prussian alliance
Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia
1773–1810
Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
Denmark–Norway Russian Empire
1778–1800
Treaty of Alliance
United States Kingdom of France
1779–1783
Treaty of Aranjuez
Kingdom of France Kingdom of Spain
1781–1790
Austro-Russian Alliance
Russian Empire Holy Roman Empire
1788–1791
Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1788)
Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Prussia
1790–1792
Polish–Prussian alliance
Kingdom of Prussia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1807
Russo-Serbian Alliance
Russian Empire Revolutionary Serbia
1807–1812
Treaties of Tilsit
Napoleonic France Russian Empire
1867–1868
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867
Kingdom of Greece Principality of Serbia
1873
Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)
Bolivia Peru
1879–1918
Dual Alliance
Austria–Hungary German Empire
1881–1908
Austro-Serbian Alliance
Austria–Hungary Principality of Serbia
1892–1917
Franco-Russian Alliance
French Third Republic Russian Empire
1902–1923
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Japan United Kingdom
1904
Entente Cordiale
France United Kingdom
1904
Treaty of Sofia
Principality of Bulgaria Kingdom of Serbia
1913–1914
Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913
Greece Serbia
1914–1918
Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
Kingdom of Bulgaria Ottoman Empire
1915–1918
Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)
Kingdom of Bulgaria German Empire
1915–1918
German–Ottoman alliance
German Empire Ottoman Empire
1920–1921
Polish–Ukrainian Agreement
Poland Ukraine
1920–1940
Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)
France Poland
1920–1921
Georgian–Polish alliance
Georgia Poland
1921–1939
Polish–Romanian alliance
Poland Romania
1922–1958
Anglo-Iraqi treaties of 1922, 1930 and 1948
Iraq United Kingdom
1930–1939/40
Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation
Estonia Finland
· Multilateral military alliances
Legend
Active military alliances
· Multilateral military alliances
Latin League
Latin League
Years
c. 7th century–338 BC
Name
Latin League
Members
About 30 villages and tribes in the region of Latium
Peloponnesian League
Peloponnesian League
Years
c. 6th century–366 BC
Name
Peloponnesian League
Members
Various city-states in the Peloponnese, dominated by Sparta
Delian League
Delian League
Years
478–404 BC
Name
Delian League
Members
See Members of the Delian League
Lombard League
Lombard League
Years
1167–1250
Name
Lombard League
Members
Numerous cities in medieval Lombardy, modern Northern Italy
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Years
1266–1320
Name
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Members
Byzantine Empire Golden Horde
Confederation of Cologne
Confederation of Cologne
Years
1367–1385
Name
Confederation of Cologne
Members
Cities of the Hanseatic League
Triple Alliance
Triple Alliance
Years
1428–1521
Name
Triple Alliance
Members
Mexiclo-TenochtitlanTetzcocoTlacopan
League of Cambrai
League of Cambrai
Years
1508–1510
Name
League of Cambrai
Members
Aragon Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of France Papal States
Catholic League (Italian)
Catholic League (Italian)
Years
1511–1513
Name
Catholic League (Italian)
Members
Aragon Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of England Papal States Republic of Venice
Schmalkaldic League
Schmalkaldic League
Years
1531–1547
Name
Schmalkaldic League
Members
Various Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy League
Holy League
Years
1571–1573
Name
Holy League
Members
Papal States Republic of Venice Spain among others
Triple Alliance (1596)
Triple Alliance (1596)
Years
1596–1604
Name
Triple Alliance (1596)
Members
Dutch Republic Kingdom of England Kingdom of France
Protestant Union
Protestant Union
Years
1608–1621
Name
Protestant Union
Members
Various Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
Catholic League (German)
Catholic League (German)
Years
1609–1635
Name
Catholic League (German)
Members
Various Catholic German States of the Holy Roman Empire
Triple Alliance
Triple Alliance
Years
1668–1672
Name
Triple Alliance
Members
Dutch Republic Kingdom of England Sweden
Holy League
Holy League
Years
1684–1699
Name
Holy League
Members
Holy Roman Empire Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Republic of Venice Tsardom of Russia
League of Augsburg
League of Augsburg
Years
1689–1713
Name
League of Augsburg
Members
Dutch Republic Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of England
Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye
Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye
Years
1699
Name
Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye
Members
Denmark–Norway Electorate of Saxony Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia
Triple Alliance (1717)
Triple Alliance (1717)
Years
1717–1718
Name
Triple Alliance (1717)
Members
Dutch Republic Kingdom of France Kingdom of Great Britain
Convention of Saint Petersburg
Convention of Saint Petersburg
Years
1747–1748
Name
Convention of Saint Petersburg
Members
Kingdom of Great Britain Russian Empire Dutch Republic
Triple Alliance (1788)
Triple Alliance (1788)
Years
1788–1791
Name
Triple Alliance (1788)
Members
Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Prussia Dutch Republic
The Quadruple Alliance
The Quadruple Alliance
Years
1815–1818
Name
The Quadruple Alliance
Members
United Kingdom Austrian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Russian Empire
Holy Alliance
Holy Alliance
Years
1815–1825
Name
Holy Alliance
Members
Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Austrian Empire
Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Years
1865–1872
Name
Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Members
Brazil Uruguay Argentina
First Balkan Alliance
First Balkan Alliance
Years
1866–1868
Name
First Balkan Alliance
Members
Kingdom of Greece (1867) Principality of Montenegro (1866) Principality of Serbia
League of the Three Emperors
League of the Three Emperors
Years
1873–1887
Name
League of the Three Emperors
Members
Russian Empire Austria–Hungary German Empire
Triple Alliance
Triple Alliance
Years
1882–1914
Name
Triple Alliance
Members
German Empire Austria–Hungary Kingdom of Italy
Triple Entente
Triple Entente
Years
1907–1917
Name
Triple Entente
Members
France Russian Empire United Kingdom
Balkan League
Balkan League
Years
1912–1913
Name
Balkan League
Members
Kingdom of Bulgaria Greece Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Serbia
Central Powers
Central Powers
Years
1914–1918
Name
Central Powers
Members
Austria–Hungary Kingdom of Bulgaria (1915) German Empire Ottoman Empire
Treaty of Bucharest (1916)
Treaty of Bucharest (1916)
Years
1916–1918
Name
Treaty of Bucharest (1916)
Members
France Italy Romania Russian Empire United Kingdom
Little Entente
Little Entente
Years
1920–1938
Name
Little Entente
Members
Czechoslovakia Romania Yugoslavia
Balkan Pact
Balkan Pact
Years
1934–1938
Name
Balkan Pact
Members
Greece Romania Turkey Yugoslavia
Rome Protocols
Rome Protocols
Years
1934–1938
Name
Rome Protocols
Members
Austria Hungary Italy
Stresa Front
Stresa Front
Years
1934–1935
Name
Stresa Front
Members
France Italy United Kingdom
Baltic Entente
Baltic Entente
Years
1934–1940
Name
Baltic Entente
Members
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
Tripartite Pact or Axis Powers
Tripartite Pact or Axis Powers
Years
1940–1945
Name
Tripartite Pact or Axis Powers
Members
List Bulgaria Croatia Germany Hungary Italy Japan Romania Slovakia Yugoslavia
Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation
Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation
Years
1942–1945
Name
Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation
Members
Croatia Romania Slovakia
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR) or Rio Treaty
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR) or Rio Treaty
Years
1947
Name
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR) or Rio Treaty
Members
List Argentina The Bahamas (1982) Bolivia (1947–2014) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba (1947-1962) Dominican Republic Ecuador (1947–2016) El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico (1947–2004) Nicaragua (1947–2014) Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago (1967) United States Uruguay Venezuela (1947–2015, 2019)
Western Union (WU)
Western Union (WU)
Years
1948–1954
Name
Western Union (WU)
Members
Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Years
1949
Name
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Members
List Albania (2009) Belgium Bulgaria (2004) Canada Croatia (2009) Czech Republic (1999) Denmark Estonia (2004) Finland (2023) France Germany (1955) Greece (1952) Hungary (1999) Iceland Italy Latvia (2004) Lithuania (2004) Luxembourg Montenegro (2017) Netherlands North Macedonia (2020) Norway Poland (1999) Portugal Romania (2004) Slovakia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Spain (1982) Sweden (2024) Turkey (1952) United Kingdom United States
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
Years
1951
Name
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
Members
Australia New Zealand United States
Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation or Balkan Pact (1953)
Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation or Balkan Pact (1953)
Years
1953–1956
Name
Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation or Balkan Pact (1953)
Members
Greece Turkey Yugoslavia
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Years
1954–1977
Name
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Members
List Australia France New Zealand Pakistan (1954–1973) Philippines Thailand United Kingdom United States
Western European Union (WEU)
Western European Union (WEU)
Years
1954–2011
Name
Western European Union (WEU)
Members
List Belgium France Germany Greece (1995) Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal (1990) Spain (1990) United Kingdom
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)
Years
1955–1979
Name
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)
Members
Iran Iraq (1955–1959) Pakistan Turkey United Kingdom
Warsaw Pact (WP)
Warsaw Pact (WP)
Years
1955–1991
Name
Warsaw Pact (WP)
Members
List People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1955−1968) People's Republic of Bulgaria Czechoslovak Socialist Republic East Germany (1955–1990) Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Socialist Republic of Romania Soviet Union
Alcora Exercise
Alcora Exercise
Years
1970–1974
Name
Alcora Exercise
Members
Portugal Rhodesia South Africa
Regional Security System (RSS)
Regional Security System (RSS)
Years
1982
Name
Regional Security System (RSS)
Members
List Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Grenada (1985) Guyana (2022) Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983) Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Peninsula Shield Force (PSF)
Peninsula Shield Force (PSF)
Years
1984
Name
Peninsula Shield Force (PSF)
Members
List Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Years
1992
Name
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Members
List Azerbaijan (1993-1999) Armenia Belarus (1993) Georgia (1993-1999) Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan (1992-1999; 2006–2012)
Compact of Free Association (COFA)
Compact of Free Association (COFA)
Years
1994
Name
Compact of Free Association (COFA)
Members
Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau United States
Alliance of Sahel States (AES)
Alliance of Sahel States (AES)
Years
2023
Name
Alliance of Sahel States (AES)
Members
Burkina Faso Mali Niger
Years
Name
Members
c. 7th century–338 BC
Latin League
About 30 villages and tribes in the region of Latium
c. 6th century–366 BC
Peloponnesian League
Various city-states in the Peloponnese, dominated by Sparta
478–404 BC
Delian League
See Members of the Delian League
1167–1250
Lombard League
Numerous cities in medieval Lombardy, modern Northern Italy
1266–1320
Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
Byzantine Empire Golden Horde
1367–1385
Confederation of Cologne
Cities of the Hanseatic League
1428–1521
Triple Alliance
Mexiclo-TenochtitlanTetzcocoTlacopan
1508–1510
League of Cambrai
Aragon Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of France Papal States
1511–1513
Catholic League (Italian)
Aragon Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of England Papal States Republic of Venice
1531–1547
Schmalkaldic League
Various Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1571–1573
Holy League
Papal States Republic of Venice Spain among others
1596–1604
Triple Alliance (1596)
Dutch Republic Kingdom of England Kingdom of France
1608–1621
Protestant Union
Various Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1609–1635
Catholic League (German)
Various Catholic German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1668–1672
Triple Alliance
Dutch Republic Kingdom of England Sweden
1684–1699
Holy League
Holy Roman Empire Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Republic of Venice Tsardom of Russia
1689–1713
League of Augsburg
Dutch Republic Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of England
1699
Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye
Denmark–Norway Electorate of Saxony Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia
1717–1718
Triple Alliance (1717)
Dutch Republic Kingdom of France Kingdom of Great Britain
1747–1748
Convention of Saint Petersburg
Kingdom of Great Britain Russian Empire Dutch Republic
1788–1791
Triple Alliance (1788)
Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Prussia Dutch Republic
1815–1818
The Quadruple Alliance
United Kingdom Austrian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Russian Empire
1815–1825
Holy Alliance
Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Austrian Empire
1865–1872
Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Brazil Uruguay Argentina
1866–1868
First Balkan Alliance
Kingdom of Greece (1867) Principality of Montenegro (1866) Principality of Serbia
1873–1887
League of the Three Emperors
Russian Empire Austria–Hungary German Empire
1882–1914
Triple Alliance
German Empire Austria–Hungary Kingdom of Italy
1907–1917
Triple Entente
France Russian Empire United Kingdom
1912–1913
Balkan League
Kingdom of Bulgaria Greece Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Serbia
1914–1918
Central Powers
Austria–Hungary Kingdom of Bulgaria (1915) German Empire Ottoman Empire
1916–1918
Treaty of Bucharest (1916)
France Italy Romania Russian Empire United Kingdom
1920–1938
Little Entente
Czechoslovakia Romania Yugoslavia
1934–1938
Balkan Pact
Greece Romania Turkey Yugoslavia
1934–1938
Rome Protocols
Austria Hungary Italy
1934–1935
Stresa Front
France Italy United Kingdom
1934–1940
Baltic Entente
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
1940–1945
Tripartite Pact or Axis Powers
List Bulgaria Croatia Germany Hungary Italy Japan Romania Slovakia Yugoslavia
1942–1945
Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation
Croatia Romania Slovakia
1947
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR) or Rio Treaty
List Argentina The Bahamas (1982) Bolivia (1947–2014) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba (1947-1962) Dominican Republic Ecuador (1947–2016) El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico (1947–2004) Nicaragua (1947–2014) Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago (1967) United States Uruguay Venezuela (1947–2015, 2019)
1948–1954
Western Union (WU)
Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom
1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
List Albania (2009) Belgium Bulgaria (2004) Canada Croatia (2009) Czech Republic (1999) Denmark Estonia (2004) Finland (2023) France Germany (1955) Greece (1952) Hungary (1999) Iceland Italy Latvia (2004) Lithuania (2004) Luxembourg Montenegro (2017) Netherlands North Macedonia (2020) Norway Poland (1999) Portugal Romania (2004) Slovakia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Spain (1982) Sweden (2024) Turkey (1952) United Kingdom United States
1951
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
Australia New Zealand United States
1953–1956
Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation or Balkan Pact (1953)
Greece Turkey Yugoslavia
1954–1977
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
List Australia France New Zealand Pakistan (1954–1973) Philippines Thailand United Kingdom United States
1954–2011
Western European Union (WEU)
List Belgium France Germany Greece (1995) Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal (1990) Spain (1990) United Kingdom
1955–1979
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)
Iran Iraq (1955–1959) Pakistan Turkey United Kingdom
1955–1991
Warsaw Pact (WP)
List People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1955−1968) People's Republic of Bulgaria Czechoslovak Socialist Republic East Germany (1955–1990) Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Socialist Republic of Romania Soviet Union
1970–1974
Alcora Exercise
Portugal Rhodesia South Africa
1982
Regional Security System (RSS)
List Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Grenada (1985) Guyana (2022) Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983) Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Comparison of NATO and CSTO · Multilateral military alliances
Emblem
Emblem
Indicators
Emblem
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Flag
Flag
Indicators
Flag
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Treaty
Treaty
Indicators
Treaty
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The North Atlantic Treaty
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
The Collective Security Treaty
System
System
Indicators
System
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Collective security
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Collective security
Formation
Formation
Indicators
Formation
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
1949
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
1992
Depositary
Depositary
Indicators
Depositary
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The Government of the United States of America, Washington, D.C.
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
The CSTO Secretariat, Moscow, Russia
Headquarters
Headquarters
Indicators
Headquarters
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Brussels, Belgium
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Moscow, Russia
Secretary General
Secretary General
Indicators
Secretary General
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Secretary General of NATOMark Rutte
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Secretary General of the CSTOImangali Tasmagambetov
Senior Military Leaders
Senior Military Leaders
Indicators
Senior Military Leaders
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Chair of the NATO Military CommitteeAdmiral Giuseppe Cavo DragoneSupreme Allied Commander EuropeGeneral Alexus GrynkewichSupreme Allied Commander TransformationAdmiral Pierre Vandier
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Chief of the Joint Staff of the Collective Security Treaty OrganizationColonel General Andrey Serdyukov
Membership
Membership
Indicators
Membership
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
32 states List Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
6 states List Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan
Former members
Former members
Indicators
Former members
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
None
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Azerbaijan (1993–1999) Georgia (1993–1999) Uzbekistan (1992–1999; 2006–2012)
Area km2 (sq mi)
Area km2 (sq mi)
Indicators
Area km2 (sq mi)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
25 million km2 (9.68 million sq mi)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
20 million km2 (7.72 million sq mi)
Population
Population
Indicators
Population
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
973 million
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
193 million
GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP)
Indicators
GDP (PPP)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
$63.842 trillion
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
$7.686 trillion
GDP (nominal)
GDP (nominal)
Indicators
GDP (nominal)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
$52.394 trillion
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
$2.394 trillion
Defence expenditure
Defence expenditure
Indicators
Defence expenditure
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
$1.474 trillion
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
$153 billion
Total military personnel
Total military personnel
Indicators
Total military personnel
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
6,163,060 (3,953,060)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
4,028,000 (3,928,000)
Nuclear warheads
Nuclear warheads
Indicators
Nuclear warheads
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
4,215
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
4,299
Indicators
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Emblem
Flag
Treaty
The North Atlantic Treaty
The Collective Security Treaty
System
Collective security
Collective security
Formation
1949
1992
Depositary
The Government of the United States of America, Washington, D.C.
The CSTO Secretariat, Moscow, Russia
Headquarters
Brussels, Belgium
Moscow, Russia
Secretary General
Secretary General of NATOMark Rutte
Secretary General of the CSTOImangali Tasmagambetov
Senior Military Leaders
Chair of the NATO Military CommitteeAdmiral Giuseppe Cavo DragoneSupreme Allied Commander EuropeGeneral Alexus GrynkewichSupreme Allied Commander TransformationAdmiral Pierre Vandier
Chief of the Joint Staff of the Collective Security Treaty OrganizationColonel General Andrey Serdyukov
Membership
32 states List Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States
6 states List Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan
Former members
None
Azerbaijan (1993–1999) Georgia (1993–1999) Uzbekistan (1992–1999; 2006–2012)
Area km2 (sq mi)
25 million km2 (9.68 million sq mi)
20 million km2 (7.72 million sq mi)
Population
973 million
193 million
GDP (PPP)
trillion
trillion
GDP (nominal)
trillion
trillion
Defence expenditure
trillion
$153 billion
Total military personnel
6,163,060 (3,953,060)
4,028,000 (3,928,000)
Nuclear warheads
4,215
4,299

References

  1. See also Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
  2. See also Lancaster House Treaties
  3. Effectively ended in 1943
  4. Agreement applies only between the United States and Allied States
  5. Taiwan is treated as an MNNA without formal designation
  6. See also Shusha Declaration
  7. The Nahua Triple Alliance is also known as the Mexica, or Aztec Empire
  8. Austro-Russian alliance broke off in 1853.
  9. (Two days only)
  10. See also Treaty of Brussels
  11. Treaty in-force with United States
  12. Treaty in-force with Thailand
  13. Joined as West Germany until 1990
  14. Military wing of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
  15. www.en.odkb-csto.org
    https://en.odkb-csto.org/authorized_organs/secretariat/
  16. aggregated data for all members
  17. excl. USA and CAN
  18. www.nypost.com
    https://nypost.com/2025/07/10/us-news/marco-rubio-meets-russias-sergei-lavrov-after-trump-calls-out-vladimir-putin/
  19. www.manchester.ac.uk
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093322/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=7313
  20. www.academia.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210815052223/https://www.academia.edu/1651364
  21. "Treaties in Force A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2020"
    https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TIF-2020-Full-website-view.pdf
  22. upload.wikimedia.org
    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Treaty_of_Alliance_between_His_Majesty_in_respect_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_His_Highness_the_Amir_of_Trans-Jordan%2C_cmd._6779.pdf
  23. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/19/vladimir-putin-kim-jong-un-mutual-aid-agreement
  24. www.gov.uk
    https://www.gov.uk/government/news/treaty-between-the-united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland-and-the-federal-republic-of-germany-on-friendship-and-bilateral-cooperation
  25. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    https://mofa.gov.pk/press-releases/joint-statement-on-the-state-visit-of-prime-minister-of-the-islamic-republic-of-pakistan-muhammad-shehbaz-sharif-to-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia
  26. Saudi Press Agency
    https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/N2399714
  27. "Federal politics live: Anthony Albanese and PNG PM James Marape sign landmark defence treaty"
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-10-06/federal-politics-live-blog-october-6/105849122
  28. Stars and Stripes
    https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/2024-03-21/cofa-micronesia-palau-marshall-islands-13379754.html
  29. "The Compacts of Free Association, Congress, and Strategic Competition for the Pacific"
    https://www.csis.org/analysis/compacts-free-association-congress-and-strategic-competition-pacific
  30. Asia Matters for America
    https://asiamattersforamerica.org/articles/small-island-big-alliance-us-security-cooperation-with-palau
  31. "Three South Pacific Island Nations Navigating Diplomatic Ties Amid Growing Chinese Influence"
    https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/cid/voices/three-south-pacific-island-nations-navigating-diplomatic-ties-amid-growing
  32. "How the Compacts of Free Association Support U.S. Interests and Counter the PRC's Influence"
    https://docs.house.gov/meetings/II/II00/20230614/116098/HHRG-118-II00-Wstate-LumT-20230614.pdf
  33. China's engagement in the Pacific islands: implications for the United States
  34. International Affairs
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiiab081
  35. www.en.odkb-csto.org
    https://en.odkb-csto.org/documents/documents/dogovor_o_kollektivnoy_bezopasnosti/#loaded
  36. www.nato.int
    https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17120.htm
  37. www.en.odkb-csto.org
    https://en.odkb-csto.org/documents/documents/dogovor_o_kollektivnoy_bezopasnosti/#loaded
  38. www.nato.int
    https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17120.htm
  39. www.en.odkb-csto.org
    https://en.odkb-csto.org/documents/documents/dogovor_o_kollektivnoy_bezopasnosti/#loaded
  40. www.nato.int
    https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17120.htm
  41. www.en.odkb-csto.org
    https://en.odkb-csto.org/documents/documents/dogovor_o_kollektivnoy_bezopasnosti/#loaded
  42. www.media.un.org
    https://media.un.org/photo/en/asset/oun7/oun7375914
  43. www.worlddata.info
    https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/nato.php
  44. www.worlddata.info
    https://www.worlddata.info/
  45. www.data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations=AL-GR-TR-BG-ME-MK-HR-SI-RO-SK-CZ-HU-PL-EE-LT-LV-DE-NL-BE-LU-FR-IT-ES-PT-DK-SE-FI-NO-IS-GB-CA-US-GL-GI-IM-BM-FO&most_recent_value_desc=true
  46. www.data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations=AM-BY-KZ-KG-RU-TJ&most_recent_value_desc=true
  47. www.data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=AL-GR-TR-BG-ME-MK-HR-SI-RO-SK-CZ-HU-PL-EE-LT-LV-DE-NL-BE-LU-FR-IT-ES-PT-DK-SE-FI-NO-IS-GB-CA-US-GL-GI-IM-BM-FO&most_recent_value_desc=true
  48. www.data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2023&locations=AM-BY-KZ-KG-RU-TJ&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1988
  49. www.statista.com
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/1293301/combined-defense-expenditures-nato/#:~:text=The%20combined%20defense%20expenditure%20for%20members%20of%20NATO,spent%20on%20defense%20during%20the%20provided%20time%20period.
  50. www.statista.com
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/1287831/cis-military-spending-by-country/
  51. The Military Balance 2025
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222
  52. www.sipri.org
    https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2025/nuclear-risks-grow-new-arms-race-looms-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now
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