List of microorganisms tested in outer space
Updated: 11/6/2025, 1:20:57 AM Wikipedia source
The survival of some microorganisms exposed to outer space has been studied using both simulated facilities and low Earth orbit exposures. Bacteria were some of the first organisms investigated, when in 1960 a Russian satellite carried Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Enterobacter aerogenes into orbit. Many kinds of microorganisms have been selected for exposure experiments since, as listed in the table below. Experiments of the adaption of microbes in space have yielded unpredictable results. While sometimes the microorganism may weaken, they can also increase in their disease-causing potency. It is possible to classify these microorganisms into two groups, the human-borne and the extremophiles. Studying the human-borne microorganisms is significant for human welfare and future crewed missions in space, whilst the extremophiles are vital for studying the physiological requirements of survival in space. NASA has pointed out that normal adults have ten times as many microbial cells as human cells in their bodies. They are also nearly everywhere in the environment and, although normally invisible, can form slimy biofilms. Extremophiles have adapted to live in some of the most extreme environments on Earth. This includes hypersaline lakes, arid regions, deep sea, acidic sites, cold and dry polar regions and permafrost. The existence of extremophiles has led to the speculation that microorganisms could survive the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments and be used as model organisms to understand the fate of biological systems in these environments. The focus of many experiments has been to investigate the possible survival of organisms inside rocks (lithopanspermia), or their survival on Mars for understanding the likelihood of past or present life on that planet. Because of their ubiquity and resistance to spacecraft decontamination, bacterial spores are considered likely potential forward contaminants on robotic missions to Mars. Measuring the resistance of such organisms to space conditions can be applied to develop adequate decontamination procedures. Research and testing of microorganisms in outer space could eventually be applied for directed panspermia or terraforming.
Tables
· Table
Bacteria & bacterial spores
Bacteria & bacterial spores
Organism
Bacteria & bacterial spores
Actinomyces erythreus
Actinomyces erythreus
Organism
Actinomyces erythreus
Simulated conditions
Aeromonas proteolytica
Aeromonas proteolytica
Organism
Aeromonas proteolytica
Low Earth orbit
Anabaena cylindrica (akinetes)
Anabaena cylindrica (akinetes)
Organism
Anabaena cylindrica (akinetes)
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Azotobacter chroococcum
Azotobacter chroococcum
Organism
Azotobacter chroococcum
Simulated conditions
Azotobacter vinelandii
Azotobacter vinelandii
Organism
Azotobacter vinelandii
Simulated conditions
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Organism
Bacillus cereus
Simulated conditions
Bacillus megaterium
Bacillus megaterium
Organism
Bacillus megaterium
Simulated conditions
Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus mycoides
Organism
Bacillus mycoides
Simulated conditions
Bacillus pumilus
Bacillus pumilus
Organism
Bacillus pumilus
Simulated conditions
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Organism
Bacillus subtilis
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis
Organism
Bacillus thuringiensis
Low Earth orbit
Carnobacterium
Carnobacterium
Organism
Carnobacterium
Simulated conditions
Chroococcidiopsis
Chroococcidiopsis
Organism
Chroococcidiopsis
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum
Organism
Clostridium botulinum
Simulated conditions
Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium butyricum
Organism
Clostridium butyricum
Simulated conditions
Clostridium celatum
Clostridium celatum
Organism
Clostridium celatum
Simulated conditions
Clostridium mangenotii
Clostridium mangenotii
Organism
Clostridium mangenotii
Simulated conditions
Clostridium roseum
Clostridium roseum
Organism
Clostridium roseum
Simulated conditions
Deinococcus aerius
Deinococcus aerius
Organism
Deinococcus aerius
Low Earth orbit
Deinococcus aetherius
Deinococcus aetherius
Organism
Deinococcus aetherius
Low Earth orbit
Deinococcus geothermalis
Deinococcus geothermalis
Organism
Deinococcus geothermalis
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans
Organism
Deinococcus radiodurans
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Simulated conditions
Enterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter aerogenes
Organism
Enterobacter aerogenes
Simulated conditions
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Organism
Escherichia coli
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Simulated conditions
Gloeocapsa
Gloeocapsa
Organism
Gloeocapsa
Low Earth orbit
Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides
Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides
Organism
Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides
Simulated conditions
Haloarcula-G
Haloarcula-G
Organism
Haloarcula-G
Low Earth orbit
Hydrogenomonas eutropha
Hydrogenomonas eutropha
Organism
Hydrogenomonas eutropha
Low Earth orbit
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Organism
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Simulated conditions
Kocuria rosea
Kocuria rosea
Organism
Kocuria rosea
Simulated conditions
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus plantarum
Organism
Lactobacillus plantarum
Simulated conditions
Leptolyngbya
Leptolyngbya
Organism
Leptolyngbya
Simulated conditions
Luteococcus japonicus
Luteococcus japonicus
Organism
Luteococcus japonicus
Simulated conditions
Micrococcus luteus
Micrococcus luteus
Organism
Micrococcus luteus
Low Earth orbit
Nostoc commune
Nostoc commune
Organism
Nostoc commune
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Nostoc microscopicum
Nostoc microscopicum
Organism
Nostoc microscopicum
Simulated conditions
Photobacterium
Photobacterium
Organism
Photobacterium
Simulated conditions
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Organism
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Organism
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Simulated conditions
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Organism
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Low Earth orbit
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Organism
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Simulated conditions
Salmonella enterica
Salmonella enterica
Organism
Salmonella enterica
Simulated conditions
Serratia marcescens
Serratia marcescens
Organism
Serratia marcescens
Simulated conditions
Serratia plymuthica
Serratia plymuthica
Organism
Serratia plymuthica
Impact event and planetary ejection
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Organism
Staphylococcus aureus
Simulated conditions
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mutans
Organism
Streptococcus mutans
Simulated conditions
Streptomyces albus
Streptomyces albus
Organism
Streptomyces albus
Simulated conditions
Streptomyces coelicolor
Streptomyces coelicolor
Organism
Streptomyces coelicolor
Simulated conditions
Synechococcus (halite)
Synechococcus (halite)
Organism
Synechococcus (halite)
Low Earth orbit
Synechocystis
Synechocystis
Organism
Synechocystis
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Symploca
Symploca
Organism
Symploca
Simulated conditions
Tolypothrix byssoidea
Tolypothrix byssoidea
Organism
Tolypothrix byssoidea
Simulated conditions
Archaea
Archaea
Organism
Archaea
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Simulated conditions
Halobacterium noricense
Halobacterium noricense
Organism
Halobacterium noricense
Simulated conditions
Halobacterium salinarum
Halobacterium salinarum
Organism
Halobacterium salinarum
Simulated conditions
Halococcus dombrowskii
Halococcus dombrowskii
Organism
Halococcus dombrowskii
Simulated conditions
Halorubrum chaoviatoris
Halorubrum chaoviatoris
Organism
Halorubrum chaoviatoris
Low Earth orbit
Methanosarcina sp. SA-21/16
Methanosarcina sp. SA-21/16
Organism
Methanosarcina sp. SA-21/16
Simulated conditions
Methanobacterium MC-20
Methanobacterium MC-20
Organism
Methanobacterium MC-20
Simulated conditions
Methanosarcina barkeri
Methanosarcina barkeri
Organism
Methanosarcina barkeri
Simulated conditions
Fungi and algae
Fungi and algae
Organism
Fungi and algae
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Simulated conditions
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger
Organism
Aspergillus niger
Simulated conditions
Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus oryzae
Organism
Aspergillus oryzae
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus terreus
Organism
Aspergillus terreus
Simulated conditions
Aspergillus versicolor
Aspergillus versicolor
Organism
Aspergillus versicolor
Low Earth orbit
Chaetomium globosum
Chaetomium globosum
Organism
Chaetomium globosum
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Cladosporium herbarum
Cladosporium herbarum
Organism
Cladosporium herbarum
Simulated conditions
Cryomyces antarcticus
Cryomyces antarcticus
Organism
Cryomyces antarcticus
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Cryomyces minteri
Cryomyces minteri
Organism
Cryomyces minteri
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Euglena gracilis
Euglena gracilis
Organism
Euglena gracilis
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Mucor plumbeus
Mucor plumbeus
Organism
Mucor plumbeus
Simulated conditions
Nannochloropsis oculata
Nannochloropsis oculata
Organism
Nannochloropsis oculata
Impact event and planetary ejection
Penicillium roqueforti
Penicillium roqueforti
Organism
Penicillium roqueforti
Low Earth orbit
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Organism
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Simulated conditions
Sordaria fimicola
Sordaria fimicola
Organism
Sordaria fimicola
Low Earth orbit
Trebouxia
Trebouxia
Organism
Trebouxia
Simulated conditions
Trichoderma koningii
Trichoderma koningii
Organism
Trichoderma koningii
Low Earth orbit
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
Organism
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
Low Earth orbit
Trichophyton terrestre
Trichophyton terrestre
Organism
Trichophyton terrestre
Low Earth orbit
Ulocladium atrum
Ulocladium atrum
Organism
Ulocladium atrum
Atmospheric reentry
Lichens
Lichens
Organism
Lichens
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Simulated conditions
Aspicilia fruticulosa
Aspicilia fruticulosa
Organism
Aspicilia fruticulosa
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Buellia frigida
Buellia frigida
Organism
Buellia frigida
Simulated conditions
Circinaria gyrosa
Circinaria gyrosa
Organism
Circinaria gyrosa
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Diploschistes muscorum
Diploschistes muscorum
Organism
Diploschistes muscorum
Simulated conditions
Rhizocarpon geographicum
Rhizocarpon geographicum
Organism
Rhizocarpon geographicum
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Rosenvingiella
Rosenvingiella
Organism
Rosenvingiella
Low Earth orbit
Xanthoria elegans
Xanthoria elegans
Organism
Xanthoria elegans
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Simulated conditions
Xanthoria parietina
Xanthoria parietina
Organism
Xanthoria parietina
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Bacteriophage / virus
Bacteriophage / virus
Organism
Bacteriophage / virus
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Simulated conditions
T7 phage
T7 phage
Organism
T7 phage
Simulated conditions
Canine hepatitis
Canine hepatitis
Organism
Canine hepatitis
Low Earth orbit
Influenza PR8
Influenza PR8
Organism
Influenza PR8
Low Earth orbit
Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
Organism
Tobacco mosaic virus
Low Earth orbit
Vaccinia virus
Vaccinia virus
Organism
Vaccinia virus
Low Earth orbit
Yeast
Yeast
Organism
Yeast
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Simulated conditions
Rhodotorula rubra
Rhodotorula rubra
Organism
Rhodotorula rubra
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Organism
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Saccharomyces ellipsoides
Saccharomyces ellipsoides
Organism
Saccharomyces ellipsoides
Low Earth orbit
Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Organism
Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Low Earth orbit
Animals
Animals
Organism
Animals
Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit
Impact event and planetary ejection
Impact event and planetary ejection
Atmospheric reentry
Atmospheric reentry
Simulated conditions
Simulated conditions
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)
Organism
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)
Low Earth orbit
Hypsibius dujardini (tardigrade)
Hypsibius dujardini (tardigrade)
Organism
Hypsibius dujardini (tardigrade)
Impact event and planetary ejection
Simulated conditions
Milnesium tardigradum(tardigrade)
Milnesium tardigradum(tardigrade)
Organism
Milnesium tardigradum(tardigrade)
Low Earth orbit
Richtersius coronifer(tardigrade)
Richtersius coronifer(tardigrade)
Organism
Richtersius coronifer(tardigrade)
Low Earth orbit
Simulated conditions
Mniobia russeola(rotifer)
Mniobia russeola(rotifer)
Organism
Mniobia russeola(rotifer)
Simulated conditions
| Organism | Low Earth orbit | Impact event and planetary ejection | Atmospheric reentry | Simulated conditions | References |
| Bacteria & bacterial spores | |||||
| Actinomyces erythreus | | ||||
| Aeromonas proteolytica | | ||||
| Anabaena cylindrica (akinetes) | | | |||
| Azotobacter chroococcum | | ||||
| Azotobacter vinelandii | | ||||
| Bacillus cereus | | ||||
| Bacillus megaterium | | ||||
| Bacillus mycoides | | ||||
| Bacillus pumilus | | ||||
| Bacillus subtilis | | | | | |
| Bacillus thuringiensis | | ||||
| Carnobacterium | | ||||
| Chroococcidiopsis | | | | | |
| Clostridium botulinum | | ||||
| Clostridium butyricum | | ||||
| Clostridium celatum | | ||||
| Clostridium mangenotii | | ||||
| Clostridium roseum | | ||||
| Deinococcus aerius | | ||||
| Deinococcus aetherius | | ||||
| Deinococcus geothermalis | | | |||
| Deinococcus radiodurans | | | | ||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | | ||||
| Escherichia coli | | | | ||
| Gloeocapsa | | ||||
| Gloeocapsopsis pleurocapsoides | | ||||
| Haloarcula-G | | ||||
| Hydrogenomonas eutropha | | ||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | | ||||
| Kocuria rosea | | ||||
| Lactobacillus plantarum | | ||||
| Leptolyngbya | | ||||
| Luteococcus japonicus | | ||||
| Micrococcus luteus | | ||||
| Nostoc commune | | | |||
| Nostoc microscopicum | | ||||
| Photobacterium | | ||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | | | |||
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | | ||||
| Rhodococcus erythropolis | | ||||
| Rhodospirillum rubrum | | ||||
| Salmonella enterica | | ||||
| Serratia marcescens | | ||||
| Serratia plymuthica | | ||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | | ||||
| Streptococcus mutans | | ||||
| Streptomyces albus | | ||||
| Streptomyces coelicolor | |
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