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List of mayors of New York City

Updated: 11/5/2025, 8:48:25 PM Wikipedia source

The mayor of New York City is the chief executive of the Government of New York City, as stipulated by New York City's charter. The current officeholder, the 110th in the sequence of regular mayors, is Eric Adams, a member of the Democratic Party. The mayor-elect is Zohran Mamdani, also a Democrat, who will be sworn in on January 1, 2026. During the Dutch colonial period from 1624 to 1664, New Amsterdam was governed by the Director of New Netherland. Following the 1664 creation of the British Province of New York, newly renamed New York City was run by the British military governor, Richard Nicolls. The office of Mayor of New York City was established in 1665. Holders were appointed by colonial governors, beginning with Thomas Willett. The position remained appointed until 1777. That year, during the American Revolution, a Council of Appointment was formed by the State of New York. In 1821 the New York City Council – then known as the Common Council – began appointing mayors. Since 1834, mayors have been elected by direct popular vote. The city included little beyond the island of Manhattan before 1874, when it annexed the western part of the Bronx, to be followed in 1895 by the rest of the Bronx. The 1898 consolidation created the city as it is today with five boroughs: Queens, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Staten Island and the Bronx. The first mayor of the expanded city was Robert Anderson Van Wyck. The longest-serving mayors have been Fiorello H. La Guardia (1934–1945), Robert F. Wagner Jr. (1954–1965), Ed Koch (1978–1989) and Michael Bloomberg (2002–2013), each of whom was in office for twelve years (three successive four-year terms). The shortest terms in office since 1834 have been those of acting mayors: William T. Collins served a single day on December 31, 1925, Samuel B. H. Vance served one month (from November 30 to December 31, 1874), and Thomas Coman served five weeks (from Monday, November 30, 1868, to Monday, January 4, 1869).

Tables

Thomas Willett (1st term)
Thomas Willett (1st term)
No.
1
Name
Thomas Willett (1st term)
Starting year of office
1665
Ending year of office
1666
Thomas Delavall (1st term)
Thomas Delavall (1st term)
No.
2
Name
Thomas Delavall (1st term)
Starting year of office
1666
Ending year of office
1667
Thomas Willett (2nd term)
Thomas Willett (2nd term)
No.
3
Name
Thomas Willett (2nd term)
Starting year of office
1667
Ending year of office
1668
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (1st term)
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (1st term)
No.
4
Name
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (1st term)
Starting year of office
1668
Ending year of office
1671
Thomas Delavall (2nd term)
Thomas Delavall (2nd term)
No.
5
Name
Thomas Delavall (2nd term)
Starting year of office
1671
Ending year of office
1672
Matthias Nicoll
Matthias Nicoll
No.
6
Name
Matthias Nicoll
Starting year of office
1672
Ending year of office
1673
John Lawrence (1st term)
John Lawrence (1st term)
No.
7
Name
John Lawrence (1st term)
Starting year of office
1673
Ending year of office
1675
William Dervall
William Dervall
No.
8
Name
William Dervall
Starting year of office
1675
Ending year of office
1676
Nicholas De Mayer
Nicholas De Mayer
No.
9
Name
Nicholas De Mayer
Starting year of office
1676
Ending year of office
1677
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
No.
10
Name
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
Starting year of office
1677
Ending year of office
1678
Thomas Delavall (3rd term)
Thomas Delavall (3rd term)
No.
11
Name
Thomas Delavall (3rd term)
Starting year of office
1678
Ending year of office
1679
Francis Rombouts
Francis Rombouts
No.
12
Name
Francis Rombouts
Starting year of office
1679
Ending year of office
1680
William Dyre
William Dyre
No.
13
Name
William Dyre
Starting year of office
1680
Ending year of office
1682
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (2nd term)
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (2nd term)
No.
14
Name
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (2nd term)
Starting year of office
1682
Ending year of office
1684
Gabriel Minvielle (*)
Gabriel Minvielle (*)
No.
15
Name
Gabriel Minvielle (*)
Starting year of office
1684
Ending year of office
1685
Nicholas Bayard (*)
Nicholas Bayard (*)
No.
16
Name
Nicholas Bayard (*)
Starting year of office
1685
Ending year of office
1686
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
No.
17
Name
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
Starting year of office
1686
Ending year of office
1688
Peter Delanoy (only popularly-elected mayor before 1834) 1
Peter Delanoy (only popularly-elected mayor before 1834) 1
No.
18
Name
Peter Delanoy (only popularly-elected mayor before 1834) 1
Starting year of office
1689
Ending year of office
1691
John Lawrence (2nd term *)
John Lawrence (2nd term *)
No.
19
Name
John Lawrence (2nd term *)
Starting year of office
1691
Ending year of office
1691
Abraham de Peyster
Abraham de Peyster
No.
20
Name
Abraham de Peyster
Starting year of office
1691
Ending year of office
1694
Charles Lodwik
Charles Lodwik
No.
21
Name
Charles Lodwik
Starting year of office
1694
Ending year of office
1695
William Merritt
William Merritt
No.
22
Name
William Merritt
Starting year of office
1695
Ending year of office
1698
Johannes de Peyster
Johannes de Peyster
No.
23
Name
Johannes de Peyster
Starting year of office
1698
Ending year of office
1699
David Provost
David Provost
No.
24
Name
David Provost
Starting year of office
1699
Ending year of office
1700
Isaac De Riemer
Isaac De Riemer
No.
25
Name
Isaac De Riemer
Starting year of office
1700
Ending year of office
1701
Thomas Noell
Thomas Noell
No.
26
Name
Thomas Noell
Starting year of office
1701
Ending year of office
1702
Phillip French
Phillip French
No.
27
Name
Phillip French
Starting year of office
1702
Ending year of office
1703
William Peartree
William Peartree
No.
28
Name
William Peartree
Starting year of office
1703
Ending year of office
1707
Ebenezer Wilson
Ebenezer Wilson
No.
29
Name
Ebenezer Wilson
Starting year of office
1707
Ending year of office
1710
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
No.
30
Name
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
Starting year of office
1710
Ending year of office
1711
Caleb Heathcote
Caleb Heathcote
No.
31
Name
Caleb Heathcote
Starting year of office
1711
Ending year of office
1714
John Johnstone
John Johnstone
No.
32
Name
John Johnstone
Starting year of office
1714
Ending year of office
1719
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
No.
33
Name
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
Starting year of office
1719
Ending year of office
1720
Robert Walters
Robert Walters
No.
34
Name
Robert Walters
Starting year of office
1720
Ending year of office
1725
Johannes Jansen
Johannes Jansen
No.
35
Name
Johannes Jansen
Starting year of office
1725
Ending year of office
1726
Robert Lurting †
Robert Lurting †
No.
36
Name
Robert Lurting †
Starting year of office
1726
Ending year of office
1735
Paul Richard
Paul Richard
No.
37
Name
Paul Richard
Starting year of office
1735
Ending year of office
1739
John Cruger †
John Cruger †
No.
38
Name
John Cruger †
Starting year of office
1739
Ending year of office
1744
Stephen Bayard
Stephen Bayard
No.
39
Name
Stephen Bayard
Starting year of office
1744
Ending year of office
1747
Edward Holland †
Edward Holland †
No.
40
Name
Edward Holland †
Starting year of office
1747
Ending year of office
1757
John Cruger Jr.
John Cruger Jr.
No.
41
Name
John Cruger Jr.
Starting year of office
1757
Ending year of office
1766
Whitehead Hicks
Whitehead Hicks
No.
42
Name
Whitehead Hicks
Starting year of office
1766
Ending year of office
1776
David Mathews
David Mathews
No.
43
Name
David Mathews
Starting year of office
1776
Ending year of office
1783
No.
Name
Starting year of office
Ending year of office
1
Thomas Willett (1st term)
1665
1666
2
Thomas Delavall (1st term)
1666
1667
3
Thomas Willett (2nd term)
1667
1668
4
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (1st term)
1668
1671
5
Thomas Delavall (2nd term)
1671
1672
6
Matthias Nicoll
1672
1673
7
John Lawrence (1st term)
1673
1675
8
William Dervall
1675
1676
9
Nicholas De Mayer
1676
1677
10
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
1677
1678
11
Thomas Delavall (3rd term)
1678
1679
12
Francis Rombouts
1679
1680
13
William Dyre
1680
1682
14
Cornelius Van Steenwyk (2nd term)
1682
1684
15
Gabriel Minvielle (*)
1684
1685
16
Nicholas Bayard (*)
1685
1686
17
Stephanus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
1686
1688
18
Peter Delanoy (only popularly-elected mayor before 1834) 1
1689
1691
19
John Lawrence (2nd term *)
1691
1691
20
Abraham de Peyster
1691
1694
21
Charles Lodwik
1694
1695
22
William Merritt
1695
1698
23
Johannes de Peyster
1698
1699
24
David Provost
1699
1700
25
Isaac De Riemer
1700
1701
26
Thomas Noell
1701
1702
27
Phillip French
1702
1703
28
William Peartree
1703
1707
29
Ebenezer Wilson
1707
1710
30
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1st term)
1710
1711
31
Caleb Heathcote
1711
1714
32
John Johnstone
1714
1719
33
Jacobus Van Cortlandt (2nd term)
1719
1720
34
Robert Walters
1720
1725
35
Johannes Jansen
1725
1726
36
Robert Lurting †
1726
1735
37
Paul Richard
1735
1739
38
John Cruger †
1739
1744
39
Stephen Bayard
1744
1747
40
Edward Holland †
1747
1757
41
John Cruger Jr.
1757
1766
42
Whitehead Hicks
1766
1776
43
David Mathews
1776
1783
· Pre-consolidation mayors (1784–1897)
44
1784
1784–1789
44
#
44
Mayor
James Duane
Term start
January 1, 1784
Term end
1789
Terms
5
Party
None
45
1789
1789–1801
45
#
45
Mayor
Richard Varick
Term start
1789
Term end
1801
Terms
11
Party
Federalist
46
1801
1801–1803
46
#
46
Mayor
Edward Livingston
Term start
1801
Term end
1803
Terms
2
Party
Democratic-Republican
47
1803
1803–1807
47
#
47
Mayor
DeWitt Clinton (1st term)
Term start
1803
Term end
1807
Terms
4
Party
Democratic-Republican
48
1807
1807–1808
48
#
48
Mayor
Marinus Willett
Term start
1807
Term end
1808
Terms
1
Party
Democratic-Republican
49
1808
1808–1810
49
#
49
Mayor
DeWitt Clinton (2nd term)
Term start
1808
Term end
1810
Terms
2
Party
Democratic-Republican
50
1810
1810–1811
50
#
50
Mayor
Jacob Radcliff (1st term)
Term start
1810
Term end
1811
Terms
1
Party
Federalist
51
1811
1811–1815
51
#
51
Mayor
DeWitt Clinton (3rd term)
Term start
1811
Term end
1815
Terms
4
Party
Democratic-Republican
52
1815
1815–1815
52
#
52
Mayor
John Ferguson
Term start
1815
Term end
1815
Terms
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- 1⁄2
Party
Democratic-Republican
53
1815
1815–1818
53
#
53
Mayor
Jacob Radcliff (2nd term)
Term start
February 13, 1815
Term end
1818
Terms
3
Party
Federalist
54
1818
1818–1821
54
#
54
Mayor
Cadwallader D. Colden
Term start
1818
Term end
1821
Terms
3
Party
Federalist
55
1821
1821–1824
55
#
55
Mayor
Stephen Allen
Term start
1821
Term end
1824
Terms
3
Party
Federalist
56
1825
1825–1826
56
#
56
Mayor
William Paulding Jr. (1st term)
Term start
1825
Term end
1826
Terms
1
Party
Democratic-Republican
57
1826
1826–1827
57
#
57
Mayor
Philip Hone
Term start
1826
Term end
1827
Terms
1
Party
National Republican
58
1827
1827–1829
58
#
58
Mayor
William Paulding Jr. (2nd term)
Term start
1827
Term end
1829
Terms
2
Party
Democratic-Republican
59
1829
1829–1832
59
#
59
Mayor
Walter Bowne
Term start
1829
Term end
1832
Terms
3
Party
Democratic
60
1833
1833–1834
60
#
60
Mayor
Gideon Lee
Term start
1833
Term end
1834
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
61
1834
1834–1837
61
#
61
Mayor
Cornelius Lawrence
Term start
1834
Term end
1837
Terms
3
Party
Democratic
62
1837
1837–1839
62
#
62
Mayor
Aaron Clark
Term start
1837
Term end
1839
Terms
2
Party
Whig
63
1839
1839–1841
63
#
63
Mayor
Isaac L. Varian
Term start
1839
Term end
1841
Terms
2
Party
Democratic
64
1841
1841–1844
64
#
64
Mayor
Robert H. Morris
Term start
1841
Term end
1844
Terms
3
Party
Democratic
65
1844
1844–1845
65
#
65
Mayor
James Harper
Term start
1844
Term end
1845
Terms
1
Party
American Republican
66
1845
1845–1846
66
#
66
Mayor
William Frederick Havemeyer (1st term)
Term start
1845
Term end
1846
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
67
1846
1846–1847
67
#
67
Mayor
Andrew H. Mickle
Term start
1846
Term end
1847
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
68
1847
1847–1848
68
#
68
Mayor
William V. Brady
Term start
1847
Term end
1848
Terms
1
Party
Whig
69
1848
1848–1849
69
#
69
Mayor
William Frederick Havemeyer (2nd term)
Term start
1848
Term end
1849
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
70
1849
1849–1851
70
#
70
Mayor
Caleb Smith Woodhull
Term start
1849
Term end
1851
Terms
1
Party
Whig
71
1851
1851–1853
71
#
71
Mayor
Ambrose Kingsland
Term start
1851
Term end
1853
Terms
1
Party
Whig
72
1853
1853–1855
72
#
72
Mayor
Jacob Aaron Westervelt
Term start
1853
Term end
1855
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
73
1855
1855–1858
73
#
73
Mayor
Fernando Wood (1st term)
Term start
1855
Term end
1858
Terms
2
Party
Democratic
74
1858
1858–1860
74
#
74
Mayor
Daniel F. Tiemann
Term start
1858
Term end
1860
Terms
1
Party
Independent Party
75
1860
1860–1862
75
#
75
Mayor
Fernando Wood (2nd term)
Term start
1860
Term end
1862
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
76
1862
1862–1864
76
#
76
Mayor
George Opdyke
Term start
1862
Term end
1864
Terms
1
Party
Republican
77
1864
1864–1866
77
#
77
Mayor
Charles Godfrey Gunther
Term start
1864
Term end
1866
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
78
1866
1866–1868
78
#
78
Mayor
John T. Hoffman1
Term start
1866
Term end
November 30, 1868
Terms
less than 1
Party
Democratic
Acting
1868
1868–1869
Acting
#
Acting
Mayor
Thomas Coman1
Term start
November 30, 1868
Term end
January 4, 1869
Terms
5 weeks
Party
Democratic
79
1869
1869–1872
79
#
79
Mayor
A. Oakey Hall2
Term start
January 4, 1869
Term end
December 31, 1872
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
80
1873
1873–1874
80
#
80
Mayor
William Frederick Havemeyer3 (3rd term) †
Term start
January 1, 1873
Term end
November 30, 1874
Terms
less than 1
Party
Republican
Acting
1874
1874–1874
Acting
#
Acting
Mayor
Samuel B. H. Vance3
Term start
November 30, 1874
Term end
December 31, 1874
Terms
1 month
Party
Republican
81
1875
1875–1876
81
#
81
Mayor
William H. Wickham
Term start
January 1, 1875
Term end
December 31, 1876
Terms
1
Party
Democratic (Reform)
82
1877
1877–1878
82
#
82
Mayor
Smith Ely Jr.
Term start
1877
Term end
1878
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
83
1879
1879–1880
83
#
83
Mayor
Edward Cooper
Term start
1879
Term end
1880
Terms
1
Party
Democratic (Reform)
84
1881
1881–1882
84
#
84
Mayor
William Russell Grace (1st term)
Term start
1881
Term end
1882
Terms
1
Party
Democratic (Reform)
85
1883
1883–1884
85
#
85
Mayor
Franklin Edson
Term start
1883
Term end
1884
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
86
1885
1885–1886
86
#
86
Mayor
William Russell Grace (2nd term)
Term start
1885
Term end
1886
Terms
2
Party
None
87
1887
1887–1888
87
#
87
Mayor
Abram Hewitt
Term start
1887
Term end
1888
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
88
1889
1889–1892
88
#
88
Mayor
Hugh J. Grant
Term start
1889
Term end
1892
Terms
2
Party
Democratic
89
1893
1893–1894
89
#
89
Mayor
Thomas Francis Gilroy
Term start
1893
Term end
1894
Terms
1
Party
Democratic
90
1895
1895–1897
90
#
90
Mayor
William Lafayette Strong4
Term start
January 1, 1895
Term end
December 31, 1897
Terms
1 (3 years)
Party
Republican
#
Portrait
Mayor
Term start
Term end
Terms
Party
44
James Duane
January 1, 1784
1789
5
None
45
Richard Varick
1789
1801
11
Federalist
46
Edward Livingston
1801
1803
2
Democratic-Republican
47
DeWitt Clinton (1st term)
1803
1807
4
Democratic-Republican
48
Marinus Willett
1807
1808
1
Democratic-Republican
49
DeWitt Clinton (2nd term)
1808
1810
2
Democratic-Republican
50
Jacob Radcliff (1st term)
1810
1811
1
Federalist
51
DeWitt Clinton (3rd term)
1811
1815
4
Democratic-Republican
52
John Ferguson
1815
1815
mw- .mw- 1⁄2
Democratic-Republican
53
Jacob Radcliff (2nd term)
February 13, 1815
1818
3
Federalist
54
Cadwallader D. Colden
1818
1821
3
Federalist
55
Stephen Allen
1821
1824
3
Federalist
56
William Paulding Jr. (1st term)
1825
1826
1
Democratic-Republican
57
Philip Hone
1826
1827
1
National Republican
58
William Paulding Jr. (2nd term)
1827
1829
2
Democratic-Republican
59
Walter Bowne
1829
1832
3
Democratic
60
Gideon Lee
1833
1834
1
Democratic
61
Cornelius Lawrence
1834
1837
3
Democratic
62
Aaron Clark
1837
1839
2
Whig
63
Isaac L. Varian
1839
1841
2
Democratic
64
Robert H. Morris
1841
1844
3
Democratic
65
James Harper
1844
1845
1
American Republican
66
William Frederick Havemeyer (1st term)
1845
1846
1
Democratic
67
Andrew H. Mickle
1846
1847
1
Democratic
68
William V. Brady
1847
1848
1
Whig
69
William Frederick Havemeyer (2nd term)
1848
1849
1
Democratic
70
Caleb Smith Woodhull
1849
1851
1
Whig
71
Ambrose Kingsland
1851
1853
1
Whig
72
Jacob Aaron Westervelt
1853
1855
1
Democratic
73
Fernando Wood (1st term)
1855
1858
2
Democratic
74
Daniel F. Tiemann
1858
1860
1
Independent Party
75
Fernando Wood (2nd term)
1860
1862
1
Democratic
76
George Opdyke
1862
1864
1
Republican
77
Charles Godfrey Gunther
1864
1866
1
Democratic
78
John T. Hoffman1
1866
November 30, 1868
less than 1
Democratic
Acting
Thomas Coman1
November 30, 1868
January 4, 1869
5 weeks
Democratic
79
A. Oakey Hall2
January 4, 1869
December 31, 1872
1
Democratic
80
William Frederick Havemeyer3 (3rd term) †
January 1, 1873
November 30, 1874
less than 1
Republican
Acting
Samuel B. H. Vance3
November 30, 1874
December 31, 1874
1 month
Republican
81
William H. Wickham
January 1, 1875
December 31, 1876
1
Democratic (Reform)
82
Smith Ely Jr.
1877
1878
1
Democratic
83
Edward Cooper
1879
1880
1
Democratic (Reform)
84
William Russell Grace (1st term)
1881
1882
1
Democratic (Reform)
85
Franklin Edson
1883
1884
1
Democratic
86
William Russell Grace (2nd term)
1885
1886
2
None
87
Abram Hewitt
1887
1888
1
Democratic
88
Hugh J. Grant
1889
1892
2
Democratic
89
Thomas Francis Gilroy
1893
1894
1
Democratic
90
William Lafayette Strong4
January 1, 1895
December 31, 1897
1 (3 years)
Republican
· Post-consolidation mayors (since 1897)
Robert Anderson Van Wyck1(1849–1918)
Robert Anderson Van Wyck1(1849–1918)
No.
91
Name(Birth–Death)
Robert Anderson Van Wyck1(1849–1918)
Term
January 1, 1898–December 31, 1901
Party
Democratic
Election
1897
Previous office
Chief Justice of the City Court of New York
Seth Low2(1850–1916)
Seth Low2(1850–1916)
No.
92
Name(Birth–Death)
Seth Low2(1850–1916)
Term
January 1, 1902–December 31, 1903
Party
Republican
Election
1901
Previous office
11th President of Columbia University(1890–1901)
William Jay Gaynor3 †(1849–1913)
William Jay Gaynor3 †(1849–1913)
No.
94
Name(Birth–Death)
William Jay Gaynor3 †(1849–1913)
Term
January 1, 1910–September 10, 1913
Party
Democratic
Election
1909
Previous office
Justice of the New York Supreme Court(1893–1909)
Ardolph L. Kline(1858–1930)
Ardolph L. Kline(1858–1930)
No.
Acting3
Name(Birth–Death)
Ardolph L. Kline(1858–1930)
Term
September 10, 1913 –December 31, 1913
Party
Republican
Election
Previous office
President of the Board of Aldermen(1913)
John Purroy Mitchel(1879–1918)
John Purroy Mitchel(1879–1918)
No.
95
Name(Birth–Death)
John Purroy Mitchel(1879–1918)
Term
January 1, 1914–December 31, 1917
Party
Republican
Election
1913
Previous office
Collector of the Port of New York(1913)
John Francis Hylan4(1868–1936)
John Francis Hylan4(1868–1936)
No.
96
Name(Birth–Death)
John Francis Hylan4(1868–1936)
Term
January 1, 1918–December 30, 1925
Party
Democratic
Election
19171921
Previous office
Judge in Kings County
William T. Collins(1886–1961)
William T. Collins(1886–1961)
No.
Acting4
Name(Birth–Death)
William T. Collins(1886–1961)
Term
December 31, 1925
Party
Democratic
Election
Previous office
President of the Board of Aldermen(1925)
Jimmy Walker5(1881–1946)
Jimmy Walker5(1881–1946)
No.
97
Name(Birth–Death)
Jimmy Walker5(1881–1946)
Term
January 1, 1926–September 1, 1932
Party
Democratic
Election
19251929
Previous office
Member of the New York State Senate from the 12th district(1919–1925)
Joseph V. McKee(1889–1956)
Joseph V. McKee(1889–1956)
No.
Acting5
Name(Birth–Death)
Joseph V. McKee(1889–1956)
Term
September 1, 1932 –December 31, 1932
Party
Democratic
Election
Previous office
President of the Board of Aldermen(1926–1933)
John P. O'Brien(1873–1951)
John P. O'Brien(1873–1951)
No.
98
Name(Birth–Death)
John P. O'Brien(1873–1951)
Term
January 1, 1933–December 31, 1933
Party
Democratic
Election
1932
Previous office
Surrogate of New York County
William O'Dwyer6(1890–1964)
William O'Dwyer6(1890–1964)
No.
100
Name(Birth–Death)
William O'Dwyer6(1890–1964)
Term
January 1, 1946–August 31, 1950
Party
Democratic
Election
19451949
Previous office
District Attorney for Kings County(1940–1942; 1945)
Vincent R. Impellitteri6(1900–1987)
Vincent R. Impellitteri6(1900–1987)
No.
101
Name(Birth–Death)
Vincent R. Impellitteri6(1900–1987)
Term
November 14, 1950 –December 31, 1953(acting from August 31, 1950)
Party
Democratic
Election
1950
Previous office
President of the City Council(1946–1950)
Robert F. Wagner Jr.(1910–1991)
Robert F. Wagner Jr.(1910–1991)
No.
102
Name(Birth–Death)
Robert F. Wagner Jr.(1910–1991)
Term
January 1, 1954–December 31, 1965
Party
Democratic
Election
195319571961
Previous office
17th Borough President of Manhattan(1950–1953)
Abraham Beame(1906–2001)
Abraham Beame(1906–2001)
No.
104
Name(Birth–Death)
Abraham Beame(1906–2001)
Term
January 1, 1974–December 31, 1977
Party
Democratic
Election
1973
Previous office
36th & 38th New York City Comptroller(1962–1965; 1970–1973)
David Dinkins(1927–2020)
David Dinkins(1927–2020)
No.
106
Name(Birth–Death)
David Dinkins(1927–2020)
Term
January 1, 1990–December 31, 1993
Party
Democratic
Election
1989
Previous office
23rd Borough President of Manhattan(1986–1989)
Rudy Giuliani(b. 1944)
Rudy Giuliani(b. 1944)
No.
107
Name(Birth–Death)
Rudy Giuliani(b. 1944)
Term
January 1, 1994–December 31, 2001
Party
Republican
Election
19931997
Previous office
U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York(1983–1989)
Michael Bloomberg(b. 1942)
Michael Bloomberg(b. 1942)
No.
108
Name(Birth–Death)
Michael Bloomberg(b. 1942)
Term
January 1, 2002–December 31, 2013
Party
Republican9 Unaffiliated
Election
200120052009
Previous office
CEO of Bloomberg L.P.(1981–2001)
Bill de Blasio(b. 1961)
Bill de Blasio(b. 1961)
No.
109
Name(Birth–Death)
Bill de Blasio(b. 1961)
Term
January 1, 2014–December 31, 2021
Party
Democratic
Election
20132017
Previous office
3rd New York City Public Advocate(2010–2013)
Eric Adams(b. 1960)
Eric Adams(b. 1960)
No.
110
Name(Birth–Death)
Eric Adams(b. 1960)
Term
January 1, 2022–December 31, 2025
Party
Democratic
Election
2021
Previous office
18th Borough President of Brooklyn (2014–2021)
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term
Party
Election
Previous office
91
Robert Anderson Van Wyck1(1849–1918)
January 1, 1898–December 31, 1901
Democratic
1897
Chief Justice of the City Court of New York
92
Seth Low2(1850–1916)
January 1, 1902–December 31, 1903
Republican
1901
11th President of Columbia University(1890–1901)
93
George B. McClellan Jr.(1865–1940)
January 1, 1904–December 31, 1909
Democratic
19031905
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York(1895–1903)
94
William Jay Gaynor3 †(1849–1913)
January 1, 1910–September 10, 1913
Democratic
1909
Justice of the New York Supreme Court(1893–1909)
Acting3
Ardolph L. Kline(1858–1930)
September 10, 1913 –December 31, 1913
Republican
President of the Board of Aldermen(1913)
95
John Purroy Mitchel(1879–1918)
January 1, 1914–December 31, 1917
Republican
1913
Collector of the Port of New York(1913)
96
John Francis Hylan4(1868–1936)
January 1, 1918–December 30, 1925
Democratic
19171921
Judge in Kings County
Acting4
William T. Collins(1886–1961)
December 31, 1925
Democratic
President of the Board of Aldermen(1925)
97
Jimmy Walker5(1881–1946)
January 1, 1926–September 1, 1932
Democratic
19251929
Member of the New York State Senate from the 12th district(1919–1925)
Acting5
Joseph V. McKee(1889–1956)
September 1, 1932 –December 31, 1932
Democratic
President of the Board of Aldermen(1926–1933)
98
John P. O'Brien(1873–1951)
January 1, 1933–December 31, 1933
Democratic
1932
Surrogate of New York County
99
Fiorello La Guardia(1882–1947)
January 1, 1934– December 31, 1945
Republican
193319371941
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York(1917–1919; 1923–1933)
100
William O'Dwyer6(1890–1964)
January 1, 1946–August 31, 1950
Democratic
19451949
District Attorney for Kings County(1940–1942; 1945)
101
Vincent R. Impellitteri6(1900–1987)
November 14, 1950 –December 31, 1953(acting from August 31, 1950)
Democratic
1950
President of the City Council(1946–1950)
102
Robert F. Wagner Jr.(1910–1991)
January 1, 1954–December 31, 1965
Democratic
195319571961
17th Borough President of Manhattan(1950–1953)
103
John Lindsay(1921–2000)
January 1, 1966–December 31, 1973
Republican 8Democratic
19651969
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York(1959–1965)
104
Abraham Beame(1906–2001)
January 1, 1974–December 31, 1977
Democratic
1973
36th & 38th New York City Comptroller(1962–1965; 1970–1973)
105
Ed Koch(1924–2013)
January 1, 1978–December 31, 1989
Democratic
197719811985
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York(1969–1977)
106
David Dinkins(1927–2020)
January 1, 1990–December 31, 1993
Democratic
1989
23rd Borough President of Manhattan(1986–1989)
107
Rudy Giuliani(b. 1944)
January 1, 1994–December 31, 2001
Republican
19931997
Attorney for the Southern District of New York(1983–1989)
108
Michael Bloomberg(b. 1942)
January 1, 2002–December 31, 2013
Republican9 Unaffiliated
200120052009
CEO of Bloomberg L.P.(1981–2001)
109
Bill de Blasio(b. 1961)
January 1, 2014–December 31, 2021
Democratic
20132017
3rd New York City Public Advocate(2010–2013)
110
Eric Adams(b. 1960)
January 1, 2022–December 31, 2025
Democratic
2021
18th Borough President of Brooklyn (2014–2021)
· Post-consolidation mayors (since 1897) › Mayor-elect
Zohran Mamdani(b. 1991)
Zohran Mamdani(b. 1991)
No.
111
Name(Birth–Death)
Zohran Mamdani(b. 1991)
Term
To be sworn in on January 1, 2026
Party
Democratic
Election
2025
Previous office
Member of the New York State Assembly from the 36th district (2021–present)
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term
Party
Election
Previous office
111
Zohran Mamdani(b. 1991)
To be sworn in on January 1, 2026
Democratic
2025
Member of the New York State Assembly from the 36th district (2021–present)
· Appendices › Mayoral terms and term limits in New York City since 1834
Unconsolidated City
Unconsolidated City
Year
Unconsolidated City
1834
1834
Year
1834
Term
1 year
Termlimit
(no limit)
Years
(unlimited)
Mayor(s) affected
all from Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence to Caleb S. Woodhull
1849
1849
Year
1849
Term
2 years
Termlimit
(no limit)
Years
(unlimited)
Mayor(s) affected
all from Ambrose Kingsland to William L. Strong1
Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)
Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)
Year
Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)
1897
1897
Year
1897
Term
4 years
Termlimit
1 term
Years
4 years
Mayor(s) affected
Robert A. Van Wyck
1901
1901
Year
1901
Term
2 years
Termlimit
(no limit)
Years
(unlimited)
Mayor(s) affected
Seth Low and George B. McClellan Jr.2
1905
1905
Year
1905
Term
4 years
Termlimit
(no limit)
Years
(unlimited)
Mayor(s) affected
all from George B. McClellan Jr.2 to David Dinkins3
1993
1993
Year
1993
Term
4 years
Termlimit
2 terms
Years
8 years
Mayor(s) affected
Rudolph Giuliani4
2008
2008
Year
2008
Term
4 years
Termlimit
3 terms
Years
12 years
Mayor(s) affected
Michael Bloomberg only 4, 5
2010
2010
Year
2010
Term
4 years
Termlimit
2 terms
Years
8 years
Mayor(s) affected
Bill de Blasio and his successors6
Year
Term
Termlimit
Years
Mayor(s) affected
Unconsolidated City
1834
1 year
(no limit)
(unlimited)
all from Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence to Caleb S. Woodhull
1849
2 years
(no limit)
(unlimited)
all from Ambrose Kingsland to William L. Strong1
Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)
1897
4 years
1 term
4 years
Robert A. Van Wyck
1901
2 years
(no limit)
(unlimited)
Seth Low and George B. McClellan Jr.2
1905
4 years
(no limit)
(unlimited)
all from George B. McClellan Jr.2 to David Dinkins3
1993
4 years
2 terms
8 years
Rudolph Giuliani4
2008
4 years
3 terms
12 years
Michael Bloomberg only 4, 5
2010
4 years
2 terms
8 years
Bill de Blasio and his successors6
· Appendices › Mayoral terms and term limits in New York City since 1834 › Interrupted terms
Elected mayor
Elected mayor
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Elected mayor
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Last elected
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
End of service
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Interim successor † 1, 2
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Election
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Elected successor3
John T. Hoffman (D)
John T. Hoffman (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
John T. Hoffman (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Dec. 1867
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
resigned November 30, 1868
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Thomas Coman (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Dec. 1868 (special)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
A. Oakey Hall (D)
Wm Havemeyer (R)1
Wm Havemeyer (R)1
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Wm Havemeyer (R)1
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1872
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
died November 30, 1874
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Samuel B. H. Vance (R)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1874 (regular)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
William H. Wickham (D)
William Gaynor (D)
William Gaynor (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
William Gaynor (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1909
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
died September 10, 1913
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Ardolph L. Kline (R)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1913 (regular)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
John P. Mitchel (Fusion)
John F. Hylan (D)
John F. Hylan (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
John F. Hylan (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1921
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
resigned December 30, 1925
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
William T. Collins (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1925 (regular)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Jimmy Walker (D)
Jimmy Walker (D)
Jimmy Walker (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Jimmy Walker (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1929
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
resigned September 1, 1932
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Joseph V. McKee (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1932 (special)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
John P. O'Brien (D)
William O'Dwyer (D)
William O'Dwyer (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
William O'Dwyer (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1949
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
resigned August 31, 1950
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Vincent Impellitteri (D)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Nov. 1950 (special)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Vincent Impellitteri (Experience)
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Elected mayor
Last elected
End of service
Interim successor † 1, 2
Election
Elected successor3
John T. Hoffman (D)
Dec. 1867
resigned November 30, 1868
Thomas Coman (D)
Dec. 1868 (special)
A. Oakey Hall (D)
Wm Havemeyer (R)1
Nov. 1872
died November 30, 1874
Samuel B. H. Vance (R)
Nov. 1874 (regular)
William H. Wickham (D)
William Gaynor (D)
Nov. 1909
died September 10, 1913
Ardolph L. Kline (R)
Nov. 1913 (regular)
John P. Mitchel (Fusion)
John F. Hylan (D)
Nov. 1921
resigned December 30, 1925
William T. Collins (D)
Nov. 1925 (regular)
Jimmy Walker (D)
Jimmy Walker (D)
Nov. 1929
resigned September 1, 1932
Joseph V. McKee (D)
Nov. 1932 (special)
John P. O'Brien (D)
William O'Dwyer (D)
Nov. 1949
resigned August 31, 1950
Vincent Impellitteri (D)
Nov. 1950 (special)
Vincent Impellitteri (Experience)
Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[26] · Appendices › Mayors of the City of Brooklyn, 1834–1897
George Hall
George Hall
Mayor
George Hall
Party
Democratic-Republican
Start year
1834
End year
1834
Jonathan Trotter
Jonathan Trotter
Mayor
Jonathan Trotter
Party
Democratic
Start year
1835
End year
1836
Jeremiah Johnson
Jeremiah Johnson
Mayor
Jeremiah Johnson
Party
Whig
Start year
1837
End year
1838
Cyrus P. Smith
Cyrus P. Smith
Mayor
Cyrus P. Smith
Party
Whig
Start year
1839
End year
1841
Henry C. Murphy
Henry C. Murphy
Mayor
Henry C. Murphy
Party
Democratic
Start year
1842
End year
1842
Joseph Sprague
Joseph Sprague
Mayor
Joseph Sprague
Party
Democratic
Start year
1843
End year
1844
Thomas G. Talmage
Thomas G. Talmage
Mayor
Thomas G. Talmage
Party
Democratic
Start year
1845
End year
1845
Francis B. Stryker
Francis B. Stryker
Mayor
Francis B. Stryker
Party
Whig
Start year
1846
End year
1848
Edward Copland
Edward Copland
Mayor
Edward Copland
Party
Whig
Start year
1849
End year
1849
Samuel Smith
Samuel Smith
Mayor
Samuel Smith
Party
Democratic
Start year
1850
End year
1850
Conklin Brush
Conklin Brush
Mayor
Conklin Brush
Party
Whig
Start year
1851
End year
1852
Edward A. Lambert
Edward A. Lambert
Mayor
Edward A. Lambert
Party
Democratic
Start year
1853
End year
1854
George Hall
George Hall
Mayor
George Hall
Party
Know Nothing
Start year
1855
End year
1856
Samuel S. Powell
Samuel S. Powell
Mayor
Samuel S. Powell
Party
Democratic
Start year
1857
End year
1860
Martin Kalbfleisch
Martin Kalbfleisch
Mayor
Martin Kalbfleisch
Party
Democratic
Start year
1861
End year
1863
Alfred M. Wood
Alfred M. Wood
Mayor
Alfred M. Wood
Party
Republican
Start year
1864
End year
1865
Samuel Booth
Samuel Booth
Mayor
Samuel Booth
Party
Republican
Start year
1866
End year
1867
Martin Kalbfleisch
Martin Kalbfleisch
Mayor
Martin Kalbfleisch
Party
Democratic
Start year
1868
End year
1871
Samuel S. Powell
Samuel S. Powell
Mayor
Samuel S. Powell
Party
Democratic
Start year
1872
End year
1873
John W. Hunter
John W. Hunter
Mayor
John W. Hunter
Party
Democratic
Start year
1874
End year
1875
Frederick A. Schroeder
Frederick A. Schroeder
Mayor
Frederick A. Schroeder
Party
Republican
Start year
1876
End year
1877
James Howell
James Howell
Mayor
James Howell
Party
Democratic
Start year
1878
End year
1881
Seth Low
Seth Low
Mayor
Seth Low
Party
Republican
Start year
1882
End year
1885
Daniel D. Whitney
Daniel D. Whitney
Mayor
Daniel D. Whitney
Party
Democratic
Start year
1886
End year
1887
Alfred C. Chapin
Alfred C. Chapin
Mayor
Alfred C. Chapin
Party
Democratic
Start year
1888
End year
1891
David A. Boody
David A. Boody
Mayor
David A. Boody
Party
Democratic
Start year
1892
End year
1893
Charles A. Schieren
Charles A. Schieren
Mayor
Charles A. Schieren
Party
Republican
Start year
1894
End year
1895
Frederick W. Wurster
Frederick W. Wurster
Mayor
Frederick W. Wurster
Party
Republican
Start year
1896
End year
1897
Mayor
Party
Start year
End year
George Hall
Democratic-Republican
1834
1834
Jonathan Trotter
Democratic
1835
1836
Jeremiah Johnson
Whig
1837
1838
Cyrus P. Smith
Whig
1839
1841
Henry C. Murphy
Democratic
1842
1842
Joseph Sprague
Democratic
1843
1844
Thomas G. Talmage
Democratic
1845
1845
Francis B. Stryker
Whig
1846
1848
Edward Copland
Whig
1849
1849
Samuel Smith
Democratic
1850
1850
Conklin Brush
Whig
1851
1852
Edward A. Lambert
Democratic
1853
1854
George Hall
Know Nothing
1855
1856
Samuel S. Powell
Democratic
1857
1860
Martin Kalbfleisch
Democratic
1861
1863
Alfred M. Wood
Republican
1864
1865
Samuel Booth
Republican
1866
1867
Martin Kalbfleisch
Democratic
1868
1871
Samuel S. Powell
Democratic
1872
1873
John W. Hunter
Democratic
1874
1875
Frederick A. Schroeder
Republican
1876
1877
James Howell
Democratic
1878
1881
Seth Low
Republican
1882
1885
Daniel D. Whitney
Democratic
1886
1887
Alfred C. Chapin
Democratic
1888
1891
David A. Boody
Democratic
1892
1893
Charles A. Schieren
Republican
1894
1895
Frederick W. Wurster
Republican
1896
1897
· Appendices › Mayors of Long Island City, 1870–1897
Abram D. Ditmars (1st term)
Abram D. Ditmars (1st term)
No.
1
Name
Abram D. Ditmars (1st term)
Starting year of office
1870
Ending year of office
1872
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term)
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term)
No.
2
Name
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term)
Starting year of office
1872
Ending year of office
1873 Sept.
George H. Hunter (acting)
George H. Hunter (acting)
No.
(-)
Name
George H. Hunter (acting)
Starting year of office
1873 Sept.
Ending year of office
1874 April
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term resumed)
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term resumed)
No.
2
Name
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term resumed)
Starting year of office
1874 April
Ending year of office
1875
Abram D. Ditmars (2nd term)
Abram D. Ditmars (2nd term)
No.
3
Name
Abram D. Ditmars (2nd term)
Starting year of office
1875
John Quinn (acting)
John Quinn (acting)
No.
(-)
Name
John Quinn (acting)
Starting year of office
1876
Henry S. DeBevoise (2nd term)
Henry S. DeBevoise (2nd term)
No.
4
Name
Henry S. DeBevoise (2nd term)
Starting year of office
1876
Ending year of office
1883
George Petry
George Petry
No.
5
Name
George Petry
Starting year of office
1883
Ending year of office
1886
Patrick J. Gleason (1st term)
Patrick J. Gleason (1st term)
No.
6
Name
Patrick J. Gleason (1st term)
Starting year of office
1887
Ending year of office
1889
1890
1890
No.
Patrick J. Gleason (2nd term)
Name
1890
Starting year of office
1892
Horatio S. Sanford
Horatio S. Sanford
No.
7
Name
Horatio S. Sanford
Starting year of office
1893
Ending year of office
1895
Patrick J. Gleason (3rd term)
Patrick J. Gleason (3rd term)
No.
8
Name
Patrick J. Gleason (3rd term)
Starting year of office
1895
Ending year of office
1897
No.
Name
Starting year of office
Ending year of office
1
Abram D. Ditmars (1st term)
1870
1872
2
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term)
1872
1873 Sept.
(-)
George H. Hunter (acting)
1873 Sept.
1874 April
2
Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term resumed)
1874 April
1875
3
Abram D. Ditmars (2nd term)
1875
(-)
John Quinn (acting)
1876
4
Henry S. DeBevoise (2nd term)
1876
1883
5
George Petry
1883
1886
6
Patrick J. Gleason (1st term)
1887
1889
Patrick J. Gleason (2nd term)
1890
1892
7
Horatio S. Sanford
1893
1895
8
Patrick J. Gleason (3rd term)
1895
1897
Sources: James Bradley for The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University .mw- .mw- .mw- body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- } }ISBN 0-300-05536-6); (p. 690, 3rd Column, under "Long Island City"); James Nevlus, Long Island City's Forgotten History (Curbed New York, November 16, 2018) https://ny.curbed.com/2018/11/16/18097555/amazon-hq2-long-island-city-nyc-history

References

  1. The Constitutional History of New York: From the Beginning of the Colonial Period to the Year 1905, Showing the Origin, Development, and Judicial Construction of the Constitution – Volume 2
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gq5GAQAAMAAJ
  2. "The Green Book: Mayors of the City of New York" Archived March 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine on the official NYC web
    http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/about/greenbook_mayors.shtml
  3. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
  4. American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1
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  6. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
  7. The New York Chronology
  8. The New York Times
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  16. Jewish Encyclopedia
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  17. The New York Times
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  18. The Hill
    https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/410697-bloomberg-re-registers-as-democrat
  19. For further details, see Third Term No Charm, Historians Say by Sewell Chan, The New York Times "City Room", published a
    https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/01/third-term-no-charm-historians-say/index.html
  20. Sewell Chan and Jonathan P. Hicks, Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits, The New York Times, published on-line
    https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/23/council-to-debate-term-limits-change/
  21. Fernanda Santos: The Future of Term Limits Is in Court, The New York Times, New York edition, October 24, 2008, page A24
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/nyregion/24whatsnext.html
  22. The New York Times
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  23. “The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York H
  24. See, for example, these stories from The New York Times: "In Crisis Giuliani’s Popularity Overflows City", by Jennifer S
    https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/nyregion/a-nation-challenged-the-mayor-in-crisis-giuliani-s-popularity-overflows-city.html
  25. Sewell Chan, Bloomberg Says He Wants a Third Term as Mayor, The New York Times, published and retrieved on October 2, 20
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/02/nyregion/03bloomberg.html
  26. “The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York H
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