List of massacres in China
Updated: 11/4/2025, 4:18:20 PM Wikipedia source
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in China. The massacres are grouped for different time periods. This includes British Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, as well as Portuguese Macau and the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Tables
· Imperial China (before 1912)
Massacre of the Eunuchs
Massacre of the Eunuchs
Name
Massacre of the Eunuchs
Date (Dynasty)
22 September 189
Location
Luoyang
Deaths
2,000+
Notes
Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han.
Yongjia disaster
Yongjia disaster
Name
Yongjia disaster
Date (Dynasty)
13–14 July 311 (Jin)
Location
Luoyang
Deaths
30,000, exaggerated and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster.
Notes
The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the Book of Jin compiled in 648. All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster.
Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War
Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War
Name
Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War
Date (Dynasty)
350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei)
Location
Northern China
Deaths
More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians"
Notes
Ran Min massacred over 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces.
Yangzhou merchants massacre
Yangzhou merchants massacre
Name
Yangzhou merchants massacre
Date (Dynasty)
760 (Tang)
Location
Yangzhou
Deaths
thousands
Notes
Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Arabs, Persians and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with the An Lushan Rebellion.
Fanyang massacre
Fanyang massacre
Name
Fanyang massacre
Date (Dynasty)
761 (Tang)
Location
Fanyang (Jicheng (Beijing))
Deaths
?
Notes
Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin.
Guangzhou merchants massacre
Guangzhou merchants massacre
Name
Guangzhou merchants massacre
Date (Dynasty)
878–879 (Tang)
Location
Guangzhou
Deaths
Tens of thousands.
(modern estimate)
120–200,000 (primary source)
Notes
Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Muslim Arabs, Persians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed.
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Name
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Date (Dynasty)
1225–1227
Location
now Ningxia and Gansu
Deaths
Several million Tangut people
Notes
Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of the Tangut people in Western Xia after they betrayed him and rebelled.
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
Name
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1583 (Ming)
Location
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè)
Deaths
?
Notes
The Jianzhou Jurchens Giocangga and his son Taksi are massacred by Nikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming.
Second Sichuan massacre
Second Sichuan massacre
Name
Second Sichuan massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1645–1646 (Qing)
Location
Sichuan
Deaths
1 million est.
Notes
There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million Sichuanese were massacred mainly by the army of Zhang Xianzhong.
Three massacres in Jiading
Three massacres in Jiading
Name
Three massacres in Jiading
Date (Dynasty)
1645 (Qing)
Location
Jiading District
Deaths
100,000
Notes
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
Jinhua massacre
Jinhua massacre
Name
Jinhua massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1646 (Qing)
Location
Jinhua
Deaths
60,000
Notes
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Name
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Date (Dynasty)
1650–1653 (Qing)
Location
Dauriya
Deaths
Several thousand Daur people
Notes
Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacre Daur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing.
massacre of Dutch prisoners
massacre of Dutch prisoners
Name
massacre of Dutch prisoners
Date (Dynasty)
1661–1662 (Southern Ming)
Location
Taiwan
Deaths
?
Notes
Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan
Chahar Mongol rebellion
Chahar Mongol rebellion
Name
Chahar Mongol rebellion
Date (Dynasty)
1675 (Qing)
Location
Inner Mongolia
Deaths
Several thousand Chahar Mongols
Notes
Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by Abunai and his son Borni. Abunei was Ejei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them.
Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728
Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728
Name
Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728
Date (Dynasty)
1727–1728 (Qing)
Location
Tibet
Deaths
?
Notes
Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus
Lhasa riot of 1750
Lhasa riot of 1750
Name
Lhasa riot of 1750
Date (Dynasty)
1750 (Qing)
Location
Tibet
Deaths
?
Notes
Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture.
Uqturpan massacre
Uqturpan massacre
Name
Uqturpan massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1765 (Qing)
Location
Uqturpan County
Deaths
Several thousand Uyghurs
Notes
Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs.
Jahriyya revolt
Jahriyya revolt
Name
Jahriyya revolt
Date (Dynasty)
1781 (Qing)
Location
Qinghai and Gansu
Deaths
Several thousand Muslims
Notes
Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims.
Nerbudda incident
Nerbudda incident
Name
Nerbudda incident
Date (Dynasty)
10 August 1842
Location
Taiwan Prefecture
Deaths
197 British and Indian prisoners of war
Notes
On 10 August 1842, 187 British and Indian prisoners of war captured by Chinese forces from the troopship Nerbudda and brig Ann were summarily executed on the orders of the Daoguang Emperor in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the Battle of Ningpo.
Taiping massacres of Manchus
Taiping massacres of Manchus
Name
Taiping massacres of Manchus
Date (Dynasty)
December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing)
Location
mid and lower Yangtze valley
Deaths
tens of thousands of Manchus
Notes
Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region.
Ningpo massacre
Ningpo massacre
Name
Ningpo massacre
Date (Dynasty)
26 June 1857
Location
Ningbo
Deaths
40 Portuguese pirates
Notes
Cantonese pirates led by Ah Pak killed 40 Portuguese pirates.
Dungan Revolt
Dungan Revolt
Name
Dungan Revolt
Date (Dynasty)
1862–1873 (Qing)
Location
Provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu
Deaths
?
Notes
Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague, Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million) of its population while Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million) of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu permanently left China and moved to Russian controlled Central Asia.
Suzhou massacre
Suzhou massacre
Name
Suzhou massacre
Date (Dynasty)
December 1863
Location
Suzhou, Jiangsu
Deaths
20,000-40,000
Notes
Massacre of POWs by Huai Army led by Li Hongzhang
Jindandao incident
Jindandao incident
Name
Jindandao incident
Date (Dynasty)
1891 (Qing)
Location
Inner Mongolia
Deaths
150,000 – 500,000
Notes
Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident
Port Arthur massacre
Port Arthur massacre
Name
Port Arthur massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1894, 21 November (Qing)
Location
Lüshunkou, Liaoning
Deaths
2600–20,000
Notes
2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in communist sources.
Kucheng massacre
Kucheng massacre
Name
Kucheng massacre
Date (Dynasty)
August 1, 1895
Location
Gutian (at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian
Deaths
11
Notes
A Fasting folk religious group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses.
Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre
Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre
Name
Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1900 (Qing)
Location
Beijing, Aigun, Blagoveshchensk
Deaths
Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people
Notes
Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign Eight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and Daur people in Blagoveshchensk during the Russian invasion of Manchuria
Shaanxi Uprising
Shaanxi Uprising
Name
Shaanxi Uprising
Date (Dynasty)
1911–1912 (Qing)
Location
Wuhan in Hubei, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, Taiyuan in Shanxi and Xi'an in Shaanxi
Deaths
Tens of thousands of Manchus
Notes
Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands.
| Name | Date (Dynasty) | Location | Deaths | Notes |
| Massacre of the Eunuchs | 22 September 189 | Luoyang | 2,000+ | Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han. |
| Yongjia disaster | 13–14 July 311 (Jin) | Luoyang | 30,000, exaggerated and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster. | The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the Book of Jin compiled in 648. All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster. |
| Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War | 350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei) | Northern China | More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians" | Ran Min massacred over 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces. |
| Yangzhou merchants massacre | 760 (Tang) | Yangzhou | thousands | Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Arabs, Persians and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with the An Lushan Rebellion. |
| Fanyang massacre | 761 (Tang) | Fanyang (Jicheng (Beijing)) | ? | Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin. |
| Massacre of Uyghur Manichaeans and Huichang persecution of Buddhism | 13 February 843–845 | Shahu in | 10,000 Uyghurs were killed at Shahu by Tang armies, more Manichaean priests massacred after Shahu and more Uyghurs were killed by the Yenisei Kyrgyz | Tang dynasty general Shi Xiong slaughtered 10,000 Uyghur Manichaeans at Shahu on 13 February 843 and then the Tang dynasty launched the Huichang persecution of Buddhism where Manichaean priests were slaughtered. Another Tang dynasty general Liu Mian massacred the remaining Uyghur troops. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate helped the Tang dynasty massacre Uyghurs on the Mongolia steppe. |
| Guangzhou merchants massacre | 878–879 (Tang) | Guangzhou | Tens of thousands. (modern estimate) 120–200,000 (primary source) | Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Muslim Arabs, Persians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed. |
| Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty | 1211–1234 (Song) | Northern China | Several million Han and Jurchen people | Genghis Khan and his sons waged war against the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and after siege of Kaifeng (1232) they massacred Jurchens of the imperial family, Wanyan. |
| Mongol conquest of Western Xia | 1225–1227 | now Ningxia and Gansu | Several million Tangut people | Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of the Tangut people in Western Xia after they betrayed him and rebelled. |
| First Sichuan massacre | 1221–1264 (Song) | Sichuan | 2 million est. | Part of Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty. |
| Ispah Quanzhou massacres | 1357–1366 (Yuan) | Quanzhou | ? | Yuan dynasty loyalists led by Chen Youding massacred Hui Semu Muslims who rebelled against Yuan rule. |
| Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre | 1583 (Ming) | Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) | ? | The Jianzhou Jurchens Giocangga and his son Taksi are massacred by Nikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming. |
| Second Sichuan massacre | 1645–1646 (Qing) | Sichuan | 1 million est. | There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million Sichuanese were massacred mainly by the army of Zhang Xianzhong. |
| Yangzhou massacre | 1645 (Qing) | Yangzhou | 300,000 (modern estimate) | The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killings of innocent civilians by Manchu and defected Han Chinese soldiers, commanded by the Manchu general Dodo. Defected southern Han Chinese made up the majority in addition to the Eight Banner Han forces. The massacre is described in a contemporary account, A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, by Wang Xiuchu which is the account that exaggerated the figure to 800,000. |
| Three massacres in Jiading | 1645 (Qing) | Jiading District | 100,000 | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong |
| Jinhua massacre | 1646 (Qing) | Jinhua | 60,000 | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong |
| Massacre of Muslims loyal to the Ming in Gansu | 1649 (Qing) | Gansu | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming dynasty were massacred by Qing Eight banner armies. |
| Sino-Russian border conflicts | 1650–1653 (Qing) | Dauriya | Several thousand Daur people | Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacre Daur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing. |
| massacre of Dutch prisoners | 1661–1662 (Southern Ming) | Taiwan | ? | Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan |
| Chahar Mongol rebellion | 1675 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | Several thousand Chahar Mongols | Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by Abunai and his son Borni. Abunei was Ejei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them. |
| Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728 | 1727–1728 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus |
| Lhasa riot of 1750 | 1750 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture. |
| Dzungar genocide | 1755–1757 (Qing) | Dzungar Khanate | 480,000 | The Qing Dynasty's army slaughtered 80% of the Oirat Mongols. |
| Uqturpan massacre | 1765 (Qing) | Uqturpan County | Several thousand Uyghurs | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs. |
| Jahriyya revolt | 1781 (Qing) | Qinghai and Gansu | Several thousand Muslims | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims. |
| Nerbudda incident | 10 August 1842 | Taiwan Prefecture | 197 British and Indian prisoners of war | On 10 August 1842, 187 British and Indian prisoners of war captured by Chinese forces from the troopship Nerbudda and brig Ann were summarily executed on the orders of the Daoguang Emperor in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the Battle of Ningpo. |
| Taiping massacres of Manchus | December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing) | mid and lower Yangtze valley | tens of thousands of Manchus | Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region. |
| Ningpo massacre | 26 June 1857 | Ningbo | 40 Portuguese pirates | Cantonese pirates led by Ah Pak killed 40 Portuguese pirates. |
| Dungan Revolt | 1862–1873 (Qing) | Provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu | ? | Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague, Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million) of its population while Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million) of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu permanently left China and moved to Russian controlled Central Asia. |
| Suzhou massacre | December 1863 | Suzhou, Jiangsu | 20,000-40,000 | Massacre of POWs by Huai Army led by Li Hongzhang |
| Jindandao incident | 1891 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | 150,000 – 500,000 | Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident |
| Port Arthur massacre | 1894, 21 November (Qing) | Lüshunkou, Liaoning | 2600–20,000 | 2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in communist sources. |
| Kucheng massacre | August 1, 1895 | Gutian (at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian | 11 | A Fasting folk religious group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses. |
| Second Dungan Revolt | 1895–1896 (Qing) | Provinces of Qinghai and Gansu | 100,000 | Second Dungan Revolt (Chinese: 乙未河湟事变) was a rebellion of various Chinese Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu against the Qing dynasty, that originated because of a violent dispute between two Sufi orders of the same sect. The Wahhabi-inspired Yihewani organization then joined in and encouraged the revolt, which was crushed by loyalist Muslims. In Xunhua, Qinghai, masses of Hui, Dongxiang, Bao'an, and Salars were incited to revolt against the Qing by the Multicoloured Mosque leader Ma Yonglin. Soldiers were ordered to destroy the rebels by Brigadier General Tang Yanhe. Ma Dahan arranged a deal with the fellow Dongxiang Ma Wanfu when rebelling against the Qing dynasty. In Hezhou, Didao, and Xunhua they directed their adherents to join the rebellion. |
| Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre | 1900 (Qing) | Beijing, Aigun, Blagoveshchensk | Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people | Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign Eight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and Daur people in Blagoveshchensk during the Russian invasion of Manchuria |
| Shaanxi Uprising | 1911–1912 (Qing) | Wuhan in Hubei, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, Taiyuan in Shanxi and Xi'an in Shaanxi | Tens of thousands of Manchus | Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands. |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1912–1937
Longjing Manse Movement
Longjing Manse Movement
Name
Longjing Manse Movement
Date
March 13, 1919
Location
Longjing, Jilin, Republic of China
Victims
17 or 19
Notes
Unarmed Korean peaceful protestors were fired on by Chinese soldiers under warlord Zhang Zuolin, which caused 17 or 19 deaths and around 30 injuries
Gando massacre
Gando massacre
Name
Gando massacre
Date
October 1920 – April 1921
Location
Jiandao, Eastern Manchuria
Victims
5,000
Notes
During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape.
Shakee Massacre
Shakee Massacre
Name
Shakee Massacre
Date
23 June 1925
Location
Shaji, Guangzhou
Victims
50
Notes
50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang, announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am, when the protest had moved to the west bridge, British and French embassy guards, after gunshots were fired at them, fired back at the protesters. In addition, British, French and Portuguese warships bombarded the north coast of Shamian. Over 50 were killed and more than 170 were seriously injured.
March 18 Massacre
March 18 Massacre
Name
March 18 Massacre
Date
18 March 1926
Location
Beijing
Victims
47
Notes
47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured.
Shanghai massacre of 1927
Shanghai massacre of 1927
Name
Shanghai massacre of 1927
Date
1927, 12 April
Location
Shanghai
Victims
1200
Notes
300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Name
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Date
September 7, 1927
Location
Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei
Victims
390,000
Kuomintang anti-communist massacre
Kuomintang anti-communist massacre
Name
Kuomintang anti-communist massacre
Date
1928
Location
Nationwide in China
Victims
40,643~310,000
Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe
Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe
Name
Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe
Date
1928
Location
Jonê County and Xiahe County Gansu
Victims
?
Notes
Tibetans in Labrang Monastery were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers.
Golok massacres
Golok massacres
Name
Golok massacres
Date
1917–1949
Location
Qinghai and Gansu
Victims
?
Notes
Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times
Anti-Bolshevik League incident
Anti-Bolshevik League incident
Name
Anti-Bolshevik League incident
Date
May 1930 – 1931
Location
Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Victims
5000
Notes
5000 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers.
Futian incident
Futian incident
Name
Futian incident
Date
December 1930 – December 1931
Location
Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Victims
200
Notes
200 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the Anti-Bolshevik League and ties to Trotskyism.
Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Name
Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Date
1931–1935
Location
Provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian
Victims
<700,000[better source needed]
Notes
According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime.
Pingdingshan massacre
Pingdingshan massacre
Name
Pingdingshan massacre
Date
1932, 16 September
Location
Pingdingshan
Victims
800–1200
Notes
800–1200 direct deaths conducted by Japanese military.
Kizil massacre
Kizil massacre
Name
Kizil massacre
Date
1933, June
Location
near Kashgar, Xinjiang
Victims
800
Notes
An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters.
Minsaengdan incident
Minsaengdan incident
Name
Minsaengdan incident
Date
1933 to 1936
Location
Manchuria
Victims
500
Notes
The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Minsaengdan. The CCP arrested and expelled over 1,000 of its Korean members and killed 500 during the purges.
Kashgar massacre
Kashgar massacre
Name
Kashgar massacre
Date
1934
Location
Kashgar, Xinjiang
Victims
1,700–2,000
Notes
Estimates are that 1,700 to 2,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
| Longjing Manse Movement | March 13, 1919 | Longjing, Jilin, Republic of China | 17 or 19 | Unarmed Korean peaceful protestors were fired on by Chinese soldiers under warlord Zhang Zuolin, which caused 17 or 19 deaths and around 30 injuries |
| Gando massacre | October 1920 – April 1921 | Jiandao, Eastern Manchuria | 5,000 | During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape. |
| Shakee Massacre | 23 June 1925 | Shaji, Guangzhou | 50 | 50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang, announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am, when the protest had moved to the west bridge, British and French embassy guards, after gunshots were fired at them, fired back at the protesters. In addition, British, French and Portuguese warships bombarded the north coast of Shamian. Over 50 were killed and more than 170 were seriously injured. |
| March 18 Massacre | 18 March 1926 | Beijing | 47 | 47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured. |
| Shanghai massacre of 1927 | 1927, 12 April | Shanghai | 1200 | 300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing |
| Autumn Harvest Uprising | September 7, 1927 | Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei | 390,000 | |
| Kuomintang anti-communist massacre | 1928 | Nationwide in China | 40,643~310,000 | |
| Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe | 1928 | Jonê County and Xiahe County Gansu | ? | Tibetans in Labrang Monastery were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers. |
| Golok massacres | 1917–1949 | Qinghai and Gansu | ? | Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times |
| Anti-Bolshevik League incident | May 1930 – 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 5000 | 5000 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers. |
| Futian incident | December 1930 – December 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 200 | 200 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the Anti-Bolshevik League and ties to Trotskyism. |
| Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 1931–1935 | Provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian | <700,000[better source needed] | According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime. |
| Pingdingshan massacre | 1932, 16 September | Pingdingshan | 800–1200 | 800–1200 direct deaths conducted by Japanese military. |
| Kizil massacre | 1933, June | near Kashgar, Xinjiang | 800 | An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters. |
| Minsaengdan incident | 1933 to 1936 | Manchuria | 500 | The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Minsaengdan. The CCP arrested and expelled over 1,000 of its Korean members and killed 500 during the purges. |
| Kashgar massacre | 1934 | Kashgar, Xinjiang | 1,700–2,000 | Estimates are that 1,700 to 2,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre. |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1937–1945 (Second Sino-Japanese War)
Tongzhou mutiny
Tongzhou mutiny
Name
Tongzhou mutiny
Date
29 July 1937
Location
Tongzhou District, Beijing
Victims
?
Notes
Chinese collaborationist troops of the East Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese.
Zhengding Missionary Murder
Zhengding Missionary Murder
Name
Zhengding Missionary Murder
Date
9 October 1937
Location
Zhengding, Hebei province
Victims
9
Notes
Kidnapping and Murder of nine Catholic priests by Japanese troops
Datong Mass Grave
Datong Mass Grave
Name
Datong Mass Grave
Date
1937–1945
Location
Datong, Shanxi
Victims
155,000+
Notes
Japanese military caused deaths of between 60,000 and over 155,000 laborers working in coal mines around Datong.
Nanjing Massacre
Nanjing Massacre
Name
Nanjing Massacre
Date
13 December 1937 to 1938
Location
Nanjing, Jiangsu
Victims
100,000~300,000
Notes
40,000 were massacred within Nanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000".
1938 Changsha fire
1938 Changsha fire
Name
1938 Changsha fire
Date
13 November 1938
Location
Changsha
Victims
30,000
Notes
Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture.
Three Alls Policy
Three Alls Policy
Name
Three Alls Policy
Date
1940–1942
Location
North China
Victims
2.7 million
Notes
Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military.
Panjiayu Massacre
Panjiayu Massacre
Name
Panjiayu Massacre
Date
1941, 25 January
Location
Panjiayu, Hebei
Victims
1298
Notes
Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military as part of the Three Alls Policy.
St. Stephen's College massacre
St. Stephen's College massacre
Name
St. Stephen's College massacre
Date
1941, 25 December
Location
British Hong Kong
Victims
100
Notes
100 people killed by Japanese military.
Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
Name
Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
Date
1942, 15 May – 4 September
Location
Provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi
Victims
250,000
Notes
Conducted by Japanese military as retaliation for Chinese civilians giving shelter to American pilots after the Doolittle Raid.
Changjiao massacre
Changjiao massacre
Name
Changjiao massacre
Date
1943, 9–12 May
Location
Changjiao, Hunan
Victims
30,000
Notes
Conducted by the Japanese military.
Nanshitou Massacre
Nanshitou Massacre
Name
Nanshitou Massacre
Date
1942–1945
Location
Nanshitou Refugee Camp, Guangzhou
Victims
100,000
Notes
At least 100,000 deaths caused by Japanese military. Biological weapons and human experimentation involved.
Yan'an Rectification Movement
Yan'an Rectification Movement
Name
Yan'an Rectification Movement
Date
1942–1945
Location
Yan'an, Shaanxi
Notes
A mass movement launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party that led to numerous executions. Regarded by many as the origin of Mao Zedong's cult of personality.
Gegenmiao massacre
Gegenmiao massacre
Name
Gegenmiao massacre
Date
14 August 1945
Location
Gegenmiao, Horqin Right Front Banner of the Hinggan League of Inner Mongolia.
Victims
1,800
Notes
During its invasion of Manchuria, the Soviet Red Army massacred fleeing Japanese refugees at the town of Gegenmiao.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
| Tongzhou mutiny | 29 July 1937 | Tongzhou District, Beijing | ? | Chinese collaborationist troops of the East Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese. | |
| Zhengding Missionary Murder | 9 October 1937 | Zhengding, Hebei province | 9 | Kidnapping and Murder of nine Catholic priests by Japanese troops | |
| Datong Mass Grave | 1937–1945 | Datong, Shanxi | 155,000+ | Japanese military caused deaths of between 60,000 and over 155,000 laborers working in coal mines around Datong. | |
| Nanjing Massacre | 13 December 1937 to 1938 | Nanjing, Jiangsu | 100,000~300,000 | 40,000 were massacred within Nanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000". | |
| 1938 Changsha fire | 13 November 1938 | Changsha | 30,000 | Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture. | |
| Three Alls Policy | 1940–1942 | North China | million | Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military. | |
| Panjiayu Massacre | 1941, 25 January | Panjiayu, Hebei | 1298 | Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military as part of the Three Alls Policy. | |
| St. Stephen's College massacre | 1941, 25 December | British Hong Kong | 100 | 100 people killed by Japanese military. | |
| Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres | 1942, 15 May – 4 September | Provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi | 250,000 | Conducted by Japanese military as retaliation for Chinese civilians giving shelter to American pilots after the Doolittle Raid. | |
| Changjiao massacre | 1943, 9–12 May | Changjiao, Hunan | 30,000 | Conducted by the Japanese military. | |
| Nanshitou Massacre | 1942–1945 | Nanshitou Refugee Camp, Guangzhou | 100,000 | At least 100,000 deaths caused by Japanese military. Biological weapons and human experimentation involved. | |
| Yan'an Rectification Movement | 1942–1945 | Yan'an, Shaanxi | A mass movement launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party that led to numerous executions. Regarded by many as the origin of Mao Zedong's cult of personality. | ||
| Gegenmiao massacre | 14 August 1945 | Gegenmiao, Horqin Right Front Banner of the Hinggan League of Inner Mongolia. | 1,800 | During its invasion of Manchuria, the Soviet Red Army massacred fleeing Japanese refugees at the town of Gegenmiao. |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1945–1949 (Civil War)
February 28 incident
February 28 incident
Name
February 28 incident
Location
Taiwan Province
Date
1947, 28 February – 16 May
Victims
Roughly 8,000
Notes
The Kuomintang responded to a revolt by native Taiwanese by beginning a campaign of repression.
Siege of Changchun
Siege of Changchun
Name
Siege of Changchun
Location
Jilin Province
Date
1948, 23 May – 19 October 1948
Victims
120,000 to 330,000 civilian deaths due to starvation
Notes
The civilian population of Changchun was caught between the besieging People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the occupying Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF). The PLA cut off food from entering the city by land, and while the ROCAF could be supplied by air, the civilian population could not. Neither side accepted responsibility for feeding the civilians and they died from starvation and exposure in the no-man's-land between the two armies.
| Name | Location | Date | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
| February 28 incident | Taiwan Province | 1947, 28 February – 16 May | Roughly 8,000 | The Kuomintang responded to a revolt by native Taiwanese by beginning a campaign of repression. | |
| Siege of Changchun | Jilin Province | 1948, 23 May – 19 October 1948 | 120,000 to 330,000 civilian deaths due to starvation | The civilian population of Changchun was caught between the besieging People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the occupying Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF). The PLA cut off food from entering the city by land, and while the ROCAF could be supplied by air, the civilian population could not. Neither side accepted responsibility for feeding the civilians and they died from starvation and exposure in the no-man's-land between the two armies. |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1949–present
Lieyu Massacre
Lieyu Massacre
Name
Lieyu Massacre
Date
1987, 7–8 March
Location
Lieyu, Kinmen
Victims
24
Notes
Launched by Republic of China Army, followed by evidence destroyed and denial with cover-up measures.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
| Lieyu Massacre | 1987, 7–8 March | Lieyu, Kinmen | 24 | Launched by Republic of China Army, followed by evidence destroyed and denial with cover-up measures. |
· People's Republic of China (since 1949) › 1949–1966
Ili Han Massacre (1949)
Ili Han Massacre (1949)
Name
Ili Han Massacre (1949)
Date
1949
Location
Gulja (Yining), Xinjiang
Victims
Over 7,000 Han Chinese civilians
Notes
Mass killing of Han Chinese civilians by Second East Turkestan Republic forces.
Chinese land reform
Chinese land reform
Name
Chinese land reform
Date
1949–1953
Location
Nationwide
Victims
1 million – 4.7 million
Notes
Launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Liquidation of the landlord class in struggle sessions.
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
Name
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
Date
1950–1953
Location
Nationwide
Victims
712,000 – 2 million
Notes
Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
Three-anti and Five-anti campaigns
Three-anti and Five-anti campaigns
Name
Three-anti and Five-anti campaigns
Date
1951–1952
Location
Nationwide
Victims
100,000+
Notes
Exact death toll is unknown. In Shanghai alone, from 25 January to 1 April 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide. Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown
1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown
Name
1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown
Date
1954, 23 July
Location
South China Sea, off the coast of Hainan Island
Victims
10
Notes
Airliner shootdown By People's Liberation Army Air Force, 10 of the 19 on board died
Sufan movement
Sufan movement
Name
Sufan movement
Date
1955–1957
Location
Nationwide
Victims
53,000
Notes
Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP
Anti-Rightist Campaign
Anti-Rightist Campaign
Name
Anti-Rightist Campaign
Date
1957–1959
Location
Nationwide
Victims
550,000 – 2 million
Notes
Exact death toll is unknown. Official statistics shows that at least 550,000 people were purged and many died. Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP.
Xunhua Incident
Xunhua Incident
Name
Xunhua Incident
Date
1958
Location
Qinghai
Victims
435
Notes
The massacre was conducted by People's Liberation Army towards local civilians.
1959 Tibetan uprising
1959 Tibetan uprising
Name
1959 Tibetan uprising
Date
1959
Location
Tibet
Victims
87,000
Notes
The exact number of deaths has been disputed.
Violence in the Great Chinese Famine
Violence in the Great Chinese Famine
Name
Violence in the Great Chinese Famine
Date
1959–1961
Location
Nationwide
Victims
2.5 million
Notes
Killings occurred during the Great Chinese Famine. According to Frank Dikötter, at least 2.5 million (2–3 million) people were beaten or tortured to death, which accounted for 6–8% of the total deaths in the famine.
Socialist Education Movement
Socialist Education Movement
Name
Socialist Education Movement
Date
1963–1965
Location
Nationwide
Victims
77,560
Notes
Launched by Mao Zedong.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
| Ili Han Massacre (1949) | 1949 | Gulja (Yining), Xinjiang | Over 7,000 Han Chinese civilians | Mass killing of Han Chinese civilians by Second East Turkestan Republic forces. |
| Chinese land reform | 1949–1953 | Nationwide | 1 million – 4.7 million | Launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Liquidation of the landlord class in struggle sessions. |
| Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries | 1950–1953 | Nationwide | 712,000 – 2 million | Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP. |
| Three-anti and Five-anti campaigns | 1951–1952 | Nationwide | 100,000+ | Exact death toll is unknown. In Shanghai alone, from 25 January to 1 April 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide. Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP. |
| 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown | 1954, 23 July | South China Sea, off the coast of Hainan Island | 10 | Airliner shootdown By People's Liberation Army Air Force, 10 of the 19 on board died |
| Sufan movement | 1955–1957 | Nationwide | 53,000 | Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP |
| Anti-Rightist Campaign | 1957–1959 | Nationwide | 550,000 – 2 million | Exact death toll is unknown. Official statistics shows that at least 550,000 people were purged and many died. Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP. |
| Xunhua Incident | 1958 | Qinghai | 435 | The massacre was conducted by People's Liberation Army towards local civilians. |
| 1959 Tibetan uprising | 1959 | Tibet | 87,000 | The exact number of deaths has been disputed. |
| Violence in the Great Chinese Famine | 1959–1961 | Nationwide | million | Killings occurred during the Great Chinese Famine. According to Frank Dikötter, at least 2.5 million (2–3 million) people were beaten or tortured to death, which accounted for 6–8% of the total deaths in the famine. |
| Socialist Education Movement | 1963–1965 | Nationwide | 77,560 | Launched by Mao Zedong. |
· People's Republic of China (since 1949) › 1966–1976 (Cultural Revolution)
Red August
Red August
Name
Red August
Date
August – September 1966
Location
Beijing
Victims
1,772
Notes
Origin of the Red Terror in Chinese Cultural Revolution, triggering Daxing Massacre which killed 325 people in a few days. Statistics from 1985 showed a death toll of over 10,000 due to the Red August.
Guangxi Massacre
Guangxi Massacre
Name
Guangxi Massacre
Date
1966–1976
Location
Guangxi
Victims
100,000 – 150,000
Notes
Massive cannibalism occurred.
Inner Mongolia incident
Inner Mongolia incident
Name
Inner Mongolia incident
Date
1967–1969
Location
Inner Mongolia
Victims
16,632 – 100,000
Notes
Mostly Mongols.
Qinghai 223 Incident
Qinghai 223 Incident
Name
Qinghai 223 Incident
Date
February 1967
Location
Qinghai
Victims
173
Notes
Conducted by People's Liberation Army.
Guangzhou Laogai Fan Incident
Guangzhou Laogai Fan Incident
Name
Guangzhou Laogai Fan Incident
Date
August 1967
Location
Guangzhou,
Guangdong
Victims
187–197
Notes
Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Caused by the rumor that Laogaifan (prisoners of Laogai) were released. Local citizens began massive killings as self-defense.
Anti-Peng Pai Incident
Anti-Peng Pai Incident
Name
Anti-Peng Pai Incident
Date
August 1967
Location
Shanwei, Guangdong
Victims
>160
Notes
Targeted the relatives of Peng Pai.
Qingtongxia Incident
Qingtongxia Incident
Name
Qingtongxia Incident
Date
August 1967
Location
Qingtongxia, Ningxia
Victims
101
Notes
Conducted by People's Liberation Army.
Yangjiang Massacre
Yangjiang Massacre
Name
Yangjiang Massacre
Date
1967–1969
Location
Yangjiang, Guangdong
Victims
3,573
Notes
Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Mainly in Yangjiang and Yangchun.
Daoxian massacre
Daoxian massacre
Name
Daoxian massacre
Date
August – October
1967
Location
Daoxian, Hunan
Victims
9,093
Notes
Took place in more than 10 counties, mainly in Dao County.
Shaoyang County Massacre
Shaoyang County Massacre
Name
Shaoyang County Massacre
Date
July – September
1968
Location
Shaoyang,
Hunan
Victims
991
Notes
Influenced by Daoxian Massacre.
Dan County Massacre
Dan County Massacre
Name
Dan County Massacre
Date
August 1968
Location
Danzhou, Hainan
Victims
>700
Notes
Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Over 50,000 people were jailed and thousands were permanently disabled. Conducted by People's Liberation Army and local militias.
Ruijin Massacre
Ruijin Massacre
Name
Ruijin Massacre
Date
September –October 1968
Location
Ruijin, Jiangxi
Victims
>1000
Notes
Took place in Ruijin County, Xingguo County, and Yudu County.
Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
Name
Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
Date
1968–1969
Location
Yunnan
Victims
17,000
Notes
Over 1.3 million people persecuted. Part of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.
Shadian incident
Shadian incident
Name
Shadian incident
Date
July – August
1975
Location
Yunnan
Victims
1,600
Notes
Uprising of Hui people. Conducted by People's Liberation Army.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
| Red August | August – September 1966 | Beijing | 1,772 | Origin of the Red Terror in Chinese Cultural Revolution, triggering Daxing Massacre which killed 325 people in a few days. Statistics from 1985 showed a death toll of over 10,000 due to the Red August. |
| Guangxi Massacre | 1966–1976 | Guangxi | 100,000 – 150,000 | Massive cannibalism occurred. |
| Inner Mongolia incident | 1967–1969 | Inner Mongolia | 16,632 – 100,000 | Mostly Mongols. |
| Qinghai 223 Incident | February 1967 | Qinghai | 173 | Conducted by People's Liberation Army. |
| Guangzhou Laogai Fan Incident | August 1967 | Guangzhou, Guangdong | 187–197 | Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Caused by the rumor that Laogaifan (prisoners of Laogai) were released. Local citizens began massive killings as self-defense. |
| Anti-Peng Pai Incident | August 1967 | Shanwei, Guangdong | >160 | Targeted the relatives of Peng Pai. |
| Qingtongxia Incident | August 1967 | Qingtongxia, Ningxia | 101 | Conducted by People's Liberation Army. |
| Yangjiang Massacre | 1967–1969 | Yangjiang, Guangdong | 3,573 | Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Mainly in Yangjiang and Yangchun. |
| Daoxian massacre | August – October 1967 | Daoxian, Hunan | 9,093 | Took place in more than 10 counties, mainly in Dao County. |
| Shaoyang County Massacre | July – September 1968 | Shaoyang, Hunan | 991 | Influenced by Daoxian Massacre. |
| Dan County Massacre | August 1968 | Danzhou, Hainan | >700 | Part of the Guangdong Massacre. Over 50,000 people were jailed and thousands were permanently disabled. Conducted by People's Liberation Army and local militias. |
| Ruijin Massacre | September –October 1968 | Ruijin, Jiangxi | >1000 | Took place in Ruijin County, Xingguo County, and Yudu County. |
| Zhao Jianmin Spy Case | 1968–1969 | Yunnan | 17,000 | Over 1.3 million people persecuted. Part of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. |
| Shadian incident | July – August 1975 | Yunnan | 1,600 | Uprising of Hui people. Conducted by People's Liberation Army. |
· People's Republic of China (since 1949) › 1976–1999
Chinese destroyer Guangzhou (160) Explosion
Chinese destroyer Guangzhou (160) Explosion
Name
Chinese destroyer Guangzhou (160) Explosion
Date
1978 9 March
Location
Zhanjiang Port, Guangdong Province
Victims
135 (including the perpetrator)
Notes
The sinking of the ship Guangzhou killed 134 sailors and officers and injured 28 in the Chinese navy. The tragedy in the Zhanjiang harbor followed an explosion of depth charges in the Guangzhou's arsenal, more than two hours earlier, caused by Lieutnenant Lai Sanyang, an ordnance expert who been dismissed from the Chinese Navy.
Beijing railway station bombing
Beijing railway station bombing
Name
Beijing railway station bombing
Date
1980, 29 October
Location
Beijing
Victims
10 (including the perpetrator)
Notes
Wang Zhigang, a worker at a tractor factory, caused a spontaneous explosion in the south corridor of the second floor of the Beijing railway station due to a romantic dispute, killing 9 people and injuring 81–89
Anne Anne Kindergarten stabbing
Anne Anne Kindergarten stabbing
Name
Anne Anne Kindergarten stabbing
Date
1982, 3 June
Location
Un Chau Estate, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, British Hong Kong
Victims
6
Notes
After killing his mother and sister in their flat in Un Chau Estate, and also wounding two other women, 28-year-old Lee Chi-hang entered Anne Anne Kindergarten and stabbed 34 children, killing four of them, and also injured several other people, before he was arrested by police
Rape and murder case in Xiguitu Banner of Hulunbuir League
Rape and murder case in Xiguitu Banner of Hulunbuir League
Name
Rape and murder case in Xiguitu Banner of Hulunbuir League
Date
1983, 16 June
Location
Yakeshi, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia
Victims
27
Notes
8 minors commit murders and rapes in Hongqigou Farm, The incident directly triggered the Anti-crime Campaign
Eight Immortals Restaurant murders
Eight Immortals Restaurant murders
Name
Eight Immortals Restaurant murders
Date
1985, 4 August
Location
Iao Hon, Portuguese Macau
Victims
10
Notes
Chinese gambler Huang Zhiheng murdered a family of ten in the Eight Immortals Restaurant in Portuguese Macau. He stabbed or strangled each of his victims to death before dismembering their bodies and disposing of their remains in the ocean and dumpsters
Tibetan unrest
Tibetan unrest
Name
Tibetan unrest
Date
1987–1989
Location
Tibet
Victims
10–400
Notes
Official source states the death toll between 10 and 20, but other estimates range from dozens to hundreds.
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Name
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Date
1989, 4 June
Location
Tiananmen Square, Beijing
Victims
200–10,000
Notes
Between 200 and 10,000 civilians were killed. The Red Cross states that around 2,600 died and the official Chinese government figure is 241 dead with 7,000 wounded. Amnesty International's estimates puts the number of deaths at several hundred to close to 1,000. As many as 10,000 people were estimated to have been arrested during the protests.
Chongqing shooting
Chongqing shooting
Name
Chongqing shooting
Date
1993, 5 April
Location
Chongqing, Sichuan
Victims
9 (including the perpetrator)
Notes
3 Injured
Thousand Island Lake robbery killings
Thousand Island Lake robbery killings
Name
Thousand Island Lake robbery killings
Date
1994, 31 March
Location
Zhejiang Province
Victims
32
Notes
Twenty-four Taiwanese tourists, 6 crew members and 2 mainland Chinese passengers on board the Hai Rui sightseeing cruise were robbed and murdered. The incident cast a shadow over cross-strait relations.
Jianguomen Incident
Jianguomen Incident
Name
Jianguomen Incident
Date
1994, 20 September
Location
Jianguomen, Beijing
Victims
30 dead, 30-100+ wounded
Notes
Tian Mingjian, angered by the death of his wife during a forced abortion, retrieved an assault rifle from the weapons vault in his army base, and shot to death 6 soldiers and officers. He then stole a jeep and drove to Jianguo Gate, where he shot and killed 23 civilians, and injured at least 30 others, before being shot by a military sniper.
Zhaodong massacre
Zhaodong massacre
Name
Zhaodong massacre
Date
1995, 18 November
Location
Zhaodong, Heilongjiang province
Victims
34 dead, 16 injured
Notes
On the night of November 18, 1995, a mass shooting occurred in Zhaodong, Heilongjiang. Two suspects, 26-year-old Feng Wanhai and 22-year-old Jiang Liming, armed with a double-barreled shotgun and a small-bore rifle, opened fire at 48 people, killing 32 people and wounding 16 others. 37 families were affected by the incident.
Ghulja massacre
Ghulja massacre
Name
Ghulja massacre
Date
1997, February 3–5
Location
Yining, Xinjiang
Victims
10–200
Notes
Government sources state the death toll at 10, but other estimates range into the hundreds.
1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
Name
1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
Date
1997, February 25
Location
Ürümqi, Xinjiang
Victims
9 (including 3 children)
Notes
Uyghyr separatists bombed three buses, killing 9 people, including 3 children, and injuring 28. Another bomb was found at the main railway station but was defused. The bombings were a response to the Ghulja incident in which the Chinese army killed several Uyghur protestors
Long wins round robbery [zh]
Long wins round robbery [zh]
Name
Long wins round robbery [zh]
Date
1998, November 15
Location
Shanwei
Victims
23
Notes
Guangdong Province, Shanwei City, the territory of an armed robbery case, the Hong Kong shipping company "Changsheng" million tons of cargo ship on which 23 Chinese expatriate crew were all killed and their corpses dumped into the sea.[clarification needed]
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
| Chinese destroyer Guangzhou (160) Explosion | 1978 9 March | Zhanjiang Port, Guangdong Province | 135 (including the perpetrator) | The sinking of the ship Guangzhou killed 134 sailors and officers and injured 28 in the Chinese navy. The tragedy in the Zhanjiang harbor followed an explosion of depth charges in the Guangzhou's arsenal, more than two hours earlier, caused by Lieutnenant Lai Sanyang, an ordnance expert who been dismissed from the Chinese Navy. |
| Beijing railway station bombing | 1980, 29 October | Beijing | 10 (including the perpetrator) | Wang Zhigang, a worker at a tractor factory, caused a spontaneous explosion in the south corridor of the second floor of the Beijing railway station due to a romantic dispute, killing 9 people and injuring 81–89 |
| Anne Anne Kindergarten stabbing | 1982, 3 June | Un Chau Estate, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, British Hong Kong | 6 | After killing his mother and sister in their flat in Un Chau Estate, and also wounding two other women, 28-year-old Lee Chi-hang entered Anne Anne Kindergarten and stabbed 34 children, killing four of them, and also injured several other people, before he was arrested by police |
| Rape and murder case in Xiguitu Banner of Hulunbuir League | 1983, 16 June | Yakeshi, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia | 27 | 8 minors commit murders and rapes in Hongqigou Farm, The incident directly triggered the Anti-crime Campaign |
| Eight Immortals Restaurant murders | 1985, 4 August | Iao Hon, Portuguese Macau | 10 | Chinese gambler Huang Zhiheng murdered a family of ten in the Eight Immortals Restaurant in Portuguese Macau. He stabbed or strangled each of his victims to death before dismembering their bodies and disposing of their remains in the ocean and dumpsters |
| Tibetan unrest | 1987–1989 | Tibet | 10–400 | Official source states the death toll between 10 and 20, but other estimates range from dozens to hundreds. |
| 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre | 1989, 4 June | Tiananmen Square, Beijing | 200–10,000 | Between 200 and 10,000 civilians were killed. The Red Cross states that around 2,600 died and the official Chinese government figure is 241 dead with 7,000 wounded. Amnesty International's estimates puts the number of deaths at several hundred to close to 1,000. As many as 10,000 people were estimated to have been arrested during the protests. |
| Chongqing shooting | 1993, 5 April | Chongqing, Sichuan | 9 (including the perpetrator) | 3 Injured |
| Thousand Island Lake robbery killings | 1994, 31 March | Zhejiang Province | 32 | Twenty-four Taiwanese tourists, 6 crew members and 2 mainland Chinese passengers on board the Hai Rui sightseeing cruise were robbed and murdered. The incident cast a shadow over cross-strait relations. |
| Jianguomen Incident | 1994, 20 September | Jianguomen, Beijing | 30 dead, 30-100+ wounded | Tian Mingjian, angered by the death of his wife during a forced abortion, retrieved an assault rifle from the weapons vault in his army base, and shot to death 6 soldiers and officers. He then stole a jeep and drove to Jianguo Gate, where he shot and killed 23 civilians, and injured at least 30 others, before being shot by a military sniper. |
| Zhaodong massacre | 1995, 18 November | Zhaodong, Heilongjiang province | 34 dead, 16 injured | On the night of November 18, 1995, a mass shooting occurred in Zhaodong, Heilongjiang. Two suspects, 26-year-old Feng Wanhai and 22-year-old Jiang Liming, armed with a double-barreled shotgun and a small-bore rifle, opened fire at 48 people, killing 32 people and wounding 16 others. 37 families were affected by the incident. |
| Ghulja massacre | 1997, February 3–5 | Yining, Xinjiang | 10–200 | Government sources state the death toll at 10, but other estimates range into the hundreds. |
| 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings | 1997, February 25 | Ürümqi, Xinjiang | 9 (including 3 children) | Uyghyr separatists bombed three buses, killing 9 people, including 3 children, and injuring 28. Another bomb was found at the main railway station but was defused. The bombings were a response to the Ghulja incident in which the Chinese army killed several Uyghur protestors |
| Long wins round robbery [zh] | 1998, November 15 | Shanwei | 23 | Guangdong Province, Shanwei City, the territory of an armed robbery case, the Hong Kong shipping company "Changsheng" million tons of cargo ship on which 23 Chinese expatriate crew were all killed and their corpses dumped into the sea.[clarification needed] |
· People's Republic of China (since 1949) › 2000–present
2001 Shijiazhuang bombings
2001 Shijiazhuang bombings
Name
2001 Shijiazhuang bombings
Date
2001, 16 March
Location
Shijiazhuang, Hebei
Victims
108
Notes
Jin Ruchao motivated by hatred of his ex-wife and her family detonated ammonium nitrate bombs at four locations across Shijiazhuang, killing 108 people and injuring 38 others
Mafang Village explosion
Mafang Village explosion
Name
Mafang Village explosion
Date
2001, 16 July
Location
Mafang Village, Nanniwan, Baota District, Yan'an, Shaanxi
Victims
89+
Notes
On July 16, 2001, an embittered villager Ma Hongqing ignited ammonium nitrate explosives in a rival's warehouse. The explosion leveled much of the village and killed at least 89 people, and injured 98 others
2008 Tibetan unrest
2008 Tibetan unrest
Name
2008 Tibetan unrest
Date
2008, 16 March
Location
Tibet
Victims
23–400
Notes
In order to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the armed uprising on 10 March 1959, some Tibetan demonstrators protested collectively in Tibetan areas of China and parts of southern Tibet. However, it later evolved into Tibetan attacks on civilians such as Han and Hui civilians and shops, cars, the Lhasa Great Mosque and other civilian facilities.
2008 Kashgar attack
2008 Kashgar attack
Name
2008 Kashgar attack
Date
2008, 4 August
Location
Kashgar, Xinjiang
Victims
17
Notes
Two men drove an attack on the armed police of the border guard detachment of Kashgar, which was in operation. A total of 17 People's Armed Police were killed and 15 injured.
July 2009 Ürümqi riots
July 2009 Ürümqi riots
Name
July 2009 Ürümqi riots
Date
2009, 5 July
Location
Ürümqi
Victims
197
Notes
At first it was just a demonstration, which later evolved into a series of violent attacks by Uyghurs against non-Muslim ethnic groups such as the Han. At least more than 1,000 Uyghurs participated in the riot on the first day of the incident. A total of 197 people died, most of whom were Hans, with 1,721 others injured, and a large number of vehicles and buildings were destroyed.
2011 Hotan attack
2011 Hotan attack
Name
2011 Hotan attack
Date
2011, 18 July
Location
Hotan, Xinjiang
Victims
18
Notes
18 young Uyghur men stormed a police station and killed two security guards by stabbing and lobbing molotov cocktails. They occupied the police station, took eight hostages, and smashed and set fire to the station. Shouting slogans and unfurling banners with Jihadi writing, they refused to negotiate and engaged in a firefight with police. The attack ended within 90 minutes when police shot 14 attackers dead. Authorities detained four attackers and rescued six hostages, however two were killed.
2012 Yecheng attack
2012 Yecheng attack
Name
2012 Yecheng attack
Date
2012, 28 February
Location
Yecheng, Xinjiang
Victims
13
Notes
A group of eight Uyghur men led by religious extremist Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Seven terrorists were killed on the spot by the police, while the other one was injured and died after rescue. One police officer died and 4 police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured.
April 2013 Bachu unrest
April 2013 Bachu unrest
Name
April 2013 Bachu unrest
Date
2013, 24 April
Location
Selibuya, Bachu, Xinjiang
Victims
21
Notes
It was an incident of ethnic clash that took place between Muslim Uyghur and Han Chinese community. As reported by BBC 21 people were killed in the incident including 15 police officers and local government officials.
June 2013 Shanshan riots
June 2013 Shanshan riots
Name
June 2013 Shanshan riots
Date
2013, 26 June
Location
Shanshan, Xinjiang
Victims
35
Notes
On 26 June 2013, 35 people died in the riots, including 22 civilians, two police officers and eleven attackers.
2013 Tiananmen Square attack
2013 Tiananmen Square attack
Name
2013 Tiananmen Square attack
Date
2013, 28 October
Location
Beijing
Victims
5
Notes
A car crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, as a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; 3 inside the vehicle and 2 civilian nearby.
2014 Kunming attack
2014 Kunming attack
Name
2014 Kunming attack
Date
2014, 1 March
Location
Kunming
Victims
35
Notes
Eight Uyghur terrorists stabbed 31 civilians to death and left 141 injured. On the afternoon of 3 March, the official announced the resolution of the case. A total of 8 people were killed. Of the 5 directly involved in the attack, 4 were killed on the spot and 1 was captured on the spot.
May 2014 Ürümqi attack
May 2014 Ürümqi attack
Name
May 2014 Ürümqi attack
Date
2014, 22 March
Location
Ürümqi, Xinjiang
Victims
43
Notes
Two sport utility vehicles (SUVs) carrying five assailants were driven into a busy street market in Ürümqi, the capital of China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Up to a dozen explosives were thrown at shoppers from the windows of the SUVs. The SUVs crashed into shoppers then collided with each other and exploded. Forty-three people were killed, including 4 of the assailants, and more than 90 wounded. The event was designated as a terrorist attack.
Yarkand Massacre
Yarkand Massacre
Name
Yarkand Massacre
Date
2014, 28 July
Location
Yarkant County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang
Victims
96
Notes
Government sources state the death toll at 96, but other estimates range into the thousands.
2015 Aksu colliery attack
2015 Aksu colliery attack
Name
2015 Aksu colliery attack
Date
2015, 18 September
Location
Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang
Victims
16
Notes
A group of armed separatists attacked coal miners and security personnel, murdering 16 people and injuring 18 others. When the local police arrived at the scene, the attacker used a truck full of coal to hit the police vehicle and then fled into the mountains. The majority of the victims of this attack were Han people.
Yema stabbings
Yema stabbings
Name
Yema stabbings
Date
2016, September 29
Location
Yema, Qujing, Yunnan Province
Victims
19
Notes
Yang Qingpei killed his parents in an argument over money and then murdered 17 neighbours in an attempt to cover up his crime.
2023 Guangzhou car attack
2023 Guangzhou car attack
Name
2023 Guangzhou car attack
Date
2023, January 11
Location
Guangzhou, Guangdong
Victims
6 killed, 29 Injured
Notes
Mass intentional injury incident when the driver of a black BMW X3 deliberately rammed his vehicle into a crowd of pedestrians and motorists on Tianhe Road
Ju County attack
Ju County attack
Name
Ju County attack
Date
2024, February 10
Location
Juxian County, Rizhao, Shandong
Victims
21+ killed, many wounded
Notes
21+ people, including a doctor who arrived at the scene to provide medical assistance, were killed in a village massacre in Juxian County, Shandong.
2024 Zhuhai car attack
2024 Zhuhai car attack
Name
2024 Zhuhai car attack
Date
2024, November 11
Location
Zhuhai, Guangdong,
Victims
35 killed
Notes
44 injured, including the perpetrator.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
| 2001 Shijiazhuang bombings | 2001, 16 March | Shijiazhuang, Hebei | 108 | Jin Ruchao motivated by hatred of his ex-wife and her family detonated ammonium nitrate bombs at four locations across Shijiazhuang, killing 108 people and injuring 38 others |
| Mafang Village explosion | 2001, 16 July | Mafang Village, Nanniwan, Baota District, Yan'an, Shaanxi | 89+ | On July 16, 2001, an embittered villager Ma Hongqing ignited ammonium nitrate explosives in a rival's warehouse. The explosion leveled much of the village and killed at least 89 people, and injured 98 others |
| 2008 Tibetan unrest | 2008, 16 March | Tibet | 23–400 | In order to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the armed uprising on 10 March 1959, some Tibetan demonstrators protested collectively in Tibetan areas of China and parts of southern Tibet. However, it later evolved into Tibetan attacks on civilians such as Han and Hui civilians and shops, cars, the Lhasa Great Mosque and other civilian facilities. |
| 2008 Kashgar attack | 2008, 4 August | Kashgar, Xinjiang | 17 | Two men drove an attack on the armed police of the border guard detachment of Kashgar, which was in operation. A total of 17 People's Armed Police were killed and 15 injured. |
| July 2009 Ürümqi riots | 2009, 5 July | Ürümqi | 197 | At first it was just a demonstration, which later evolved into a series of violent attacks by Uyghurs against non-Muslim ethnic groups such as the Han. At least more than 1,000 Uyghurs participated in the riot on the first day of the incident. A total of 197 people died, most of whom were Hans, with 1,721 others injured, and a large number of vehicles and buildings were destroyed. |
| 2011 Hotan attack | 2011, 18 July | Hotan, Xinjiang | 18 | 18 young Uyghur men stormed a police station and killed two security guards by stabbing and lobbing molotov cocktails. They occupied the police station, took eight hostages, and smashed and set fire to the station. Shouting slogans and unfurling banners with Jihadi writing, they refused to negotiate and engaged in a firefight with police. The attack ended within 90 minutes when police shot 14 attackers dead. Authorities detained four attackers and rescued six hostages, however two were killed. |
| 2012 Yecheng attack | 2012, 28 February | Yecheng, Xinjiang | 13 | A group of eight Uyghur men led by religious extremist Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Seven terrorists were killed on the spot by the police, while the other one was injured and died after rescue. One police officer died and 4 police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured. |
| April 2013 Bachu unrest | 2013, 24 April | Selibuya, Bachu, Xinjiang | 21 | It was an incident of ethnic clash that took place between Muslim Uyghur and Han Chinese community. As reported by BBC 21 people were killed in the incident including 15 police officers and local government officials. |
| June 2013 Shanshan riots | 2013, 26 June | Shanshan, Xinjiang | 35 | On 26 June 2013, 35 people died in the riots, including 22 civilians, two police officers and eleven attackers. |
| 2013 Tiananmen Square attack | 2013, 28 October | Beijing | 5 | A car crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, as a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; 3 inside the vehicle and 2 civilian nearby. |
| 2014 Kunming attack | 2014, 1 March | Kunming | 35 | Eight Uyghur terrorists stabbed 31 civilians to death and left 141 injured. On the afternoon of 3 March, the official announced the resolution of the case. A total of 8 people were killed. Of the 5 directly involved in the attack, 4 were killed on the spot and 1 was captured on the spot. |
| May 2014 Ürümqi attack | 2014, 22 March | Ürümqi, Xinjiang | 43 | Two sport utility vehicles (SUVs) carrying five assailants were driven into a busy street market in Ürümqi, the capital of China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Up to a dozen explosives were thrown at shoppers from the windows of the SUVs. The SUVs crashed into shoppers then collided with each other and exploded. Forty-three people were killed, including 4 of the assailants, and more than 90 wounded. The event was designated as a terrorist attack. |
| Yarkand Massacre | 2014, 28 July | Yarkant County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang | 96 | Government sources state the death toll at 96, but other estimates range into the thousands. |
| 2015 Aksu colliery attack | 2015, 18 September | Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang | 16 | A group of armed separatists attacked coal miners and security personnel, murdering 16 people and injuring 18 others. When the local police arrived at the scene, the attacker used a truck full of coal to hit the police vehicle and then fled into the mountains. The majority of the victims of this attack were Han people. |
| Yema stabbings | 2016, September 29 | Yema, Qujing, Yunnan Province | 19 | Yang Qingpei killed his parents in an argument over money and then murdered 17 neighbours in an attempt to cover up his crime. |
| 2023 Guangzhou car attack | 2023, January 11 | Guangzhou, Guangdong | 6 killed, 29 Injured | Mass intentional injury incident when the driver of a black BMW X3 deliberately rammed his vehicle into a crowd of pedestrians and motorists on Tianhe Road |
| Ju County attack | 2024, February 10 | Juxian County, Rizhao, Shandong | 21+ killed, many wounded | 21+ people, including a doctor who arrived at the scene to provide medical assistance, were killed in a village massacre in Juxian County, Shandong. |
| 2024 Zhuhai car attack | 2024, November 11 | Zhuhai, Guangdong, | 35 killed | 44 injured, including the perpetrator. |
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- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42465516
- ABC Newshttps://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-02/tiananmen-square-massacre-30-year-anniversary/11163332
- The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force, in Their Own Words
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- Amnesty Internationalhttps://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa170091990en.pdf
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- "1995年 黑龙江肇东市四站镇11.18特大持枪杀人案（冯万海 姜立明_鹤庆新闻网-鹤庆新闻-鹤庆旅游攻略-鹤庆天气-鹤庆县-鹤庆天气预报-鹤庆地图"https://web.archive.org/web/20130313152104/http://www.choumeiniu.com.cn/view-13.html
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- Amnesty Internationalhttps://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/002/2007/en/
- news.sina.cnhttps://news.sina.cn/sa/1999-10-15/detail-ikknscsh9677561.d.html
- Guangming Dailyhttps://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2000-02/08/GB/02%5E18324%5E0%5EGMA3-017.htm
- "长胜轮23人惨案一主犯落网 大海盗张军红即将受审, (June 24, 2002)"http://news.sohu.com/00/52/news201825200.shtml
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- "Xinjiang riot hits regional anti-terror nerve"https://web.archive.org/web/20091005041212/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/18/content_11727782.htm
- South China Morning Post
- "China says 14 extremists killed in Xinjiang attack"https://www.deseret.com/2011/7/20/20204751/china-says-14-extremists-killed-in-xinjiang-attack/
- "Attack on police station was 'long-planned"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-07/21/content_12947603.htm
- Sri Lanka Guardianhttp://www.srilankaguardian.org/2011/07/understanding-hotan-xinjiang-riot-in.html
- "新疆叶城县处置一起袭击公安机关暴恐案件_要闻_新闻_中国政府网"http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-06/21/content_2705650.htm
- "China's Xinjiang hit by deadly clashes"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22276042
- "Is the Kunming Knife Attack China's 9-11?"https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/is-the-kunming-knife-attack-chinas-9-11/
- Journal of Genocide Researchhttps://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2020.1848109
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- "「旧正月に山東省で自作銃殺人、１０人以上死傷」…中国当局は報道統制"https://japanese.joins.com/JArticle/314974