List of massacres in China
Updated: 5/20/2026, 7:39:27 PM Wikipedia source
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in China. The massacres are grouped for different time periods. This includes British Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, as well as Portuguese Macau and the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Tables
· Imperial China (before 1912)
Chanqping massacre
Chanqping massacre
Name
Chanqping massacre
Date (Dynasty)
260 BC
Location
Gaoping, Shanxi
Deaths
450,000
Notes
450,000 Zhao soldiers were killed during and after the battle; all survivors were killed (buried alive) with the exceptions of 240 of the youngest soldiers who were released
Xin'an massacre
Xin'an massacre
Name
Xin'an massacre
Date (Dynasty)
207 BC
Location
Xin'an (present-day Yima, Henan)
Deaths
200,000
Notes
200,000 troops from Zhang Han's army surrendered and were buried alive
Massacre of the Eunuchs
Massacre of the Eunuchs
Name
Massacre of the Eunuchs
Date (Dynasty)
22 September 189
Location
Luoyang
Deaths
2,000+
Notes
Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han.
Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province
Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province
Name
Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province
Date (Dynasty)
193
Location
Jiangsu
Deaths
100,000 civilians
Notes
Cao Cao's army killed over 100,000 civilians, including both men and women
Guandu massacre
Guandu massacre
Name
Guandu massacre
Date (Dynasty)
200
Location
Wuchao (in present-day Yanjin County, Henan)
Deaths
70 - 80
Notes
After the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao buried all the surrendered soldiers alive.
Yongjia disaster
Yongjia disaster
Name
Yongjia disaster
Date (Dynasty)
13–14 July 311 (Jin)
Location
Luoyang
Deaths
30,000, exaggerated and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster.
Notes
The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the Book of Jin compiled in 648. All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster.
Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War
Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War
Name
Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War
Date (Dynasty)
350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei)
Location
Northern China
Deaths
More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians"
Notes
Ran Min massacred over 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces.
Canhebei massacre
Canhebei massacre
Name
Canhebei massacre
Date (Dynasty)
8 December 395
Location
Canhe Slope (in modern Liangcheng)
Deaths
40,000 - 50,000
Notes
Between 40,000 and 50,000 Yan soldiers who later surrendered were all buried, presumably still alive.
Yangzhou merchants massacre
Yangzhou merchants massacre
Name
Yangzhou merchants massacre
Date (Dynasty)
760 (Tang)
Location
Yangzhou
Deaths
thousands
Notes
Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Arabs, Persians and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with the An Lushan Rebellion.
Fanyang massacre
Fanyang massacre
Name
Fanyang massacre
Date (Dynasty)
761 (Tang)
Location
Fanyang (Jicheng (Beijing))
Deaths
?
Notes
Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin.
Guangzhou merchants massacre
Guangzhou merchants massacre
Name
Guangzhou merchants massacre
Date (Dynasty)
878–879 (Tang)
Location
Guangzhou
Deaths
Tens of thousands.
(modern estimate)
120–200,000 (primary source)
Notes
Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Muslim Arabs, Persians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed.
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Name
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Date (Dynasty)
1225–1227
Location
now Ningxia and Gansu
Deaths
Several million Tangut people
Notes
Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of the Tangut people in Western Xia after they betrayed him and rebelled.
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
Name
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1583 (Ming)
Location
Gure (古哷 Gǔlè)
Deaths
?
Notes
The Jianzhou Jurchens Giocangga and his son Taksi are massacred by Nikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming.
Second Sichuan massacre
Second Sichuan massacre
Name
Second Sichuan massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1645–1646 (Qing)
Location
Sichuan
Deaths
1 million est.
Notes
There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million Sichuanese were massacred mainly by the army of Zhang Xianzhong.
Three massacres in Jiading
Three massacres in Jiading
Name
Three massacres in Jiading
Date (Dynasty)
1645 (Qing)
Location
Jiading District
Deaths
100,000
Notes
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
Jinhua massacre
Jinhua massacre
Name
Jinhua massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1646 (Qing)
Location
Jinhua
Deaths
60,000
Notes
People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Name
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Date (Dynasty)
1650–1653 (Qing)
Location
Dauriya
Deaths
Several thousand Daur people
Notes
Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacre Daur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing.
massacre of Dutch prisoners
massacre of Dutch prisoners
Name
massacre of Dutch prisoners
Date (Dynasty)
1661–1662 (Southern Ming)
Location
Taiwan
Deaths
?
Notes
Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan
Chahar Mongol rebellion
Chahar Mongol rebellion
Name
Chahar Mongol rebellion
Date (Dynasty)
1675 (Qing)
Location
Inner Mongolia
Deaths
Several thousand Chahar Mongols
Notes
Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by Abunai and his son Borni. Abunei was Ejei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them.
Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728
Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728
Name
Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728
Date (Dynasty)
1727–1728 (Qing)
Location
Tibet
Deaths
?
Notes
Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus
Lhasa riot of 1750
Lhasa riot of 1750
Name
Lhasa riot of 1750
Date (Dynasty)
1750 (Qing)
Location
Tibet
Deaths
?
Notes
Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture.
Uqturpan massacre
Uqturpan massacre
Name
Uqturpan massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1765 (Qing)
Location
Uqturpan County
Deaths
Several thousand Uyghurs
Notes
Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs.
Jahriyya revolt
Jahriyya revolt
Name
Jahriyya revolt
Date (Dynasty)
1781 (Qing)
Location
Qinghai and Gansu
Deaths
Several thousand Muslims
Notes
Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims.
Nerbudda incident
Nerbudda incident
Name
Nerbudda incident
Date (Dynasty)
10 August 1842
Location
Taiwan Prefecture
Deaths
197 British and Indian prisoners of war
Notes
On 10 August 1842, 187 British and Indian prisoners of war captured by Chinese forces from the troopship Nerbudda and brig Ann were summarily executed on the orders of the Daoguang Emperor in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the Battle of Ningpo.
Taiping massacres of Manchus
Taiping massacres of Manchus
Name
Taiping massacres of Manchus
Date (Dynasty)
December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing)
Location
mid and lower Yangtze valley
Deaths
tens of thousands of Manchus
Notes
Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region.
Ningpo massacre
Ningpo massacre
Name
Ningpo massacre
Date (Dynasty)
26 June 1857
Location
Ningbo
Deaths
40 Portuguese pirates
Notes
Cantonese pirates led by Ah Pak killed 40 Portuguese pirates.
Dungan Revolt
Dungan Revolt
Name
Dungan Revolt
Date (Dynasty)
1862–1873 (Qing)
Location
Provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu
Deaths
?
Notes
Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague, Gansu lost 74 % (14 million) of its population while Shaanxi lost 44 % (6 million) of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu perm
Suzhou massacre
Suzhou massacre
Name
Suzhou massacre
Date (Dynasty)
December 1863
Location
Suzhou, Jiangsu
Deaths
20,000-40,000
Notes
Massacre of POWs by Huai Army led by Li Hongzhang
Jindandao incident
Jindandao incident
Name
Jindandao incident
Date (Dynasty)
1891 (Qing)
Location
Inner Mongolia
Deaths
150,000 – 500,000
Notes
Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident
Port Arthur massacre
Port Arthur massacre
Name
Port Arthur massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1894, 21 November (Qing)
Location
Lüshunkou, Liaoning
Deaths
2600–20,000
Notes
2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the
Kucheng massacre
Kucheng massacre
Name
Kucheng massacre
Date (Dynasty)
August 1, 1895
Location
Gutian (at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian
Deaths
11
Notes
A Fasting folk religious group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses.
Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre
Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre
Name
Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre
Date (Dynasty)
1900 (Qing)
Location
Beijing, Aigun, Blagoveshchensk
Deaths
Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people
Notes
Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign Eight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and Daur people in Blagoveshchensk during the Russian invasion of Manchuria
Shaanxi Uprising
Shaanxi Uprising
Name
Shaanxi Uprising
Date (Dynasty)
1911–1912 (Qing)
Location
Wuhan in Hubei, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, Taiyuan in Shanxi and Xi'an in Shaanxi
Deaths
Tens of thousands of Manchus
Notes
Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands.
| Name | Date (Dynasty) | Location | Deaths | Notes |
| Chanqping massacre | 260 BC | Gaoping, Shanxi | 450,000 | 450,000 Zhao soldiers were killed during and after the battle; all survivors were killed (buried alive) with the exceptions of 240 of the youngest soldiers who were released |
| Xin'an massacre | 207 BC | Xin'an (present-day Yima, Henan) | 200,000 | 200,000 troops from Zhang Han's army surrendered and were buried alive |
| Massacre of the Eunuchs | 22 September 189 | Luoyang | 2,000+ | Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han. |
| Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province | 193 | Jiangsu | 100,000 civilians | Cao Cao's army killed over 100,000 civilians, including both men and women |
| Guandu massacre | 200 | Wuchao (in present-day Yanjin County, Henan) | 70 - 80 | After the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao buried all the surrendered soldiers alive. |
| Yongjia disaster | 13–14 July 311 (Jin) | Luoyang | 30,000, exaggerated and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster. | The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the Book of Jin compiled in 648. All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster. |
| Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War | 350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei) | Northern China | More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians" | Ran Min massacred over 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces. |
| Canhebei massacre | 8 December 395 | Canhe Slope (in modern Liangcheng) | 40,000 - 50,000 | Between 40,000 and 50,000 Yan soldiers who later surrendered were all buried, presumably still alive. |
| Yangzhou merchants massacre | 760 (Tang) | Yangzhou | thousands | Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Arabs, Persians and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with the An Lushan Rebellion. |
| Fanyang massacre | 761 (Tang) | Fanyang (Jicheng (Beijing)) | ? | Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin. |
| Massacre of Uyghur Manichaeans and Huichang persecution of Buddhism | 13 February 843–845 | Shahu in | 10,000 Uyghurs were killed at Shahu by Tang armies, more Manichaean priests massacred after Shahu and more Uyghurs were killed by the Yenisei Kyrgyz | Tang dynasty general Shi Xiong slaughtered 10,000 Uyghur Manichaeans at Shahu on 13 February 843 and then the Tang dynasty launched the Huichang persecution of Buddhism where Manichaean priests were slaughtered. Another Tang dynasty general Liu Mian massacred the remaining Uyghur troops. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate helped the Tang dynasty massacre |
| Guangzhou merchants massacre | 878–879 (Tang) | Guangzhou | Tens of thousands. (modern estimate) 120–200,000 (primary source) | Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Muslim Arabs, Persians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed. |
| Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty | 1211–1234 (Song) | Northern China | Several million Han and Jurchen people | Genghis Khan and his sons waged war against the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and after siege of Kaifeng (1232) they massacred Jurchens of the imperial family, Wanyan. |
| Mongol conquest of Western Xia | 1225–1227 | now Ningxia and Gansu | Several million Tangut people | Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of the Tangut people in Western Xia after they betrayed him and rebelled. |
| First Sichuan massacre | 1221–1264 (Song) | Sichuan | 2 million est. | Part of Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty. |
| Ispah Quanzhou massacres | 1357–1366 (Yuan) | Quanzhou | ? | Yuan dynasty loyalists led by Chen Youding massacred Hui Semu Muslims who rebelled against Yuan rule. |
| Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre | 1583 (Ming) | Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) | ? | The Jianzhou Jurchens Giocangga and his son Taksi are massacred by Nikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming. |
| Second Sichuan massacre | 1645–1646 (Qing) | Sichuan | 1 million est. | There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million Sichuanese were massacred mainly by the army of Zhang Xianzhong. |
| Yangzhou massacre | 1645 (Qing) | Yangzhou | 300,000 (modern estimate) | The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killings of innocent civilians by Manchu and defected Han Chinese soldiers, commanded by the Manchu general Dodo. Defected southern Han Chinese made up the majority in addition to the Eight Banner Han forces. The massacre is described in a contemporary account, A |
| Three massacres in Jiading | 1645 (Qing) | Jiading District | 100,000 | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong |
| Jinhua massacre | 1646 (Qing) | Jinhua | 60,000 | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong |
| Massacre of Muslims loyal to the Ming in Gansu | 1649 (Qing) | Gansu | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming dynasty were massacred by Qing Eight banner armies. |
| Sino-Russian border conflicts | 1650–1653 (Qing) | Dauriya | Several thousand Daur people | Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacre Daur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing. |
| massacre of Dutch prisoners | 1661–1662 (Southern Ming) | Taiwan | ? | Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan |
| Chahar Mongol rebellion | 1675 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | Several thousand Chahar Mongols | Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by Abunai and his son Borni. Abunei was Ejei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them. |
| Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728 | 1727–1728 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus |
| Lhasa riot of 1750 | 1750 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture. |
| Dzungar genocide | 1755–1757 (Qing) | Dzungar Khanate | 480,000 | The Qing Dynasty's army slaughtered 80% of the Oirat Mongols. |
| Uqturpan massacre | 1765 (Qing) | Uqturpan County | Several thousand Uyghurs | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs. |
| Jahriyya revolt | 1781 (Qing) | Qinghai and Gansu | Several thousand Muslims | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims. |
| Nerbudda incident | 10 August 1842 | Taiwan Prefecture | 197 British and Indian prisoners of war | On 10 August 1842, 187 British and Indian prisoners of war captured by Chinese forces from the troopship Nerbudda and brig Ann were summarily executed on the orders of the Daoguang Emperor in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the Battle of Ningpo. |
| Taiping massacres of Manchus | December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing) | mid and lower Yangtze valley | tens of thousands of Manchus | Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region. |
| Ningpo massacre | 26 June 1857 | Ningbo | 40 Portuguese pirates | Cantonese pirates led by Ah Pak killed 40 Portuguese pirates. |
| Dungan Revolt | 1862–1873 (Qing) | Provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu | ? | Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague, Gansu lost 74 % (14 million) of its population while Shaanxi lost 44 % (6 million) of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu perm |
| Suzhou massacre | December 1863 | Suzhou, Jiangsu | 20,000-40,000 | Massacre of POWs by Huai Army led by Li Hongzhang |
| Jindandao incident | 1891 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | 150,000 – 500,000 | Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident |
| Port Arthur massacre | 1894, 21 November (Qing) | Lüshunkou, Liaoning | 2600–20,000 | 2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the |
| Kucheng massacre | August 1, 1895 | Gutian (at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian | 11 | A Fasting folk religious group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses. |
| Second Dungan Revolt | 1895–1896 (Qing) | Provinces of Qinghai and Gansu | 100,000 | Second Dungan Revolt (Chinese: 乙未河湟事变) was a rebellion of various Chinese Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu against the Qing dynasty, that originated because of a violent dispute between two Sufi orders of the same sect. The Wahhabi-inspired Yihewani organization then joined in and encouraged the revolt, which was crushed by loyalist Muslim |
| Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre | 1900 (Qing) | Beijing, Aigun, Blagoveshchensk | Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people | Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign Eight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and Daur people in Blagoveshchensk during the Russian invasion of Manchuria |
| Shaanxi Uprising | 1911–1912 (Qing) | Wuhan in Hubei, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, Taiyuan in Shanxi and Xi'an in Shaanxi | Tens of thousands of Manchus | Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands. |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1912–1937
Longjing Manse Movement
Longjing Manse Movement
Name
Longjing Manse Movement
Date
March 13, 1919
Location
Longjing, Jilin, Republic of China
Victims
17 or 19
Notes
Unarmed Korean peaceful protestors were fired on by Chinese soldiers under warlord Zhang Zuolin, which caused 17 or 19 deaths and around 30 injuries
Gando massacre
Gando massacre
Name
Gando massacre
Date
October 1920 – April 1921
Location
Jiandao, Eastern Manchuria
Victims
5,000
Notes
During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape.
Shakee Massacre
Shakee Massacre
Name
Shakee Massacre
Date
23 June 1925
Location
Shaji, Guangzhou
Victims
50
Notes
50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang, announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am, when the p
March 18 Massacre
March 18 Massacre
Name
March 18 Massacre
Date
18 March 1926
Location
Beijing
Victims
47
Notes
47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured.
Shanghai massacre of 1927
Shanghai massacre of 1927
Name
Shanghai massacre of 1927
Date
1927, 12 April
Location
Shanghai
Victims
1200
Notes
300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Name
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Date
September 7, 1927
Location
Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei
Victims
390,000
Kuomintang anti-communist massacre
Kuomintang anti-communist massacre
Name
Kuomintang anti-communist massacre
Date
1928
Location
Nationwide in China
Victims
40,643~310,000
Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe
Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe
Name
Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe
Date
1928
Location
Jonê County and Xiahe County Gansu
Victims
?
Notes
Tibetans in Labrang Monastery were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers.
Golok massacres
Golok massacres
Name
Golok massacres
Date
1917–1949
Location
Qinghai and Gansu
Victims
?
Notes
Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times
Anti-Bolshevik League incident
Anti-Bolshevik League incident
Name
Anti-Bolshevik League incident
Date
May 1930 – 1931
Location
Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Victims
5000
Notes
5000 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers.
Futian incident
Futian incident
Name
Futian incident
Date
December 1930 – December 1931
Location
Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Victims
200
Notes
200 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the Anti-Bolshevik League and ties to Trotskyism.
Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Name
Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet
Date
1931–1935
Location
Provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian
Victims
<700,000
Notes
According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime.
Pingdingshan massacre
Pingdingshan massacre
Name
Pingdingshan massacre
Date
1932, 16 September
Location
Pingdingshan
Victims
800–1200
Notes
800–1200 direct deaths conducted by Japanese military.
Kizil massacre
Kizil massacre
Name
Kizil massacre
Date
1933, June
Location
near Kashgar, Xinjiang
Victims
800
Notes
An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters.
Minsaengdan incident
Minsaengdan incident
Name
Minsaengdan incident
Date
1933 to 1936
Location
Manchuria
Victims
500
Notes
The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Mins
Kashgar massacre
Kashgar massacre
Name
Kashgar massacre
Date
1934
Location
Kashgar, Xinjiang
Victims
1,700–2,000
Notes
Estimates are that 1,700 to 2,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
| Longjing Manse Movement | March 13, 1919 | Longjing, Jilin, Republic of China | 17 or 19 | Unarmed Korean peaceful protestors were fired on by Chinese soldiers under warlord Zhang Zuolin, which caused 17 or 19 deaths and around 30 injuries |
| Gando massacre | October 1920 – April 1921 | Jiandao, Eastern Manchuria | 5,000 | During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape. |
| Shakee Massacre | 23 June 1925 | Shaji, Guangzhou | 50 | 50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang, announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am, when the p |
| March 18 Massacre | 18 March 1926 | Beijing | 47 | 47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured. |
| Shanghai massacre of 1927 | 1927, 12 April | Shanghai | 1200 | 300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing |
| Autumn Harvest Uprising | September 7, 1927 | Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei | 390,000 | |
| Kuomintang anti-communist massacre | 1928 | Nationwide in China | 40,643~310,000 | |
| Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe | 1928 | Jonê County and Xiahe County Gansu | ? | Tibetans in Labrang Monastery were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers. |
| Golok massacres | 1917–1949 | Qinghai and Gansu | ? | Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times |
| Anti-Bolshevik League incident | May 1930 – 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 5000 | 5000 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers. |
| Futian incident | December 1930 – December 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 200 | 200 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the Anti-Bolshevik League and ties to Trotskyism. |
| Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 1931–1935 | Provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian | <700,000 | According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime. |
| Pingdingshan massacre | 1932, 16 September | Pingdingshan | 800–1200 | 800–1200 direct deaths conducted by Japanese military. |
| Kizil massacre | 1933, June | near Kashgar, Xinjiang | 800 | An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters. |
| Minsaengdan incident | 1933 to 1936 | Manchuria | 500 | The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Mins |
| Kashgar massacre | 1934 | Kashgar, Xinjiang | 1,700–2,000 | Estimates are that 1,700 to 2,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre. |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1937–1945 (Second Sino-Japanese War)
Tongzhou mutiny
Tongzhou mutiny
Name
Tongzhou mutiny
Date
29 July 1937
Location
Tongzhou District, Beijing
Victims
?
Notes
Chinese collaborationist troops of the East Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese.
Zhengding Missionary Murder
Zhengding Missionary Murder
Name
Zhengding Missionary Murder
Date
9 October 1937
Location
Zhengding, Hebei province
Victims
9
Notes
Kidnapping and Murder of nine Catholic priests by Japanese troops
Datong Mass Grave
Datong Mass Grave
Name
Datong Mass Grave
Date
1937–1945
Location
Datong, Shanxi
Victims
155,000+
Notes
Japanese military caused deaths of between 60,000 and over 155,000 laborers working in coal mines around Datong.
Nanjing Massacre
Nanjing Massacre
Name
Nanjing Massacre
Date
13 December 1937 to 1938
Location
Nanjing, Jiangsu
Victims
100,000~300,000
Notes
40,000 were massacred within Nanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000".
1938 Changsha fire
1938 Changsha fire
Name
1938 Changsha fire
Date
13 November 1938
Location
Changsha
Victims
30,000
Notes
Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture.
Three Alls Policy
Three Alls Policy
Name
Three Alls Policy
Date
1940–1942
Location
North China
Victims
2 million
Notes
Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military.
Panjiayu Massacre
Panjiayu Massacre
Name
Panjiayu Massacre
Date
1941, 25 January
Location
Panjiayu, Hebei
Victims
1298
Notes
Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military as part of the Three Alls Policy.
St. Stephen's College massacre
St. Stephen's College massacre
Name
St. Stephen's College massacre
Date
1941, 25 December
Location
British Hong Kong
Victims
100
Notes
100 people killed by Japanese military.
Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
Name
Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
Date
1942, 15 May – 4 September
Location
Provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi
Victims
250,000
Notes
Conducted by Japanese military as retaliation for Chinese civilians giving shelter to American pilots after the Doolittle Raid.
Changjiao massacre
Changjiao massacre
Name
Changjiao massacre
Date
1943, 9–12 May
Location
Changjiao, Hunan
Victims
30,000
Notes
Conducted by the Japanese military.
Nanshitou Massacre
Nanshitou Massacre
Name
Nanshitou Massacre
Date
1942–1945
Location
Nanshitou Refugee Camp, Guangzhou
Victims
100,000
Notes
At least 100,000 deaths caused by Japanese military. Biological weapons and human experimentation involved.
Yan'an Rectification Movement
Yan'an Rectification Movement
Name
Yan'an Rectification Movement
Date
1942–1945
Location
Yan'an, Shaanxi
Notes
A mass movement launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party that led to numerous executions. Regarded by many as the origin of Mao Zedong's cult of personality.
Gegenmiao massacre
Gegenmiao massacre
Name
Gegenmiao massacre
Date
14 August 1945
Location
Gegenmiao, Horqin Right Front Banner of the Hinggan League of Inner Mongolia.
Victims
1,800
Notes
During its invasion of Manchuria, the Soviet Red Army massacred fleeing Japanese refugees at the town of Gegenmiao.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
| Tongzhou mutiny | 29 July 1937 | Tongzhou District, Beijing | ? | Chinese collaborationist troops of the East Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese. | |
| Zhengding Missionary Murder | 9 October 1937 | Zhengding, Hebei province | 9 | Kidnapping and Murder of nine Catholic priests by Japanese troops | |
| Datong Mass Grave | 1937–1945 | Datong, Shanxi | 155,000+ | Japanese military caused deaths of between 60,000 and over 155,000 laborers working in coal mines around Datong. | |
| Nanjing Massacre | 13 December 1937 to 1938 | Nanjing, Jiangsu | 100,000~300,000 | 40,000 were massacred within Nanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000". | |
| 1938 Changsha fire | 13 November 1938 | Changsha | 30,000 | Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture. | |
| Three Alls Policy | 1940–1942 | North China | 2 million | Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military. | |
| Panjiayu Massacre | 1941, 25 January | Panjiayu, Hebei | 1298 | Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military as part of the Three Alls Policy. | |
| St. Stephen's College massacre | 1941, 25 December | British Hong Kong | 100 | 100 people killed by Japanese military. | |
| Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres | 1942, 15 May – 4 September | Provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi | 250,000 | Conducted by Japanese military as retaliation for Chinese civilians giving shelter to American pilots after the Doolittle Raid. | |
| Changjiao massacre | 1943, 9–12 May | Changjiao, Hunan | 30,000 | Conducted by the Japanese military. | |
| Nanshitou Massacre | 1942–1945 | Nanshitou Refugee Camp, Guangzhou | 100,000 | At least 100,000 deaths caused by Japanese military. Biological weapons and human experimentation involved. | |
| Yan'an Rectification Movement | 1942–1945 | Yan'an, Shaanxi | A mass movement launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party that led to numerous executions. Regarded by many as the origin of Mao Zedong's cult of personality. | ||
| Gegenmiao massacre | 14 August 1945 | Gegenmiao, Horqin Right Front Banner of the Hinggan League of Inner Mongolia. | 1,800 | During its invasion of Manchuria, the Soviet Red Army massacred fleeing Japanese refugees at the town of Gegenmiao. |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1945–1949 (Civil War)
February 28 incident
February 28 incident
Name
February 28 incident
Location
Taiwan Province
Date
1947, 28 February – 16 May
Victims
Roughly 8,000
Notes
The Kuomintang responded to a revolt by native Taiwanese by beginning a campaign of repression.
Siege of Changchun
Siege of Changchun
Name
Siege of Changchun
Location
Jilin Province
Date
1948, 23 May – 19 October 1948
Victims
120,000 to 330,000 civilian deaths due to starvation
Notes
The civilian population of Changchun was caught between the besieging People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the occupying Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF). The PLA cut off food from entering the city by land, and while the ROCAF could be supplied by air, the civilian population could not. Neither side accepted responsibility for feeding the civi
| Name | Location | Date | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
| February 28 incident | Taiwan Province | 1947, 28 February – 16 May | Roughly 8,000 | The Kuomintang responded to a revolt by native Taiwanese by beginning a campaign of repression. | |
| Siege of Changchun | Jilin Province | 1948, 23 May – 19 October 1948 | 120,000 to 330,000 civilian deaths due to starvation | The civilian population of Changchun was caught between the besieging People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the occupying Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF). The PLA cut off food from entering the city by land, and while the ROCAF could be supplied by air, the civilian population could not. Neither side accepted responsibility for feeding the civi |
· Republic of China (since 1912) › 1949–present
Lieyu Massacre
Lieyu Massacre
Name
Lieyu Massacre
Date
1987, 7–8 March
Location
Lieyu, Kinmen
Victims
24
Notes
Launched by Republic of China Army, followed by evidence destroyed and denial with cover-up measures.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
| Lieyu Massacre | 1987, 7–8 March | Lieyu, Kinmen | 24 | Launched by Republic of China Army, followed by evidence destroyed and denial with cover-up measures. |
References
- Book of Jin
- The earliest Muslim communities in Chinahttps://www.kfcris.com/en/view/post/155
- Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Windshttps://web.archive.org/web/20210504233858/https://asia.si.edu/research/exhibition-catalogues/shipwrecked-catalog/
- A History of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=oflvAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198
- The Journal of Asian Studieshttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=7001496
- Struve (1993) (note at p. 269), following a 1964 article by Zhang Defang, notes that the entire city's population at the
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- Booboonehttps://booboone.com/massacres-in-china/
- Geometric mean of 480,000 and 600,000 rounded up to nearest ten thousand.
- 历史地理第19辑https://web.archive.org/web/20090101222355/http://yugong.fudan.edu.cn/Article/Info_View.asp?ArticleID=73
- 中国人口史 卷5 清时期
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- 东岳论丛https://web.archive.org/web/20220116180325/http://www.qinghistory.cn/qsyj/ztyj/zwgx/2006-06-27/25610.shtml
- 党员、党权与党争: 1924–1949年中国国民党的组织形态https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202350/https://history.sohu.com/20131202/n391086863_1.shtml