List of human evolution fossils

The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago. As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but shows some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated. The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.

Tables

· Late Miocene (7.2–5.5 million years old)

TM 266 (Toumai)

Name

TM 266 (Toumai)

Age (Ma)

7.00–6.00

Species

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Yeardiscovered

2001

Country

ChadSite:Djurab Desert

Discovered by

Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye

Now located at

N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC

BAR 1000'00

Name

BAR 1000'00

Age (Ma)

6.1–5.7

Species

Orrorin tugenensis

Yeardiscovered

2000

Country

KenyaSite:Lukeino

Discovered by

Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut

ALA-VP 1/20

Name

ALA-VP 1/20

Age (Ma)

5.65±0.150

Species

Ardipithecus kadabba

Yeardiscovered

1997

Country

EthiopiaSite:Middle Awash

Discovered by

Yohannes Haile-Selassie

Image	Name	Age (Ma)	Species	Yeardiscovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	TM 266 (Toumai)	7.00–6.00	Sahelanthropus tchadensis	2001	ChadSite:Djurab Desert	Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye	N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC
	BAR 1000'00	6.1–5.7	Orrorin tugenensis	2000	KenyaSite:Lukeino	Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut
	ALA-VP 1/20	5.65±0.150	Ardipithecus kadabba	1997	EthiopiaSite:Middle Awash	Yohannes Haile-Selassie

· Pliocene (5.3–2.58 million years old)

Ardi

Name

Ardi

Age (Ma)

4.40

Species

Ardipithecus ramidus

Yeardiscovered

1994

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Yohannes Haile-Selassie

Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)

Name

Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)

Age (Ma)

4.60±0.40

Species

Australopithecus sp. or undetermined Hominidae

Yeardiscovered

1967

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Arnold Lewis, Bryan Patterson

KNM-TH 13150

Name

KNM-TH 13150

Age (Ma)

4.70±0.55

Species

Orrorin praegens

Yeardiscovered

1984

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Kiptalam Cheboi

KNM-KP 271

Name

KNM-KP 271

Age (Ma)

4.00

Species

Australopithecus anamensis

Yeardiscovered

1965

Country

Kanapoi, Kenya

Discovered by

Bryan Patterson

Laetoli Footprints

Name

Laetoli Footprints

Age (Ma)

3.70

Species

Bipedal hominin

Yeardiscovered

1976

Country

Tanzania

Discovered by

Mary Leakey

LH 4

Name

LH 4

Age (Ma)

3.40±0.50

Species

Australopithecus afarensis

Yeardiscovered

1974

Country

Laetoli, Tanzania

Discovered by

Mary Leakey

KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu)

Name

KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu)

Age (Ma)

3.58

Species

Australopithecus afarensis

Yeardiscovered

2005

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Yohannes Haile-Selassie

KT-12/H1 (Abel)

Name

KT-12/H1 (Abel)

Age (Ma)

3.50

Species

Australopithecus bahrelghazali

Yeardiscovered

1995

Country

Chad

Discovered by

Mamelbaye Tomalta and Michel Brunet

Now located at

N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC

KNM-WT 22944 G-J

Name

KNM-WT 22944 G-J

Age (Ma)

3.50

Species

Australopithecus sp.

Yeardiscovered

1990

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Multinational team

Now located at

National Museums of Kenya

KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)

Name

KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)

Age (Ma)

3.50-3.20

Species

Kenyanthropus platyops

Yeardiscovered

1999

Country

Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya

Discovered by

Justus Erus and Meave Leakey

BRT-VP-3/14

Name

BRT-VP-3/14

Age (Ma)

3.40±0.10

Species

Australopithecus deyiremeda

Yeardiscovered

2015

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Yohannes Haile-Selassie

Stw 573 (Little foot)

Name

Stw 573 (Little foot)

Age (Ma)

3.67

Species

Australopithecus prometheus(?)

Yeardiscovered

1994

Country

Sterkfontein, South Africa

Discovered by

Ronald J. Clarke

DIK-1 (Selam)

Name

DIK-1 (Selam)

Age (Ma)

3.30

Species

Australopithecus afarensis

Yeardiscovered

2000

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Zeresenay Alemseged

AL 288-1 (Lucy)

Name

AL 288-1 (Lucy)

Age (Ma)

3.20

Species

Australopithecus afarensis

Yeardiscovered

1974

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb

Now located at

National Museum of Ethiopia

AL 200-1

Name

AL 200-1

Age (Ma)

3.10±0.10

Species

Australopithecus afarensis

Yeardiscovered

1975

Country

Afar Region, Ethiopia

Discovered by

Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb

AL 129-1

Name

AL 129-1

Age (Ma)

3.10±0.10

Species

Australopithecus afarensis

Yeardiscovered

1973

Country

Afar Region, Ethiopia

Discovered by

Donald Johanson

AL 444-2

Name

AL 444-2

Age (Ma)

3.00

Species

Australopithecus afarensis

Yeardiscovered

1992

Country

Afar Region, Ethiopia

Discovered by

Yoel Rak

LD 350-1

Name

LD 350-1

Age (Ma)

2.775±0.025

Species

Homo(?)

Yeardiscovered

2013

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Chalachew Seyoum

Taung Child 1

Name

Taung Child 1

Age (Ma)

3.03–2.61

Species

Australopithecus africanus

Yeardiscovered

1924

Country

Buxton-Norlim Limeworks, South Africa

Discovered by

Raymond Dart

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand

Image	Name	Age (Ma)	Species	Yeardiscovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	Ardi	4.40	Ardipithecus ramidus	1994	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie
	Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)	4.60±0.40	Australopithecus sp. or undetermined Hominidae	1967	Kenya	Arnold Lewis, Bryan Patterson
	KNM-TH 13150	4.70±0.55	Orrorin praegens	1984	Kenya	Kiptalam Cheboi
	KNM-KP 271	4.00	Australopithecus anamensis	1965	Kanapoi, Kenya	Bryan Patterson
	Laetoli Footprints	3.70	Bipedal hominin	1976	Tanzania	Mary Leakey
	LH 4	3.40±0.50	Australopithecus afarensis	1974	Laetoli, Tanzania	Mary Leakey
	KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu)	3.58	Australopithecus afarensis	2005	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie
	KT-12/H1 (Abel)	3.50	Australopithecus bahrelghazali	1995	Chad	Mamelbaye Tomalta and Michel Brunet	N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC
	KNM-WT 22944 G-J	3.50	Australopithecus sp.	1990	Kenya	Multinational team	National Museums of Kenya
	KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)	3.50-3.20	Kenyanthropus platyops	1999	Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya	Justus Erus and Meave Leakey
	BRT-VP-3/14	3.40±0.10	Australopithecus deyiremeda	2015	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie
	Stw 573 (Little foot)	3.67	Australopithecus prometheus(?)	1994	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Ronald J. Clarke
	DIK-1 (Selam)	3.30	Australopithecus afarensis	2000	Ethiopia	Zeresenay Alemseged
	AL 288-1 (Lucy)	3.20	Australopithecus afarensis	1974	Ethiopia	Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb	National Museum of Ethiopia
	AL 200-1	3.10±0.10	Australopithecus afarensis	1975	Afar Region, Ethiopia	Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb
	AL 129-1	3.10±0.10	Australopithecus afarensis	1973	Afar Region, Ethiopia	Donald Johanson
	AL 444-2	3.00	Australopithecus afarensis	1992	Afar Region, Ethiopia	Yoel Rak
	LD 350-1	2.775±0.025	Homo(?)	2013	Ethiopia	Chalachew Seyoum
	Taung Child 1	3.03–2.61	Australopithecus africanus	1924	Buxton-Norlim Limeworks, South Africa	Raymond Dart	University of the Witwatersrand

· Pleistocene › Lower Paleolithic: 2.58–0.3 million years old

KNM-WT 17000(The Black Skull)

Col 1

Name

KNM-WT 17000(The Black Skull)

Age (Ma)

2.50

Species

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Datediscovered

1985

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Alan Walker

BOU-VP-12/130

Col 1

Name

BOU-VP-12/130

Age (Ma)

2.50

Species

Australopithecus garhi

Datediscovered

1997

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Yohannes Haile-Selassie

LD-760

Name

LD-760

Age (Ma)

2.63

Species

Australopithecus sp. indet.

Datediscovered

2025

Country

Ethiopia

STS 71

Col 1

Name

STS 71

Age (Ma)

2.61–2.07

Species

Australopithecus africanus

Datediscovered

1947

Country

Sterkfontein, South Africa

Discovered by

Robert Broom and John T. Robinson

Now located at

Ditsong National Museum of Natural History

STS 52

Col 1

Name

STS 52

Age (Ma)

2.61–2.07

Species

Australopithecus africanus

Datediscovered

1947

Country

Sterkfontein, South Africa

Discovered by

Robert Broom

Now located at

Ditsong National Museum of Natural History

UR 501 (Uraha jawbone)

Col 1

Name

UR 501 (Uraha jawbone)

Age (Ma)

2.40±0.10

Species

Homo rudolfensis

Datediscovered

1991

Country

Malawi

Discovered by

Tyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk

STS 5 (Mrs. Ples) (STS 14)

Col 1

Name

STS 5 (Mrs. Ples) (STS 14)

Age (Ma)

2.07

Species

Australopithecus africanus

Datediscovered

1947

Country

Sterkfontein, South Africa

Discovered by

Robert Broom

Now located at

Ditsong National Museum of Natural History

DNH 134 (Simon)

Name

DNH 134 (Simon)

Age (Ma)

2.04

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2015

Country

Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa

Discovered by

Andy Herries' team (excavated by Richard Curtis, Andy Herries, Angeline Leece; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand

DNH 155

Name

DNH 155

Age (Ma)

2.04–1.95

Species

Paranthropus robustus

Datediscovered

2018

Country

Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa

Discovered by

Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first found by Samantha Good and excavated by Samantha Good, Angeline Leece, Stephanie Baker and Andy Herries; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand

DNH 152(Khethi)

Name

DNH 152(Khethi)

Age (Ma)

2.04–1.95

Species

Paranthropus robustus

Datediscovered

2018

Country

Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa

Discovered by

Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first part found by Khethi Nkosi. later parts by Amber Jaeger, Eunice Lalunio; reconstructed by Jesse Martin & Angeline Leece)

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand

DNH 7(Eurydice)

Col 1

Name

DNH 7(Eurydice)

Age (Ma)

2.04–1.95

Species

Paranthropus robustus

Datediscovered

1994

Country

Drimolen, Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa

Discovered by

R. Smith and André Keyser

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand

KNM-ER 64060

Name

KNM-ER 64060

Age (Ma)

2.03

Species

Homo habilis

Datediscovered

2012

Country

Ileret, Kenya

KNM-ER 64061

Name

KNM-ER 64061

Age (Ma)

2.02

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2012-2013

Country

Ileret, Kenya

TM 1517

Col 1

Name

TM 1517

Age (Ma)

2.0

Species

Paranthropus robustus

Datediscovered

1938

Country

South Africa

Discovered by

Gert Terblanche

Now located at

Ditsong National Museum of Natural History

MH1 (Karabo)

Col 1

Name

MH1 (Karabo)

Age (Ma)

1.98

Species

Australopithecus sediba

Datediscovered

2008

Country

Malapa, South Africa

Discovered by

Matthew Berger and Lee Rogers Berger

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand

KNM-ER 1813

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 1813

Age (Ma)

1.90

Species

Homo habilis

Datediscovered

1973

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Kamoya Kimeu

KNM-ER 1470

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 1470

Age (Ma)

1.90

Species

Homo rudolfensis

Datediscovered

1972

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Bernard Ngeneo

SK 48

Col 1

Name

SK 48

Age (Ma)

2.25–1.80

Species

Paranthropus robustus

Datediscovered

1948

Country

Swartkrans, South Africa

Discovered by

Robert Broom

Now located at

Ditsong National Museum of Natural History

SK 46

Col 1

Name

SK 46

Age (Ma)

2.25–1.80

Species

Paranthropus robustus

Datediscovered

1949

Country

Swartkrans, South Africa

Discovered by

Robert Broom

Now located at

Ditsong National Museum of Natural History

SK 847

Col 1

Name

SK 847

Age (Ma)

2.25–1.80

Species

Homo habilis

Datediscovered

1949

Country

Swartkrans, South Africa

Now located at

Ditsong National Museum of Natural History

OH 24(Twiggy)

Col 1

Name

OH 24(Twiggy)

Age (Ma)

1.80

Species

Homo habilis

Datediscovered

1968

Country

Tanzania

Discovered by

Peter Nzube

OH 8

Col 1

Name

OH 8

Age (Ma)

1.80

Species

Homo habilis

Datediscovered

1960

Country

Olduvai, Tanzania

D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3)

Col 1

Name

D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3)

Age (Ma)

1.81±0.40

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2001

Country

Dmanisi, Georgia

Discovered by

David Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua

D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4)

Col 1

Name

D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4)

Age (Ma)

1.81±0.40

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2003

Country

Dmanisi, Georgia

Discovered by

David Lordkipanidze

D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5)

Col 1

Name

D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5)

Age (Ma)

1.81±0.40

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2005 (published in 2013)

Country

Dmanisi, Georgia

Discovered by

David Lordkipanidze

KNM-ER 62000–62003

Name

KNM-ER 62000–62003

Age (Ma)

1.84±0.60

Species

Homo rudolfensis

Datediscovered

2012

Country

Koobi Fora, Kenya

Discovered by

Meave Leakey's team

KNM-ER 64062

Name

KNM-ER 64062

Age (Ma)

1.84±0.02

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2013

Country

Ileret, Kenya

OH 5(Zinj ornutcracker man)

Col 1

Name

OH 5(Zinj ornutcracker man)

Age (Ma)

1.75

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

1959

Country

Tanzania

Discovered by

Mary Leakey

OH 7 (Johnny's Child)

Col 1

Name

OH 7 (Johnny's Child)

Age (Ma)

1.75

Species

Homo habilis

Datediscovered

1960

Country

Tanzania

Discovered by

Jonathan and Mary Leakey

StW 53

Col 1

Name

StW 53

Age (Ma)

1.8–1.6

Species

variously A. africanus, H. habilis, H. gautengensis

Datediscovered

1976

Country

Sterkfontein, South Africa

Discovered by

A. R. Hughes

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand

KNM-ER 1805

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 1805

Age (Ma)

1.74

Species

Homo habilis

Datediscovered

1973/4

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Paul Abell

Yuanmou Man

Col 1

Name

Yuanmou Man

Age (Ma)

1.70or 0.60–0.50(disputed)

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1965

Country

China

Discovered by

Fang Qian

KNM-ER 406

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 406

Age (Ma)

1.70

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

1969

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Richard Leakey

KNM-ER 732

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 732

Age (Ma)

1.70

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

1970

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Richard Leakey

KNM-ER 23000

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 23000

Age (Ma)

1.70

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

1990

Country

Koobi Fora, Kenya

Discovered by

Benson Kyongo

KNM-WT 17400

Col 1

Name

KNM-WT 17400

Age (Ma)

1.70

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

Not known

Country

Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana) Kenya

Discovered by

unknown

Now located at

National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia)

KNM-ER 3733

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 3733

Age (Ma)

1.63±0.15

Species

Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)

Datediscovered

1975

Country

Kenya

Lantian Man

Col 1

Name

Lantian Man

Age (Ma)

1.62±0.03

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1963

Country

Lantian County, China

Discovered by

Woo Ju-Kang

KNM-WT 15000(Turkana Boy)

Col 1

Name

KNM-WT 15000(Turkana Boy)

Age (Ma)

1.60

Species

Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)

Datediscovered

1984

Country

Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya

Discovered by

Kamoya Kimeu

Now located at

Kenya National Museum

Peninj Mandible

Col 1

Name

Peninj Mandible

Age (Ma)

1.50

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

1964

Country

Tanzania

Discovered by

Richard Leakey

Ileret Footprints

Col 1

Name

Ileret Footprints

Age (Ma)

1.50

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2007-2014

Country

Ileret, Kenya

KNM-ER 992

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 992

Age (Ma)

1.50

Species

Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)

Datediscovered

1971

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Richard Leakey

KNM-ER 3883

Col 1

Name

KNM-ER 3883

Age (Ma)

1.57±0.08

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1976

Country

Kenya

Discovered by

Richard Leakey

Mojokerto 1(Mojokerto child)

Col 1

Name

Mojokerto 1(Mojokerto child)

Age (Ma)

1.43±0.10

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1936

Country

Indonesia

Discovered by

Andojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald

BL02-J54-100

Col 1

Name

BL02-J54-100

Age (Ma)

1.40

Species

Similar to H. heidelbergensis

Datediscovered

Unknown

Country

Spain

Discovered by

Unknown

KGA 10-525

Name

KGA 10-525

Age (Ma)

1.40

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

1993

Country

Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia

Discovered by

A. Amzaye

OH 9(Chellean Man)

Col 1

Name

OH 9(Chellean Man)

Age (Ma)

1.40

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1960

Country

Olduvai, Tanzania

Discovered by

Louis Leakey

Sima del Elephante maxilla

Name

Sima del Elephante maxilla

Age (Ma)

1.40

Species

Homo erectus?

Datediscovered

2022

Country

Spain

OH 80

Col 1

Name

OH 80

Age (Ma)

1.34

Species

Paranthropus boisei

Datediscovered

2010

Country

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Discovered by

Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo

Now located at

National Museum of Tanzania

ATE9-1

Col 1

Name

ATE9-1

Age (Ma)

1.20

Species

Homo sp. or Homo erectus?

Datediscovered

2008

Country

Spain

Discovered by

Eudald Carbonell

Now located at

Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

Kocabaş

Col 1

Name

Kocabaş

Age (Ma)

1.10

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

2002

Country

Turkey

Discovered by

M. Cihat Alçiçek

Daka

Col 1

Name

Daka

Age (Ma)

1.00

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1997

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Henry Gilbert

Sangiran 4

Col 1

Name

Sangiran 4

Age (Ma)

1.00

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1939

Country

Indonesia

Discovered by

G.H.R. von Koenigswald

Sangiran 2

Col 1

Name

Sangiran 2

Age (Ma)

1.15±0.45

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1937

Country

Indonesia

Discovered by

G.H.R. von Koenigswald

Madam Buya

Col 1

Name

Madam Buya

Age (Ma)

1.00

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1997

Country

Eritrea

Discovered by

Ernesto Abbate

Now located at

National Museum of Eritrea

ATD6-15 and ATD6-69 (Niño de la Gran Dolina 342)

Col 1

Name

ATD6-15 and ATD6-69 (Niño de la Gran Dolina 342)

Age (Ma)

0.900

Species

Homo antecessororHomo erectus

Datediscovered

1994

Country

Spain

Discovered by

Bermúdez & Arsuaga

Now located at

Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

Trinil 2Pithecanthropus-1or Java Man

Col 1

Name

Trinil 2Pithecanthropus-1or Java Man

Age (Ma)

0.850±0.150

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1891

Country

Indonesia

Discovered by

Eugène Dubois

Now located at

Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden

Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif

Col 1

Name

Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif

Age (Ma)

0.70

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1954

Country

Algeria

Discovered by

C. Arambourg & B. Hoffstetter

Sangiran 17

Col 1

Name

Sangiran 17

Age (Ma)

0.70

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1969

Country

Indonesia

Discovered by

S. Sartono

Peking Man

Col 1

Name

Peking Man

Age (Ma)

0.73±0.50

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1921

Country

China

Discovered by

Davidson Black

Now located at

Lost/stolen

Heidel

Name

Heidel

Age (Ma)

0.60

Species

Homo Aeserniensis or Homo Heidelbergensis

Datediscovered

2014

Country

Italy

Now located at

National Paleolithic Museum of Isernia

Nanjing Man

Col 1

Name

Nanjing Man

Age (Ma)

0.60±0.02

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1993

Country

China

Discovered by

Liu Luhong

Bodo

Col 1

Name

Bodo

Age (Ma)

0.600

Species

Homo heidelbergensisorHomo erectus

Datediscovered

1976

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

A. Asfaw

Benjamina

Name

Benjamina

Age (Ma)

0.53

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

2001-2001

Country

Spain

Discovered by

Ana Gracia Téllez

Mauer 1(Heidelberg Man)

Col 1

Name

Mauer 1(Heidelberg Man)

Age (Ma)

0.50

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Datediscovered

1907

Country

Germany

Discovered by

Daniel Hartmann

Now located at

Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University

Saldanha man

Col 1

Name

Saldanha man

Age (Ma)

0.50

Species

Homo rhodesiensis

Datediscovered

1953

Country

South Africa

Boxgrove Man

Col 1

Name

Boxgrove Man

Age (Ma)

0.50

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Datediscovered

1994

Country

Now located at

Natural History Museum

Arago 21(Tautavel Man)

Col 1

Name

Arago 21(Tautavel Man)

Age (Ma)

0.45

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1971

Country

France

Discovered by

Henry de Lumley

Ceprano Man

Col 1

Name

Ceprano Man

Age (Ma)

0.450±0.050

Species

Homo cepranensis/Homo heidelbergensis

Datediscovered

1994

Country

Ceprano, Italy

Discovered by

Italo Biddittu

Now located at

Servizio di antropologia, Soprintendenza ai beni culturali, Regione Lazio, Italy

Agamenón

Col 1

Name

Agamenón

Age (Ma)

0.43

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1997

Country

Spain

Discovered by

Paleontological teams

Now located at

Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

Miguelón

Col 1

Name

Miguelón

Age (Ma)

0.40

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1992

Country

Spain

Discovered by

Bermúdez, Arsuaga & Carbonell

Now located at

Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

Aroeira 3

Col 1

Name

Aroeira 3

Age (Ma)

0.40

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Datediscovered

2014

Country

Portugal

Discovered by

João Zilhão [de]

Now located at

Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisbon

Salé cranium

Col 1

Name

Salé cranium

Age (Ma)

0.40-0.20

Species

Homo sapiens?

Datediscovered

1971

Country

Morocco

Discovered by

Quarry worker

Swanscombe Man

Col 1

Name

Swanscombe Man

Age (Ma)

0.40

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1935, 1936, 1955

Country

Discovered by

Alvan T Marston, John J Wymer and Adrian Gibson

Now located at

Natural History Museum

Ndutu

Col 1

Name

Ndutu

Age (Ma)

0.45±.04

Species

Homo neanderthalensis affinities

Datediscovered

1973

Country

Tanzania

Discovered by

Amini Aza Mturi

Hexian Man

Name

Hexian Man

Age (Ma)

0.412±0.025

Species

Homo erectus

Datediscovered

1980-1981

Country

Hexian, China

BH-1

Col 1

Name

BH-1

Age (Ma)

0.40

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Country

Mala Balanica, Serbia

Gawis cranium

Col 1

Name

Gawis cranium

Age (Ma)

0.350±0.150

Species

Homo erectus/Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

2006

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Asahmed Humet

Steinheim Skull

Col 1

Name

Steinheim Skull

Age (Ma)

0.35

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Datediscovered

1933

Country

Germany

Dinaledi Chamber hominins

Col 1

Name

Dinaledi Chamber hominins

Age (Ma)

0.325±0.090

Species

Homo naledi

Datediscovered

2013

Country

South Africa

Discovered by

Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker

Now located at

University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa)

Name	Age (Ma)	Species	Datediscovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
KNM-WT 17000(The Black Skull)	2.50	Paranthropus aethiopicus	1985	Kenya	Alan Walker
BOU-VP-12/130	2.50	Australopithecus garhi	1997	Ethiopia	Yohannes Haile-Selassie
LD-760	2.63	Australopithecus sp. indet.	2025	Ethiopia
STS 71	2.61–2.07	Australopithecus africanus	1947	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Robert Broom and John T. Robinson	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
STS 52	2.61–2.07	Australopithecus africanus	1947	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
UR 501 (Uraha jawbone)	2.40±0.10	Homo rudolfensis	1991	Malawi	Tyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk
STS 5 (Mrs. Ples) (STS 14)	2.07	Australopithecus africanus	1947	Sterkfontein, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
DNH 134 (Simon)	2.04	Homo erectus	2015	Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	Andy Herries' team (excavated by Richard Curtis, Andy Herries, Angeline Leece; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)	University of the Witwatersrand
DNH 155	2.04–1.95	Paranthropus robustus	2018	Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first found by Samantha Good and excavated by Samantha Good, Angeline Leece, Stephanie Baker and Andy Herries; reconstructed by Jesse Martin)	University of the Witwatersrand
DNH 152(Khethi)	2.04–1.95	Paranthropus robustus	2018	Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first part found by Khethi Nkosi. later parts by Amber Jaeger, Eunice Lalunio; reconstructed by Jesse Martin & Angeline Leece)	University of the Witwatersrand
DNH 7(Eurydice)	2.04–1.95	Paranthropus robustus	1994	Drimolen, Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa	R. Smith and André Keyser	University of the Witwatersrand
KNM-ER 64060	2.03	Homo habilis	2012	Ileret, Kenya
KNM-ER 64061	2.02	Homo erectus	2012-2013	Ileret, Kenya
TM 1517	2.0	Paranthropus robustus	1938	South Africa	Gert Terblanche	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
MH1 (Karabo)	1.98	Australopithecus sediba	2008	Malapa, South Africa	Matthew Berger and Lee Rogers Berger	University of the Witwatersrand
KNM-ER 1813	1.90	Homo habilis	1973	Kenya	Kamoya Kimeu
KNM-ER 1470	1.90	Homo rudolfensis	1972	Kenya	Bernard Ngeneo
SK 48	2.25–1.80	Paranthropus robustus	1948	Swartkrans, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
SK 46	2.25–1.80	Paranthropus robustus	1949	Swartkrans, South Africa	Robert Broom	Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
SK 847	2.25–1.80	Homo habilis	1949	Swartkrans, South Africa		Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
OH 24(Twiggy)	1.80	Homo habilis	1968	Tanzania	Peter Nzube
OH 8	1.80	Homo habilis	1960	Olduvai, Tanzania
D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3)	1.81±0.40	Homo erectus	2001	Dmanisi, Georgia	David Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua
D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4)	1.81±0.40	Homo erectus	2003	Dmanisi, Georgia	David Lordkipanidze
D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5)	1.81±0.40	Homo erectus	2005 (published in 2013)	Dmanisi, Georgia	David Lordkipanidze
KNM-ER 62000–62003	1.84±0.60	Homo rudolfensis	2012	Koobi Fora, Kenya	Meave Leakey's team
KNM-ER 64062	1.84±0.02	Homo erectus	2013	Ileret, Kenya
OH 5(Zinj ornutcracker man)	1.75	Paranthropus boisei	1959	Tanzania	Mary Leakey
OH 7 (Johnny's Child)	1.75	Homo habilis	1960	Tanzania	Jonathan and Mary Leakey
StW 53	1.8–1.6	variously A. africanus, H. habilis, H. gautengensis	1976	Sterkfontein, South Africa	A. R. Hughes	University of the Witwatersrand
KNM-ER 1805	1.74	Homo habilis	1973/4	Kenya	Paul Abell
Yuanmou Man	disputed)	Homo erectus	1965	China	Fang Qian
KNM-ER 406	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	1969	Kenya	Richard Leakey
KNM-ER 732	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	1970	Kenya	Richard Leakey
KNM-ER 23000	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	1990	Koobi Fora, Kenya	Benson Kyongo
KNM-WT 17400	1.70	Paranthropus boisei	Not known	Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana) Kenya	unknown	National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia)
KNM-ER 3733	1.63±0.15	Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)	1975	Kenya
Lantian Man	1.62±0.03	Homo erectus	1963	Lantian County, China	Woo Ju-Kang
KNM-WT 15000(Turkana Boy)	1.60	Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)	1984	Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya	Kamoya Kimeu	Kenya National Museum
Peninj Mandible	1.50	Paranthropus boisei	1964	Tanzania	Richard Leakey
Ileret Footprints	1.50	Homo erectus	2007-2014	Ileret, Kenya
KNM-ER 992	1.50	Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus)	1971	Kenya	Richard Leakey
KNM-ER 3883	1.57±0.08	Homo erectus	1976	Kenya	Richard Leakey
Mojokerto 1(Mojokerto child)	1.43±0.10	Homo erectus	1936	Indonesia	Andojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald
BL02-J54-100	1.40	Similar to H. heidelbergensis	Unknown	Spain	Unknown
KGA 10-525	1.40	Paranthropus boisei	1993	Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia	A. Amzaye
OH 9(Chellean Man)	1.40	Homo erectus	1960	Olduvai, Tanzania	Louis Leakey
Sima del Elephante maxilla	1.40	Homo erectus?	2022	Spain
OH 80	1.34	Paranthropus boisei	2010	Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania	Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo	National Museum of Tanzania

· Pleistocene › Middle Paleolithic: 300,000–50,000 years old

Dragon Man

Col 1

Name

Dragon Man

Age (ka)

309–138

Species

Homo longi

Yeardiscovered

1933

Country

China

Now located at

Hebei GEO University

Broken Hill 1(Kabwe 1, Rhodesian Man)

Col 1

Name

Broken Hill 1(Kabwe 1, Rhodesian Man)

Age (ka)

299±25

Species

Homo rhodesiensis (Homo heidelbergensis)

Yeardiscovered

1921

Country

Zambia

Discovered by

Tom Zwiglaar

Jebel Irhoud 1–5

Col 1

Name

Jebel Irhoud 1–5

Age (ka)

315±32

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

2017

Country

Morocco

Discovered by

INSAP

Samu

Col 1

Name

Samu

Age (ka)

275±25

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Yeardiscovered

1964

Country

Hungary

Discovered by

László Vértes

Dali Man

Col 1

Name

Dali Man

Age (ka)

260±20

Species

Homo daliensis

Yeardiscovered

1978

Country

China

Discovered by

Shuntang Liu

Jinniushan

Col 1

Name

Jinniushan

Age (ka)

260-200 ka

Species

Homo longi Homo daliensis

Yeardiscovered

1984

Country

China

Discovered by

Paleolithic Archeology Student Excavation Team

Florisbad Skull

Col 1

Name

Florisbad Skull

Age (ka)

259±35

Species

early Homo sapiensor Homo heidelbergensisor Homo helmei

Yeardiscovered

1932

Country

South Africa

Discovered by

T. F. Dreyer, G. Venter

Galilee Man

Col 1

Name

Galilee Man

Age (ka)

250±50

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Yeardiscovered

1925

Country

Israel

Discovered by

Francis Turville-Petre

Coupe-Gorge

Col 1

Name

Coupe-Gorge

Age (ka)

250

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Yeardiscovered

1949

Country

France

Discovered by

Raoul Cammas

Montmaurin-La Niche mandible

Col 1

Name

Montmaurin-La Niche mandible

Age (ka)

250

Species

Homo heidelbergensis

Yeardiscovered

1949

Country

France

Discovered by

Raoul Cammas

Now located at

Musée de l'Homme

Saccopastore 1

Col 1

Name

Saccopastore 1

Age (ka)

250

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1929

Country

Grotta Guattari / Italy

Discovered by

Mario Grazioli

Saccopastore 2

Name

Saccopastore 2

Age (ka)

250

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1935

Country

Grotta Guattari / Italy

Discovered by

Henry Breuil and Alberto Carlo Blanc

Narmada Human

Name

Narmada Human

Age (ka)

236-46

Species

Homo erectus or Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1982

Country

Narmada River, India

Discovered by

Arun Sonakia

Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site, Denbighshire, Wales

Name

Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site, Denbighshire, Wales

Age (ka)

230

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1981

Country

Wales, UK

Apidima 1(LAO 1/S1)

Name

Apidima 1(LAO 1/S1)

Age (ka)

210

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1978

Country

Apidima Cave / Greece

Discovered by

Theodore Pitsios

Petralona 1

Col 1

Name

Petralona 1

Age (ka)

200±40

Species

Homo heidelbergensis (uncertain)

Yeardiscovered

1960

Country

Greece

Omo remains

Col 1

Name

Omo remains

Age (ka)

233±22 or 195±5

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1967

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Richard Leakey

Laterite Baby

Name

Laterite Baby

Age (ka)

190(?)

Species

H. erectusorH. sapiens

Yeardiscovered

2001

Country

Tamil Nadu, India

Discovered by

P Rajendran

Misliya-1

Name

Misliya-1

Age (ka)

187±13

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

2002

Country

Israel

Discovered by

Israel Hershkovitz

Apidima 2(LAO 1/S2)

Name

Apidima 2(LAO 1/S2)

Age (ka)

170

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1978

Country

Apidima Cave / Greece

Discovered by

Theodore Pitsios

Penghu 1

Col 1

Name

Penghu 1

Age (ka)

160±30 or 40±30

Species

Denisovan?

Yeardiscovered

c. 2008

Country

Taiwan

Now located at

National Museum of Natural Science

Herto remains

Col 1

Name

Herto remains

Age (ka)

160

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1997

Country

Ethiopia

Discovered by

Tim White

Xiahe mandible

Col 1

Name

Xiahe mandible

Age (ka)

160

Species

Denisovan

Yeardiscovered

1980

Country

China

Altamura Man

Col 1

Name

Altamura Man

Age (ka)

151±21

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1993

Country

Italy

Now located at

in situ

Nesher Ramla Homo

Col 1

Name

Nesher Ramla Homo

Age (ka)

140±120

Species

Nesher Ramla HomoorHomo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

2021

Country

Israel

Discovered by

Israel Hershkovitz

Maba Man

Col 1

Name

Maba Man

Age (ka)

140±120

Species

early modern human, Homo neanderthalensis or Denisovan

Yeardiscovered

1958

Country

Shaogun, China

Now located at

Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology

Callao Man(CCH9)

Name

Callao Man(CCH9)

Age (ka)

134±14

Species

Homo luzonensis

Yeardiscovered

2011–2015

Country

Callao Cave, Philippines

Discovered by

Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares

EH 06

Col 1

Name

EH 06

Age (ka)

132–88

Species

Homo sapiens ?

Yeardiscovered

2002–2006

Country

Lake Eyasi, Tanzania

Discovered by

Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo

LH 18

Col 1

Name

LH 18

Age (ka)

120±30

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1976

Country

Ngaloba beds at Laetoli, Tanzania

Discovered by

Mary Leakey

Tabun C1

Col 1

Name

Tabun C1

Age (ka)

120

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1967

Country

Israel

Discovered by

Arthur Jelinek

Sarstedt (Sst) I-III

Name

Sarstedt (Sst) I-III

Age (ka)

115-58 ka

Species

Homo neanderthalensis?

Yeardiscovered

1997-1999

Country

Germany

Discovered by

Frangenberg brothers

Krapina 3

Col 1

Name

Krapina 3

Age (ka)

113.5±13.5

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1899

Country

Croatia

Discovered by

Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger

Ngandong 7

Col 1

Name

Ngandong 7

Age (ka)

112

Species

Homo erectus

Yeardiscovered

1931

Country

Indonesia

Discovered by

C. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald

Denisova 8

Name

Denisova 8

Age (ka)

110

Species

Denisovan

Yeardiscovered

2010

Country

Russia

Qafzeh 6

Col 1

Name

Qafzeh 6

Age (ka)

95±5

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1930

Country

Israel

Discovered by

R. Neuville, M. Stekelis

Qafzeh 9

Col 1

Name

Qafzeh 9

Age (ka)

100–90

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1933

Country

Israel

Discovered by

B. Vandermeersch

Scladina

Name

Scladina

Age (ka)

103±23

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1993

Country

Belgium

Skhul 5

Col 1

Name

Skhul 5

Age (ka)

100±20

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1933

Country

Israel

Discovered by

T. McCown and H. Moivus Jr.

Skhul 9

Name

Skhul 9

Age (ka)

100±20

Species

Homo sapiens

Country

Israel

Klasies River Caves

Name

Klasies River Caves

Age (ka)

100±25

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1960

Country

South Africa

Discovered by

Ray Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon

Eve's footprints

Col 1

Name

Eve's footprints

Age (ka)

117

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

1995

Country

South Africa

Discovered by

David Roberts & Lee R. Berger

Denny

Col 1

Name

Denny

Age (ka)

Species

Hybrid – (Homo neanderthalensis/Denisovan)

Yeardiscovered

2012

Country

Denisova Cave / Siberia / Russia

Discovered by

Viviane Slon & Svante Pääbo

Now located at

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Leipzig, Germany)

Panga ya Saidi

Name

Panga ya Saidi

Age (ka)

78.3±4.1

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

2021

Country

Kenya

Obi-Rakhmat 1

Name

Obi-Rakhmat 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

2003

Country

Uzbekistan

Teshik-Tash Skull

Col 1

Name

Teshik-Tash Skull

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1938

Country

Uzbekistan

Discovered by

A. Okladnikov

La Ferrassie 1

Col 1

Name

La Ferrassie 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1909

Country

France

Discovered by

R. Capitan and D. Peyrony

Shanidar 1

Col 1

Name

Shanidar 1

Age (ka)

70±10

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1961

Country

Iraq

Discovered by

Ralph Solecki

Sambungmacan (Sm) 1-4

Col 1

Name

Sambungmacan (Sm) 1-4

Age (ka)

70- 40

Species

Homo erectus

Yeardiscovered

1973-2001

Country

Indonesia

Discovered by

Construction and fossil collectors

Callao Man(CCH1)

Col 1

Name

Callao Man(CCH1)

Age (ka)

66.7±1

Species

Homo luzonensis

Yeardiscovered

2007

Country

Callao Cave, Philippines

Discovered by

Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares

La Quina 5

Col 1

Name

La Quina 5

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Country

France

La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1

Col 1

Name

La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1908

Country

France

Discovered by

A. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon

Kebara 2 (Moshe)

Col 1

Name

Kebara 2 (Moshe)

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Yeardiscovered

1983

Country

Israel

Discovered by

Lynne Schepartz

Amud 7

Name

Amud 7

Age (ka)

55±5

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Country

Israel

LB 1 (Hobbit)

Col 1

Name

LB 1 (Hobbit)

Age (ka)

55±5

Species

Homo floresiensis

Yeardiscovered

2003

Country

Liang Bua, Indonesia

Discovered by

Peter Brown

Manot 1

Name

Manot 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

2008

Country

Israel

La Quina 18[citation needed]

Col 1

Name

La Quina 18[citation needed]

Age (ka)

52.5±7.5

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Country

France

Tam Pa Ling Cave

Col 1

Name

Tam Pa Ling Cave

Age (ka)

54.5±8.5

Species

Homo sapiens

Yeardiscovered

2009

Country

Laos

Name	Age (ka)	Species	Yeardiscovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
Dragon Man	309–138	Homo longi	1933	China		Hebei GEO University
Broken Hill 1(Kabwe 1, Rhodesian Man)	299±25	Homo rhodesiensis (Homo heidelbergensis)	1921	Zambia	Tom Zwiglaar
Jebel Irhoud 1–5	315±32	Homo sapiens	2017	Morocco	INSAP
Samu	275±25	Homo heidelbergensis	1964	Hungary	László Vértes
Dali Man	260±20	Homo daliensis	1978	China	Shuntang Liu
Jinniushan	260-200 ka	Homo longi Homo daliensis	1984	China	Paleolithic Archeology Student Excavation Team
Florisbad Skull	259±35	early Homo sapiensor Homo heidelbergensisor Homo helmei	1932	South Africa	T. F. Dreyer, G. Venter
Galilee Man	250±50	Homo heidelbergensis	1925	Israel	Francis Turville-Petre
Coupe-Gorge	250	Homo heidelbergensis	1949	France	Raoul Cammas
Montmaurin-La Niche mandible	250	Homo heidelbergensis	1949	France	Raoul Cammas	Musée de l'Homme
Saccopastore 1	250	Homo neanderthalensis	1929	Grotta Guattari / Italy	Mario Grazioli
Saccopastore 2	250	Homo neanderthalensis	1935	Grotta Guattari / Italy	Henry Breuil and Alberto Carlo Blanc
Narmada Human	236-46	Homo erectus or Homo sapiens	1982	Narmada River, India	Arun Sonakia
Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site, Denbighshire, Wales	230	Homo neanderthalensis	1981	Wales, UK
Apidima 1(LAO 1/S1)	210	Homo sapiens	1978	Apidima Cave / Greece	Theodore Pitsios
Petralona 1	200±40	Homo heidelbergensis (uncertain)	1960	Greece
Omo remains	233±22 or 195±5	Homo sapiens	1967	Ethiopia	Richard Leakey
Laterite Baby	190(?)	H. erectusorH. sapiens	2001	Tamil Nadu, India	P Rajendran
Misliya-1	187±13	Homo sapiens	2002	Israel	Israel Hershkovitz
Apidima 2(LAO 1/S2)	170	Homo neanderthalensis	1978	Apidima Cave / Greece	Theodore Pitsios
Penghu 1	160±30 or 40±30	Denisovan?	c. 2008	Taiwan		National Museum of Natural Science
Herto remains	160	Homo sapiens	1997	Ethiopia	Tim White
Xiahe mandible	160	Denisovan	1980	China
Altamura Man	151±21	Homo neanderthalensis	1993	Italy		in situ
Nesher Ramla Homo	140±120	Nesher Ramla HomoorHomo neanderthalensis	2021	Israel	Israel Hershkovitz
Maba Man	140±120	early modern human, Homo neanderthalensis or Denisovan	1958	Shaogun, China		Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
Callao Man(CCH9)	134±14	Homo luzonensis	2011–2015	Callao Cave, Philippines	Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares
EH 06	132–88	Homo sapiens ?	2002–2006	Lake Eyasi, Tanzania	Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo
LH 18	120±30	Homo sapiens	1976	Ngaloba beds at Laetoli, Tanzania	Mary Leakey
Tabun C1	120	Homo neanderthalensis	1967	Israel	Arthur Jelinek
Sarstedt (Sst) I-III	115-58 ka	Homo neanderthalensis?	1997-1999	Germany	Frangenberg brothers
Krapina 3	113.5±13.5	Homo neanderthalensis	1899	Croatia	Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger
Ngandong 7	112	Homo erectus	1931	Indonesia	C. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald
Denisova 8	110	Denisovan	2010	Russia
Qafzeh 6	95±5	Homo sapiens	1930	Israel	R. Neuville, M. Stekelis
Qafzeh 9	100–90	Homo sapiens	1933	Israel	B. Vandermeersch
Scladina	103±23	Homo neanderthalensis	1993	Belgium
Skhul 5	100±20	Homo sapiens	1933	Israel	T. McCown and H. Moivus Jr.
Skhul 9	100±20	Homo sapiens		Israel
Klasies River Caves	100±25	Homo sapiens	1960	South Africa	Ray Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon
Eve's footprints	117	Homo sapiens	1995	South Africa	David Roberts & Lee R. Berger
Denny	90	Hybrid – (Homo neanderthalensis/Denisovan)	2012	Denisova Cave / Siberia / Russia	Viviane Slon & Svante Pääbo	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Leipzig, Germany)
Panga ya Saidi	78.3±4.1	Homo sapiens	2021	Kenya
Obi-Rakhmat 1	75	Homo neanderthalensis	2003	Uzbekistan
Teshik-Tash Skull	70	Homo neanderthalensis	1938	Uzbekistan	A. Okladnikov
La Ferrassie 1	70	Homo neanderthalensis	1909	France	R. Capitan and D. Peyrony
Shanidar 1	70±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1961	Iraq	Ralph Solecki
Sambungmacan (Sm) 1-4	70- 40	Homo erectus	1973-2001	Indonesia	Construction and fossil collectors
Callao Man(CCH1)	66.7±1	Homo luzonensis	2007	Callao Cave, Philippines	Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares

· Pleistocene › Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–11,500 years old

Mungo Man

Col 1

Name

Mungo Man

Age (ka)

50±10

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1974

Country

Australia

Mt. Circeo 1

Col 1

Name

Mt. Circeo 1

Age (ka)

50±10

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1939

Country

Italy

Discovered by

Prof. Blanc

SID-00B

Name

SID-00B

Age (ka)

49.2±2.5

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1994

Country

Sidrón Cave, Spain

Simanya Neanderthals

Col 1

Name

Simanya Neanderthals

Age (ka)

49-42

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1978-1979, 2022

Country

Simanya cave, Spain

Discovered by

Miguel Aznar

Now located at

Archaeology Museum of Catalonia

Callao Man(CCH6a–e)

Col 1

Name

Callao Man(CCH6a–e)

Age (ka)

49.6±1.2

Species

Homo luzonensis

Datediscovered

2011–2015

Country

Callao Cave, Philippines

Discovered by

Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares

Tabon tibia(IV-2000-T-197)

Col 1

Name

Tabon tibia(IV-2000-T-197)

Age (ka)

47±11

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

2000

Country

Tabon Caves, Philippines

Now located at

National Museum of Anthropology

Ust'-Ishim man

Col 1

Name

Ust'-Ishim man

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

2008

Country

Russia

Discovered by

Nikolai Peristov

Kents Cavern 4 maxilla

Name

Kents Cavern 4 maxilla

Age (ka)

43.5±2.5

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1927

Country

Zlatý kůň woman

Name

Zlatý kůň woman

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1950

Country

Czech Republic

Tianyuan man

Name

Tianyuan man

Age (ka)

40.5±1.5

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

2007

Country

China

Amud 1

Col 1

Name

Amud 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1961

Country

Israel

Discovered by

Hisashi Suzuki

Neanderthal 1

Col 1

Name

Neanderthal 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1856

Country

Germany

Discovered by

Johann Carl Fuhlrott

Denisova hominin (X-Woman)

Col 1

Name

Denisova hominin (X-Woman)

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sp. Altai (also known as Homo longi)

Datediscovered

2008

Country

Russia

Discovered by

Johannes Krause, et al.

hominin toe bone

Col 1

Name

hominin toe bone

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal–Denisovan hybrid)

Datediscovered

2010

Country

Russia

Oase 1

Col 1

Name

Oase 1

Age (ka)

42–37

Species

Homo sapiens (EEMH x Neanderthal hybrid)

Datediscovered

2002

Country

Romania

Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora)

Name

Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora)

Age (ka)

40–37

Species

Homo sapiens (EEMH)

Datediscovered

1954

Country

Russia

SID-20

Name

SID-20

Age (ka)

37.30±0.83

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1994

Country

Sidrón Cave, Spain

Balangoda Man

Name

Balangoda Man

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

2012

Country

Sri Lanka

Hofmeyr Skull

Col 1

Name

Hofmeyr Skull

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1952

Country

South Africa

Wadjak 1

Col 1

Name

Wadjak 1

Age (ka)

33±4.5

Species

Homo sapiens (proto-Australoid)

Datediscovered

1888

Country

Indonesia

Red Lady of Paviland

Col 1

Name

Red Lady of Paviland

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1823

Country

Wales, UK

Discovered by

William Buckland

Liujiang man

Col 1

Name

Liujiang man

Age (ka)

33-23

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1958

Country

China

Yamashita-Cho Man

Name

Yamashita-Cho Man

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1962

Country

Japan

Engis 2

Col 1

Name

Engis 2

Age (ka)

40±10

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1829

Country

Belgium

Discovered by

Philippe-Charles Schmerling

Gibraltar 1

Col 1

Name

Gibraltar 1

Age (ka)

40±10

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1848

Country

Gibraltar

Discovered by

Captain Edmund Flint

Now located at

Natural History Museum, London

Le Moustier

Col 1

Name

Le Moustier

Age (ka)

40±10

Species

Homo neanderthalensis

Datediscovered

1909

Country

France

Denisovan tooth

Col 1

Name

Denisovan tooth

Age (ka)

40±10

Species

Homo sp. Altai

Datediscovered

2000

Country

Russia

PES-2

Name

PES-2

Age (ka)

38.9–92

Species

Uncertain, possibly Homo neanderthalensis

Country

Serbia

PES-1

Name

PES-1

Age (ka)

31–29

Species

Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens

Country

Serbia

Yana RHS

Name

Yana RHS

Age (ka)

31.63

Species

Homo sapiens

Country

Russia

Sungir I

Col 1

Name

Sungir I

Age (ka)

30.25±0.25

Species

Homo sapiens

Country

Russia

Cro-Magnon 1

Col 1

Name

Cro-Magnon 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens (EEMH)

Datediscovered

1868

Country

France

Discovered by

Louis Lartet

WLH-50

Col 1

Name

WLH-50

Age (ka)

29±5

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1982

Country

Australia

Pangpond

Name

Pangpond

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

2025

Country

Khao Sam Roi Yot, Thailand

Predmost 3

Col 1

Name

Predmost 3

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1894

Country

Czech Republic

Discovered by

Karel Jaroslav Maška

Lapedo Child

Name

Lapedo Child

Age (ka)

24.5

Species

Homo neanderthalensisorHomo sapiens

Datediscovered

1998

Country

Portugal

Discovered by

João Zilhão

Mid-Upper Paleolithoic human humerus from Eel Point, Caldey Island, Wales, UK

Name

Mid-Upper Paleolithoic human humerus from Eel Point, Caldey Island, Wales, UK

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1997

Country

Wales, UK

MA-1 (Mal'ta boy)

Col 1

Name

MA-1 (Mal'ta boy)

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens (ANE)

Datediscovered

1920s

Country

Russia

Abri Pataud Woman

Col 1

Name

Abri Pataud Woman

Age (ka)

20.6

Species

Homo sapiens

Country

France

Minatogawa 1

Col 1

Name

Minatogawa 1

Age (ka)

17±1

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1970

Country

Japan

Now located at

Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University

Tandou

Name

Tandou

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1967

Country

Australia

Discovered by

Duncan Merrilees

Tabon skull cap(P-XIII-T-288)

Col 1

Name

Tabon skull cap(P-XIII-T-288)

Age (ka)

16.5±2

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1962

Country

Tabon Caves, Philippines

Discovered by

Robert B. Fox

Now located at

National Museum of Anthropology

Gough's Cave

Col 1

Name

Gough's Cave

Age (ka)

14.7

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

2010

Country

Iwo Eleru skull

Col 1

Name

Iwo Eleru skull

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1965

Country

Nigeria

"Kotias"

Name

"Kotias"

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens (CHG)

Country

Kotias Klde cave, Georgia

Arlington Springs Man

Name

Arlington Springs Man

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1959

Country

United States

Discovered by

Phil Orr

Chancelade find

Col 1

Name

Chancelade find

Age (ka)

14.5±2.5

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1888

Country

France

Villabruna 1

Col 1

Name

Villabruna 1

Age (ka)

Species

Homo sapiens (WHG)

Datediscovered

1988

Country

Italy

Bonn-Oberkassel double burial

Col 1

Name

Bonn-Oberkassel double burial

Age (ka)

14-13

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1914

Country

Germany

Bichon man

Col 1

Name

Bichon man

Age (ka)

13.7

Species

Homo sapiens (WHG)

Datediscovered

1956

Country

Switzerland

Red Deer Cave

Col 1

Red Deer cave skull

Name

Red Deer Cave

Age (ka)

13±1.5

Species

Homo sapiens

Datediscovered

1979

Country

China

Discovered by

Darren Curnoe?

Name	Age (ka)	Species	Datediscovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
Mungo Man	50±10	Homo sapiens	1974	Australia
Mt. Circeo 1	50±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1939	Italy	Prof. Blanc
SID-00B	49.2±2.5	Homo neanderthalensis	1994	Sidrón Cave, Spain
Simanya Neanderthals	49-42	Homo neanderthalensis	1978-1979, 2022	Simanya cave, Spain	Miguel Aznar	Archaeology Museum of Catalonia
Callao Man(CCH6a–e)	49.6±1.2	Homo luzonensis	2011–2015	Callao Cave, Philippines	Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares
Tabon tibia(IV-2000-T-197)	47±11	Homo sapiens	2000	Tabon Caves, Philippines		National Museum of Anthropology
Ust'-Ishim man	45	Homo sapiens	2008	Russia	Nikolai Peristov
Kents Cavern 4 maxilla	43.5±2.5	Homo sapiens	1927	UK
Zlatý kůň woman	43	Homo sapiens	1950	Czech Republic
Tianyuan man	40.5±1.5	Homo sapiens	2007	China
Amud 1	41	Homo neanderthalensis	1961	Israel	Hisashi Suzuki
Neanderthal 1	40	Homo neanderthalensis	1856	Germany	Johann Carl Fuhlrott
Denisova hominin (X-Woman)	40	Homo sp. Altai (also known as Homo longi)	2008	Russia	Johannes Krause, et al.
hominin toe bone	40	Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal–Denisovan hybrid)	2010	Russia
Oase 1	42–37	Homo sapiens (EEMH x Neanderthal hybrid)	2002	Romania
Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora)	40–37	Homo sapiens (EEMH)	1954	Russia
SID-20	37.30±0.83	Homo neanderthalensis	1994	Sidrón Cave, Spain
Balangoda Man	37	Homo sapiens	2012	Sri Lanka
Hofmeyr Skull	36	Homo sapiens	1952	South Africa
Wadjak 1	33±4.5	Homo sapiens (proto-Australoid)	1888	Indonesia
Red Lady of Paviland	33	Homo sapiens	1823	Wales, UK	William Buckland
Liujiang man	33-23	Homo sapiens	1958	China
Yamashita-Cho Man	32	Homo sapiens	1962	Japan
Engis 2	40±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1829	Belgium	Philippe-Charles Schmerling
Gibraltar 1	40±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1848	Gibraltar	Captain Edmund Flint	Natural History Museum, London
Le Moustier	40±10	Homo neanderthalensis	1909	France
Denisovan tooth	40±10	Homo sp. Altai	2000	Russia
PES-2	38.9–92	Uncertain, possibly Homo neanderthalensis		Serbia
PES-1	31–29	Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens		Serbia
Yana RHS	31.63	Homo sapiens		Russia
Sungir I	30.25±0.25	Homo sapiens		Russia
Cro-Magnon 1	30	Homo sapiens (EEMH)	1868	France	Louis Lartet
WLH-50	29±5	Homo sapiens	1982	Australia
Pangpond	29	Homo sapiens	2025	Khao Sam Roi Yot, Thailand
Predmost 3	26	Homo sapiens	1894	Czech Republic	Karel Jaroslav Maška
Lapedo Child	24.5	Homo neanderthalensisorHomo sapiens	1998	Portugal	João Zilhão
Mid-Upper Paleolithoic human humerus from Eel Point, Caldey Island, Wales, UK	24	Homo sapiens	1997	Wales, UK
MA-1 (Mal'ta boy)	24	Homo sapiens (ANE)	1920s	Russia
Abri Pataud Woman	20.6	Homo sapiens		France
Minatogawa 1	17±1	Homo sapiens	1970	Japan		Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University
Tandou	17	Homo sapiens	1967	Australia	Duncan Merrilees
Tabon skull cap(P-XIII-T-288)	16.5±2	Homo sapiens	1962	Tabon Caves, Philippines	Robert B. Fox	National Museum of Anthropology
Gough's Cave	14.7	Homo sapiens	2010	UK
Iwo Eleru skull	13	Homo sapiens	1965	Nigeria
"Kotias"	13	Homo sapiens (CHG)		Kotias Klde cave, Georgia
Arlington Springs Man	13	Homo sapiens	1959	United States	Phil Orr
Chancelade find	14.5±2.5	Homo sapiens	1888	France
Villabruna 1	14	Homo sapiens (WHG)	1988	Italy
Bonn-Oberkassel double burial	14-13	Homo sapiens	1914	Germany

· Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)

Luzia

Col 1

Name

Luzia

Age (ka)

11.5

Culture /association

Paleo-Indian

Yeardiscovered

1975

Country

Brazil

Cerro Sota 2

Name

Cerro Sota 2

Age (ka)

Yeardiscovered

1936

Country

Chile

"Satsurblia"

Name

"Satsurblia"

Age (ka)

Culture /association

Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)

Country

Georgia

Yaho skull

Col 1

Name

Yaho skull

Age (ka)

10?

Yeardiscovered

1961

Country

Chad

Kow Swamp 1

Col 1

Name

Kow Swamp 1

Age (ka)

13–9

Yeardiscovered

1968

Country

Australia

Talgai Skull

Col 1

Name

Talgai Skull

Age (ka)

10±1

Yeardiscovered

1886

Country

Australia

La Brea Woman

Col 1

Name

La Brea Woman

Age (ka)

10 (8000 BC)

Culture /association

Paleo-Indian

Yeardiscovered

1914

Country

United States

Combe Capelle

Col 1

Name

Combe Capelle

Age (ka)

9.6 (7600 BC)

Culture /association

European Mesolithic

Yeardiscovered

1909

Country

France

Asselar man

Name

Asselar man

Age (ka)

Between 9500 BP and 7000 BP, with caution, 6390 BP

Culture /association

Neolithic

Yeardiscovered

1927

Country

Mali

Cheddar Man

Col 1

Name

Cheddar Man

Age (ka)

9 (7000 BC)

Culture /association

British Mesolithic

Yeardiscovered

1903

Country

United Kingdom

Kennewick Man

Col 1

Name

Kennewick Man

Age (ka)

9 (7000 BC)

Culture /association

Archaic period (North America)

Yeardiscovered

1996

Country

United States

Barum Woman

Col 1

Name

Barum Woman

Age (ka)

8.8 (6800 BC)

Culture /association

European Mesolithic

Yeardiscovered

1939

Country

Sweden

Tepexpan man

Col 1

Name

Tepexpan man

Age (ka)

8±3

Culture /association

Paleo-Indian

Yeardiscovered

1947

Country

Mexico

Loschbour man

Col 1

Name

Loschbour man

Age (ka)

8 (6000 BC)

Culture /association

European Mesolithic (WHG)

Yeardiscovered

1935

Country

Luxembourg

Minnesota Woman

Col 1

Name

Minnesota Woman

Age (ka)

7.9±0.1 (5900 BC)

Culture /association

Paleo-Indian

Yeardiscovered

1931

Country

Minnesota, United States

Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)

Name

Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)

Age (ka)

7.5±1.5

Yeardiscovered

1965–1975

Country

Kenya

Bessé'

Col 1

Name

Bessé'

Age (ka)

7.3–7.2

Culture /association

Toalean

Yeardiscovered

2015

Country

Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ötzi

Col 1

Name

Ötzi

Age (ka)

5.3 (3230 BC)

Culture /association

European Neolithic

Yeardiscovered

1991

Country

Ötztal Alps, Italy

Tarim mummies

Name

Tarim mummies

Age (ka)

4.1 (2135 BC)

Culture /association

Afanasievo culture

Yeardiscovered

1970's

Country

Tarim Basin, China

Name	Age (ka)	Culture /association	Yeardiscovered	Country
Luzia	11.5	Paleo-Indian	1975	Brazil
Cerro Sota 2	11		1936	Chile
"Satsurblia"	10	Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG)		Georgia
Yaho skull	10?		1961	Chad
Kow Swamp 1	13–9		1968	Australia
Talgai Skull	10±1		1886	Australia
La Brea Woman	10 (8000 BC)	Paleo-Indian	1914	United States
Combe Capelle	9.6 (7600 BC)	European Mesolithic	1909	France
Asselar man	Between 9500 BP and 7000 BP, with caution, 6390 BP	Neolithic	1927	Mali
Cheddar Man	9 (7000 BC)	British Mesolithic	1903	United Kingdom
Kennewick Man	9 (7000 BC)	Archaic period (North America)	1996	United States
Barum Woman	8.8 (6800 BC)	European Mesolithic	1939	Sweden
Tepexpan man	8±3	Paleo-Indian	1947	Mexico
Loschbour man	8 (6000 BC)	European Mesolithic (WHG)	1935	Luxembourg
Minnesota Woman	7.9±0.1 (5900 BC)	Paleo-Indian	1931	Minnesota, United States
Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)	7.5±1.5		1965–1975	Kenya
Bessé'	7.3–7.2	Toalean	2015	Sulawesi, Indonesia
Ötzi	5.3 (3230 BC)	European Neolithic	1991	Ötztal Alps, Italy
Tarim mummies	4.1 (2135 BC)	Afanasievo culture	1970's	Tarim Basin, China

References

Science
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326...75W
Nature
http://doc.rero.ch/record/13388/files/PAL_E190.pdf
"Bar 10200'"
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/bar-100200
"Ardipithecus kadabba"
http://www.efossils.org/species/ardipithecus-kadabba
BBC News
https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8285180.stm
PaleoAnthropology
http://www.paleoanthro.org/media/journal/content/PA20150037.pdf
Journal of the Geological Society
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JGSoc.156..731M
Bernard Wood, Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution (2011), 887.
https://books.google.com/books?id=440TmWXToLAC&pg=PT887
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330310505
Nature
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Natur.226..918P
Lothagam mandible fragment Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.sati.archaeology.nsc.ru/encyc_top/encyc16/term.html?act=list&term=117
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AJPA...72...21W
"Australopithecus anamensis"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160345/https://www.msu.edu/~heslipst/contents/ANP440/anamensis.htm
"Oldupai"
http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00467.html
Journal of Human Evolution
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248498902627
www.efossils.org
http://www.efossils.org/page/boneviewer/Kenyanthropus+platyops/KNM+WT+40000
"KNM-WT 40000"
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/knm-wt-40000
www.sciencedaily.com
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150527134040.htm
Article title Image at Modern Human Origins
https://web.archive.org/web/20100829001440/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/al444-2.html
http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/87535.php Archived 2020-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Image at Eurekalert
http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/87535.php
Homo
https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa1343
"Australopithecus garhi: BOU-VP-12/130"
http://efossils.org/page/boneviewer/Australopithecus%20garhi/BOU-VP-12%5C130
Nature
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09390-4
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/sts-71 Image at Smithsonian
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/sts-71
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997CRASE.325..231R
"STS 14"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060118234116/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sts14.html
Journal of Human Evolution
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JHumE..60..523H
Science
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw7293
Nature Ecology & Evolution
http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-01319-6
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100617124822/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/dnh7.html
"Paranthropus robustus: TM 1517"
http://efossils.org/page/boneviewer/Paranthropus%20robustus/TM%201517
Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=south-african-hominin-fossil
Australopithecus sediba
https://web.archive.org/web/20120325202100/http://www.origins.org.za/news/entry/australopithecus_sediba_named_by_17-year-old_johannesburg_student/
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14824435
Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005), p. 286
"SK 46"
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/sk-46
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013715/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sk847.html
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/oh-24 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Image at Smithsonian
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/oh-24
Article title OH 8 image of foot at Modern Human Origins
https://web.archive.org/web/20101208034128/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/oh8.html
Science
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..326L
Nature
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.488..201L
Inverted strata Archived 2006-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/yuanmou.html
From Lucy to Language
https://archive.org/details/fromlucytolangua0000joha
"Image at Smithsonian"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092524/http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/knm-er-23000
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988AJPA...76....1L
Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines
https://books.google.com/books?id=AmQ46CDN6DsC
Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set
https://books.google.com/books?id=440TmWXToLAC
Homo
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010E&PSL.290..362L
Journal of Human Evolution
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248413000304
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20732
What does it mean to be human?
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/konso-kga10-525
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100617090306/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/oh9.html
www.larazon.es
https://www.larazon.es/cultura/historia/homo-erectus-descubrimiento-que-revoluciona-historia-atapuerca_2023012963d3f82ff0501d0001425302.html
Nature News
https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.691
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2013.12.031
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJPA..135..110K
archive.archaeology.org
http://archive.archaeology.org/9809/newsbriefs/eritrea.html
Journal of Archaeological Science
https://eprints.ucm.es/27936/1/1-s2.0-S0305440313002197-1main.pdf
"Trinil 2"
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/trinil-2
"Ternifine or Tighenif"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140711131317/http://archaeology.about.com/od/tterms/g/ternifine.htm
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100106121926/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/sangiran17.html
Nature
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..198S
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100106121203/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/bodo.html
Quo
https://quo.eldiario.es/ser-humano/q2011650310/neandertal-atapuerca-benjamina/
Child's Nervous System
https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00381-010-1133-y
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/evan.21311
The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia)
https://books.google.com/books?id=EPKGnF7oZXgC
Journal of Human Evolution
https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhev.2001.0460
ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Italo_Biddittu
"Dopo 400mila anni, ecco il vero volto dell'Uomo di Ceprano"
http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2017/10/25/news/dopo_400mila_anni_ecco_il_vero_volto_dell_uomo_di_ceprano-179294030/
historia.nationalgeographic.com.es
https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/agamenon-hominido-mas-famoso-atapuerca-no-estaba-sordo_14792
Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition
https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C
What does it mean to be human?
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/sal%C3%A9
After the Australopithecines
Modern Origins: A North African Perspective
https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2929-2_15
Natural History Museum Neanderthal woman in pieces Retrieved 16 May 2018
https://web.archive.org/web/20160403075311/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/natureplus/blogs/whats-new/2014/02/11/neanderthal-woman-in-pieces
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/ndutu Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Image at Smithsonian
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/ndutu
Heritage
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fheritage6030151
"Hexian"
http://peterbrown-palaeoanthropology.net/hexian.html
Article title Hexian PA830 image at Modern Human Origins
https://web.archive.org/web/20130606191829/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/pa830.html
Journal of Human Evolution
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JHumE..34..555G
Homo erectus
http://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract79.shtml
Journal of Human Evolution
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2016.01.010
eLife
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5423772
Grün, R., Pike, A., McDermott, F., Eggins, S., Mortimer, G., Aubert, M., ... & Brink, J. (2020). Dating the skull from B
Nature
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.546..293R
Anthropologia Integra
https://journals.muni.cz/anthropologia_integra/article/view/11426
Article title Dali image at Modern Human Origins
https://web.archive.org/web/20100828232622/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/dali.html
Quaternary International
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017QuInt.434...99S
Homo
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018442X11000680
Acta Anthropologica Sinica
http://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/
portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu
https://portal.ariadne-infrastructure.eu/resource/884acb1c340a278f5a04d0e26cf4db3eead132f0e16cdbf49feb688b25d89c12
PLOS ONE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770020
"Italy's first Neanderthal dates back 250,000 years"
http://www.thelocal.it/20151104/italy-dates-its-first-neanderthal-to-250k-years-ago
Journal of Human Evolution
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248407002461
Homo sapiens
https://zenodo.org/record/6646855
Signals of Evolution in the Territory of Greece. Paleoanthropological Findings. Christos Valsamis. Intensive Course in B
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.630.7724&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Nature
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.292..533H
Nature
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8791829
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100818165507/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/omo1.html
Ancient Asia
https://doi.org/10.5334%2Faa.06102
Science
https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aap8369
Homo
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316746
Homo
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316746
Live Science
http://www.livescience.com/49588-ancient-human-fossil-primitive-species.html
Science
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads3888
www.abc.net.au
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s877478.htm
Nature
https://kar.kent.ac.uk/74280/1/Xiahe_Main.pdf
Journal of Human Evolution
https://web.archive.org/web/20200317103112/https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/handle/2158/1002533/75432/Lari%20et%20al_JHE_2015.pdf
Quaternary Science Reviews
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379123004274/pdfft?md5=100788ed2ba65a9d9ec703067d360f27&pid=1-s2.0-S0277379123004274-main.pdf
Journal of Human Evolution
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JHumE..12..747M
Article title Tabun 1 Image at Modern Human Origins
https://web.archive.org/web/20130816062229/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/tabun1.html
Journal of Human Evolution
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248401904841
"Krapina C Images at Modern Human Origins"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013702/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/krapinac.html
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000267
"Researchers determine age for last known settlement by a direct ancestor to modern humans"
https://phys.org/news/2019-12-age-settlement-ancestor-modern-humans.html
New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/17/science/in-a-tooth-dna-from-some-very-old-cousins-the-denisovans.html
PNAS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697428
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100718082720/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/qafzeh6.html
Homo
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03368602
International Journal of Paleopathology
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02266401/file/Coutinho%20Nogueira%20et%20al.%202019%20mandibule.pdf
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100610210613/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/klasies.html
Nature
https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-06004-0
Science
https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-bone-belonged-child-two-extinct-human-species
New Scientist
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2177634-prehistoric-girl-had-parents-belonging-to-different-human-species/
Nature
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03457-8
Asian paleanthropology: From Africa to China and beyond
https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9094-2
"What does it mean to be human?"
https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192253/https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/f-teshik-tash
Journal of Human Evolution
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724840800047X
National Museum of Natural History
https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/la-quina-5
From Lucy to Language
https://archive.org/details/fromlucytolangua2006joha
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20110716234938/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/amud7.html
Nature
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.520..216H
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437904
PLOS ONE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388508
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20110530004548/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/circeo.html
Archaeometry
https://oa.upm.es/4298/
Frontiers in Earth Science
https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2023.1230707
"Fossils – Archaeology"
https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/our-collections/archaeology/fossils/
Article title Amud 1 Image at Modern Human Origins
https://web.archive.org/web/20110424045839/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/amud1.html
"Human evolution: interpreting evidence"
https://web.archive.org/web/20040502010552/http://www.mos.org/evolution/fossils/fossilview.php?fid=54
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20100620070340/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/neanderthal1.html
Science
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu9677
Live Science
https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/human-evolution/ancient-dragon-man-skull-from-china-isnt-what-we-thought
Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.))
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8454552
Nature
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4537386
Science
https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/246496
canadianarchaeology.ca
http://www.canadianarchaeology.ca/samples/69702
Archaeology in Oceania
https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1992.tb00281.x
Journal of Human Evolution
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JHumE..64..356S
Peter Bellwood, Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition (2007), 86ff.
https://books.google.com/books?id=4obAfGBGKY0C&pg=PA86
www.boneandstone.com
http://www.boneandstone.com/neandertal/neandertal_descriptions.html
Quaternary International
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618220300616
Live Science
https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/29-000-year-old-remains-of-child-unearthed-in-thailand-cave-with-symbols-of-blood-and-power
"29,000-Year-Old Ice Age Human Skeleton "Pangpond" Discovered in Prachuap Khiri Khan"
https://thailand.prd.go.th/en/content/page/index/id/368036#
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20130606184738/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/predmosti3.html
Journal of Human Evolution
https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1565531
www.modernhumanorigins.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20130816052454/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/minatogawa1.html
Archaeology in Oceania
https://doi.org/10.1002%2Farco.1983.18.2.98
"Lake Tandou Skull"
http://austhrutime.com/lake_tandou_skull.htm
Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society
https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233656/http://www.ubss.org.uk/resources/proceedings/vol17/UBSS_Proc_17_2_145-152.pdf
The Observer
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jun/20/ice-age-cannibals-britain-earliest-settlers
"Mystery of a West African skull from 13,000 years ago"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120802165239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2011/september/mystery-of-a-west-african-skull-from-13000-years-ago103799.html
Nat Commun
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4660371
"Arlington Man"
https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/arlington.htm
Dictionnaire de la préhistoire
Science Advances
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5783678
Der Diluviale Menschenfund Von Obercassel Bei Bonn. Bearbeitet M. Verworn, R. Bonnet und G. Steinmann, Etc
https://books.google.com/books?id=AqMRMwEACAAJ
"Who Was First? Untangling America's Prehistoric Roots"
https://web.archive.org/web/20071224150030/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/luzia.html
Travels and Archaeology in South Chile
https://books.google.com/books?id=RxLqTBkW42oC&pg=PA214
Travels and Archeology in South Chile
https://books.google.com/books?id=RxLqTBkW42oC&q=%22Cerro+Sota%22+chile+skull&pg=PA214
Current Anthropology
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/200776
Bulletin of the History of Archaeology
https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fbha.20202
Der Spiegel
http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,744424,00.html
Kundoc
https://coek.info/pdf%2Dlhomme%2Dfossile%2Ddasselar%2Dactuel%2Dmali%2Detude%2Dcritique%2Dmise%2Den%2Dperspective%2Dhistoriqu.html
Nature
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574
Late stone age fishermen of Lothagam, Kenya
Lo 4b is the best preserved skull out of a sample of 30 fully modern skeletons of the period 9–6 ka, found at Lothagam,
https://books.google.com/books?id=VpiKZJOhBq8C&pg=PA169
Nature
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8387238