List of human disease case fatality rates

Updated: 11/5/2025, 10:41:46 PM Wikipedia source

Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf. mortality rate). It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease. IFR cannot be higher than the CFR and is often much lower, but is also much harder to calculate. This data is based on optimally treated patients and excludes isolated cases or minor outbreaks, unless otherwise indicated.

Tables

Key

Treatment stage		Pathogen type
	No treatment or cure		Viral disease
	No cure		Bacterial disease
	Unvaccinated		Amoebic disease
	Untreated		Fungal disease
	Vaccinated/treated		Parasitic disease
	Co-infection		Prion
	Unknown		Chromosomal Disease
	Symptomatic		Molecule Disease

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Disease

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Type

Prion

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

No treatment and no cure

CFR

100%

Notes

Includes Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and all its variants, fatal insomnia, kuru, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy and others.No cases of survival, invariably fatal.

Rabies

Disease

Rabies

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

≈100%

Notes

Preventable with vaccine and PEP (dropped to near 0% rate) but once symptoms manifest, there is no cure and the CFR is greater than 99%. 4 known people who survived were simply vaccinated too late, after symptoms started; more recently, at least 3 individuals have survived after being placed in a medically induced coma, however this protocol has since been disputed.

Pneumonic plague

Disease

Pneumonic plague

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

≈100%

Notes

The most virulent among the three forms of plague, hypotheised to be the Black Death. Victims of the Black Death who vomited blood occasionally survived, such as the chronicler Marcha di Marco Battagli.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Disease

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

≈100%

Notes

Rare form of a measles infection, might be treatable if the disease hasn't progressed past Stage 1.

African trypanosomiasis

Disease

African trypanosomiasis

Type

Parasitic (protozoan)

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

>99%

Notes

Without treatment this disease is nearly invariably fatal due to its parasitic and extremely debilitating nature.

Visceral leishmaniasis

Disease

Visceral leishmaniasis

Type

Parasitic (protozoan)

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

>99%

Naegleriasis

Disease

Naegleriasis

Type

Amoebic

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

with ICU treatment

CFR

≈98.5%

Notes

From 1962 to 2022 there have been 157 recorded cases of this infection within the United States, only 4 of those 157 individuals survived the disease. A combination of various antifungal, antibacterial and antiemetic drugs have shown effectiveness in survivors.

Glanders

Disease

Glanders

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

95%

Notes

The rate drops significantly to >50% with treatment.

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

Disease

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

Type

Amoebic

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

No cure

CFR

90%

Notes

150 cases worldwide, only < 10 survivors have been identified.

HIV/AIDS

Disease

HIV/AIDS

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

90%

Anthrax, pulmonary

Disease

Anthrax, pulmonary

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

85%

Notes

Early treatments lower the CFR to 45% as seen in the 2001 AMERITHRAX letter attacks.Monoclonal antibodies (Obilotoxaximab & Raxibacumab) could lower this further.

Lujo virus

Disease

Lujo virus

Type

Viral

CFR

80%

B virus

Disease

B virus

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

≈80%

Notes

B virus infection of humans is extremely rare. As of 2020, there have been 50 documented cases of human B virus infection since the identification of the virus in 1932, 21 of which led to death. Early treatment including aciclovir can improve prognosis.

Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary form

Disease

Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary form

Type

Fungal

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Opportunistic w/COPD, Tuberculosis and Immuno-compromised

CFR

[50–90]%

Ebola

Disease

Ebola

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

[25–90]%

Notes

The rate averages out at 50% for all variants of ebolaviruses, among which the one by EBOV is the deadliest in terms of both the fatality and morbidity rates, with fatalities rangeing between 42% and 90%. Prognosis improved by early supportive treatments as seen in the West African epidemic and the Kivu outbreak.

Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combined

Disease

Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combined

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

[23–90]%

Notes

23% in 1967 when it was first identified and 90% in 2004-2005 when the worst outbreak of the disease occurred. Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Filoviridae.

Smallpox Variola major

Disease

Smallpox Variola major

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated and Unvaccinated

CFR

[9.3-100]%

Notes

Eradicated. The overall fatality rate of all forms was 30%, which dropped significantly to 10% with effective treatments and 3% with vaccination. Around 90% of all the cases were the ordinary form whose untreated/unvaccinated rate was between 9.3 (normal) to 62% (confluent rashes); about 2% of the cases developed into the haemorrhagic form which approached 100% untreated fatality rate.

Nipah virus

Disease

Nipah virus

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

[40-75]%

Notes

This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Type

Viral

CFR

≈53%

Notes

The deadliest form of all the avian flu on humans.

Mucormycosis (Black fungus disease)

Disease

Mucormycosis (Black fungus disease)

Type

Fungal

CFR

[40–80]%

Tularemia, pneumonic

Disease

Tularemia, pneumonic

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

≤ 60%

Cryptococcal meningitis

Disease

Cryptococcal meningitis

Type

Fungal

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Co-infection with HIV

CFR

[40–60]%

Notes

6 month mortality is ≥ 60% with fluconazole-based therapy and 40% with amphotericin-based therapy in research studies in low and middle income countries.

Anthrax, gastrointestinal

Disease

Anthrax, gastrointestinal

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

> 50%

Tetanus, Generalized

Disease

Tetanus, Generalized

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

50%

Notes

CFR drops to [10–20]% with effective treatment.

Tuberculosis, HIV Negative

Disease

Tuberculosis, HIV Negative

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Vaccinated

CFR

43%

Notes

Vaccines have been developed but have been frequently dismissed for having received controversial and improper testing on African populations. [citation needed]

Septicemic plague

Disease

Septicemic plague

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

[30–50]%

Baylisascariasis

Disease

Baylisascariasis

Type

Parasitic (helminthous)

CFR

≈40%

Notes

With occurrence of Neural Larva Migrans; early, aggressive treatment necessary for survival, but only 2 full recoveries from NLM ever documented.

Hantavirus infection

Disease

Hantavirus infection

Type

Viral

CFR

36%

Notes

Ribavirin may be a drug for HPS and HFRS but its effectiveness remains unknown, still, spontaneous recovery is possible with supportive treatment.

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Disease

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Type

Viral

CFR

34%

Notes

Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae.

Eastern equine encephalitis

Disease

Eastern equine encephalitis

Type

Viral

CFR

≈33%

Bubonic plague

Disease

Bubonic plague

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

[5–60]%

Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type

Disease

Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type

Type

Bacterial

CFR

[10–50]%

Varicella (chickenpox), in newborns

Disease

Varicella (chickenpox), in newborns

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

≈30%

Notes

Where the mothers develop the disease between 5 days prior to, or 2 days after delivery.

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)

Disease

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

26%

Notes

Dengue haemorrhagic fever is also known as severe dengue.

Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE)

Disease

Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE)

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

No cure

CFR

[15–30]%

Notes

No specific treatment; usually involves supportive care.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

Disease

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

≈21%

Notes

Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Bunyavirales.

Tularemia, typhoidal

Disease

Tularemia, typhoidal

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

[3–35]%

Leptospirosis

Disease

Leptospirosis

Type

Bacterial

CFR

<[5–30]%

Meningococcal disease

Disease

Meningococcal disease

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

[10–20]%

Typhoid fever

Disease

Typhoid fever

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

[10–20]%

Legionellosis

Disease

Legionellosis

Type

Bacterial

CFR

≈15%

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Disease

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Type

Viral

CFR

11%

Notes

Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae.

Intestinal capillariasis

Disease

Intestinal capillariasis

Type

Parasitic (helminthous)

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

≈10%

Visceral leishmaniasis

Disease

Visceral leishmaniasis

Type

Parasitic (protozoan)

CFR

≈10%

Botulism

Disease

Botulism

Type

Bacterial toxin

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Treated

CFR

< 10%

Notes

Untreated foodborne botulism is thought to be ≈50%.

Diphtheria, respiratory

Disease

Diphtheria, respiratory

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated and untreated

CFR

≈[5-10]%

Yellow fever

Disease

Yellow fever

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

7.5%

Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countries

Disease

Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countries

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

≈3.7%

Smallpox, Variola major

Disease

Smallpox, Variola major

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Vaccinated

CFR

Cholera, in Africa

Disease

Cholera, in Africa

Type

Bacterial

CFR

≈[2–3]%

Notes

With proper treatment, may be less than 1%, while without treatment may reach 50%.

1918 (Spanish) flu

Disease

1918 (Spanish) flu

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Treated

CFR

[2.5-9.7]%

Notes

varies with population, up to 22% in Western Samoa.

Angiostrongyliasis

Disease

Angiostrongyliasis

Type

Parasitic (helminthous)

CFR

≈2.4%

Notes

From Hawaiian cases.

Measles (rubeola), in developing countries

Disease

Measles (rubeola), in developing countries

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

≈[1–3]%

Notes

May reach [10–30]% in some localities.

Brucellosis

Disease

Brucellosis

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Untreated

CFR

≤ 2%

Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years old

Disease

Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years old

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

≈1.8%

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Disease

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated &Treated with unspecific treatments

CFR

0.88%

Notes

Depends largely on the age group of the person, earlier strains of COVID-19 had higher CFR of around 0.1%.

Lassa fever

Disease

Lassa fever

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Treated

CFR

≈1%

Notes

15% in hospitalized patients; higher in some epidemics.

Mumps encephalitis

Disease

Mumps encephalitis

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

≈1%

Pertussis (whooping cough), children in developing countries

Disease

Pertussis (whooping cough), children in developing countries

Type

Bacterial

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

≈1%

Notes

For children 1–4 years old.

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)

Disease

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)

Type

Viral

CFR

< 1%

Anthrax, cutaneous

Disease

Anthrax, cutaneous

Type

Bacterial

CFR

< 1%

Seasonal Influenza, Worldwide

Disease

Seasonal Influenza, Worldwide

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Largely unvaccinated,Treated

CFR

< 0.1–0.5%[failed verification]

Notes

Depends largely on the age group of the people.

Malaria

Disease

Malaria

Type

Parasitic (protozoan)

CFR

≈0.3%

Smallpox, Variola minor

Disease

Smallpox, Variola minor

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

0.1-0.3%

Hepatitis A

Disease

Hepatitis A

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

[0.1–0.3]%

Polio

Disease

Polio

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Without artificial breathing support

CFR

≈0.1%

Notes

0.5% of all infected become paralysed. Of those, about [10–20]% die.Fatality rates vary by age: 2–5% for children and up to 15–30% for adults.

Asian (1956–58) flu

Disease

Asian (1956–58) flu

Type

Viral

CFR

≈0.1%

Hong Kong (1968–69) flu

Disease

Hong Kong (1968–69) flu

Type

Viral

CFR

≈0.1%

Influenza A, typical pandemics

Disease

Influenza A, typical pandemics

Type

Viral

CFR

< 0.1%

Varicella (chickenpox), adults

Disease

Varicella (chickenpox), adults

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

0.02%

Hand, foot and mouth disease, children < 5 years old

Disease

Hand, foot and mouth disease, children < 5 years old

Type

Viral

CFR

0.01%

Varicella (chickenpox), children

Disease

Varicella (chickenpox), children

Type

Viral

Treatment stage[clarification needed]

Unvaccinated

CFR

0.001%

Disease	Type	Treatment stage[clarification needed]	CFR	Notes	Refs.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy	Prion	No treatment and no cure	100%	Includes Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and all its variants, fatal insomnia, kuru, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy and others.No cases of survival, invariably fatal.
Rabies	Viral	Unvaccinated and untreated	≈100%	Preventable with vaccine and PEP (dropped to near 0% rate) but once symptoms manifest, there is no cure and the CFR is greater than 99%. 4 known people who survived were simply vaccinated too late, after symptoms started; more recently, at least 3 individuals have survived after being placed in a medically induced coma, however this protocol has since been disputed.
Pneumonic plague	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	≈100%	The most virulent among the three forms of plague, hypotheised to be the Black Death. Victims of the Black Death who vomited blood occasionally survived, such as the chronicler Marcha di Marco Battagli.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis	Viral	Untreated	≈100%	Rare form of a measles infection, might be treatable if the disease hasn't progressed past Stage 1.
African trypanosomiasis	Parasitic (protozoan)	Untreated	>99%	Without treatment this disease is nearly invariably fatal due to its parasitic and extremely debilitating nature.
Visceral leishmaniasis	Parasitic (protozoan)	Untreated	>99%
Naegleriasis	Amoebic	with ICU treatment	≈98.5%	From 1962 to 2022 there have been 157 recorded cases of this infection within the United States, only 4 of those 157 individuals survived the disease. A combination of various antifungal, antibacterial and antiemetic drugs have shown effectiveness in survivors.
Glanders	Bacterial	Untreated	95%	The rate drops significantly to >50% with treatment.
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis	Amoebic	No cure	90%	150 cases worldwide, only < 10 survivors have been identified.
HIV/AIDS	Viral	Untreated	90%
Anthrax, pulmonary	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	85%	Early treatments lower the CFR to 45% as seen in the 2001 AMERITHRAX letter attacks.Monoclonal antibodies (Obilotoxaximab & Raxibacumab) could lower this further.
Lujo virus	Viral		80%
B virus	Viral	Untreated	≈80%	B virus infection of humans is extremely rare. As of 2020, there have been 50 documented cases of human B virus infection since the identification of the virus in 1932, 21 of which led to death. Early treatment including aciclovir can improve prognosis.
Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary form	Fungal	Opportunistic w/COPD, Tuberculosis and Immuno-compromised	[50–90]%
Ebola	Viral	Unvaccinated and untreated	[25–90]%	The rate averages out at 50% for all variants of ebolaviruses, among which the one by EBOV is the deadliest in terms of both the fatality and morbidity rates, with fatalities rangeing between 42% and 90%. Prognosis improved by early supportive treatments as seen in the West African epidemic and the Kivu outbreak.
Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combined	Viral	Untreated	[23–90]%	23% in 1967 when it was first identified and 90% in 2004-2005 when the worst outbreak of the disease occurred. Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Filoviridae.
Smallpox Variola major	Viral	Untreated and Unvaccinated	[9.3-100]%	Eradicated. The overall fatality rate of all forms was 30%, which dropped significantly to 10% with effective treatments and 3% with vaccination. Around 90% of all the cases were the ordinary form whose untreated/unvaccinated rate was between 9.3 (normal) to 62% (confluent rashes); about 2% of the cases developed into the haemorrhagic form which approached 100% untreated fatality rate.
Nipah virus	Viral	Untreated	[40-75]%	This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1	Viral		≈53%	The deadliest form of all the avian flu on humans.
Mucormycosis (Black fungus disease)	Fungal		[40–80]%
Tularemia, pneumonic	Bacterial	Untreated	≤ 60%
Cryptococcal meningitis	Fungal	Co-infection with HIV	[40–60]%	6 month mortality is ≥ 60% with fluconazole-based therapy and 40% with amphotericin-based therapy in research studies in low and middle income countries.
Anthrax, gastrointestinal	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	> 50%
Tetanus, Generalized	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	50%	CFR drops to [10–20]% with effective treatment.
Tuberculosis, HIV Negative	Bacterial	Vaccinated	43%	Vaccines have been developed but have been frequently dismissed for having received controversial and improper testing on African populations. [citation needed]
Septicemic plague	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	[30–50]%
Baylisascariasis	Parasitic (helminthous)		≈40%	With occurrence of Neural Larva Migrans; early, aggressive treatment necessary for survival, but only 2 full recoveries from NLM ever documented.
Hantavirus infection	Viral		36%	Ribavirin may be a drug for HPS and HFRS but its effectiveness remains unknown, still, spontaneous recovery is possible with supportive treatment.
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	Viral		34%	Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae.
Eastern equine encephalitis	Viral		≈33%
Bubonic plague	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	[5–60]%
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type	Bacterial		[10–50]%
Varicella (chickenpox), in newborns	Viral	Untreated	≈30%	Where the mothers develop the disease between 5 days prior to, or 2 days after delivery.
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)	Viral	Untreated	26%	Dengue haemorrhagic fever is also known as severe dengue.
Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE)	Viral	No cure	[15–30]%	No specific treatment; usually involves supportive care.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)	Viral	Untreated	≈21%	Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Bunyavirales.
Tularemia, typhoidal	Bacterial	Untreated	[3–35]%
Leptospirosis	Bacterial		<[5–30]%
Meningococcal disease	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	[10–20]%
Typhoid fever	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	[10–20]%
Legionellosis	Bacterial		≈15%
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	Viral		11%	Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae.
Intestinal capillariasis	Parasitic (helminthous)	Untreated	≈10%
Visceral leishmaniasis	Parasitic (protozoan)		≈10%
Botulism	Bacterial toxin	Treated	< 10%	Untreated foodborne botulism is thought to be ≈50%.
Diphtheria, respiratory	Bacterial	Unvaccinated and untreated	≈[5-10]%
Yellow fever	Viral	Unvaccinated	7.5%
Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countries	Bacterial	Unvaccinated	≈3.7%
Smallpox, Variola major	Viral	Vaccinated	3%

References

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6001-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease
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https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus
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