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List of heads of state of Mexico

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of heads of state of Mexico

The Head of State of Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. Under the current constitution, this responsibility lies with the President of the United Mexican States, who is head of the supreme executive power of the Mexican Union. Throughout its history, Mexico has had several forms of government. Under the federal constitutions, the title of President was the same as the current one. Under the Seven Laws (centralist), the chief executive was named President of the Republic. In addition, there have been two periods of monarchical rule, during which the executive was controlled by the Emperor of Mexico. The chronology of the heads of state of Mexico is complicated due to the country's political instability during most of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. With few exceptions, most of the Mexican presidents elected during this period did not complete their terms. Until the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas, each president remained in office an average of fifteen months. This list also includes the self-appointed presidents during civil wars and the collegiate bodies that performed the Mexican Executive duties during periods of transition.

Tables

· First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) › First Regency
Portrait
Portrait
Members
Portrait
Members
Name
Term of office
Took office
Term of office
Left office
Term of office
Tenure
Members
Term of office
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Tenure
Juan O'Donojú
28 September 1821
8 October 1821(died)
10 days
Agustín de Iturbide
28 September 1821
11 April 1822
195 days
Manuel de la Barcéna
28 September 1821
11 April 1822
José Isidro Yañez
28 September 1821
11 April 1822
Manuel Velázquez de León
28 September 1821
11 April 1822
Antonio Pérez Martínez
9 October 1821
11 April 1822
184 days
· First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) › Second Regency
Portrait
Portrait
Members
Portrait
Members
Name
Term of office
Took office
Term of office
Left office
Term of office
Tenure
Members
Term of office
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Tenure
Agustín de Iturbide
11 April 1822
18 May 1822
37 days
José Isidro Yañez
11 April 1822
18 May 1822
Miguel Valentín
11 April 1822
18 May 1822
Manuel de Heras
11 April 1822
18 May 1822
Nicolás Bravo
11 April 1822
18 May 1822
· First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) › Monarchy of Agustín I
Reign end
Reign end
Name(Birth–Death)
Reign end
Reign
Duration
Agustín I(1783–1824)
Agustín I(1783–1824)
Name(Birth–Death)
Agustín I(1783–1824)
Reign
19 May 1822
Reign
19 March 1823
Reign
304 days
Royal house
Iturbide
Coat of arms
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Reign
Royal house
Coat of arms
Reign start
Reign end
Duration
Agustín I(1783–1824)
19 May 1822
19 March 1823
304 days
Iturbide
· Provisional Government (1823–1824)
Portrait
Portrait
Head of State
Portrait
Head of State
Name
Term of office
Took office
Term of office
Left office
Term of office
Tenure
Head of State
Term of office
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Tenure
Nicolás Bravo
31 March 1823
10 October 1824
1 year, 193 days
Guadalupe Victoria
31 March 1823
10 October 1824
Pedro Celestino Negrete
31 March 1823
10 October 1824
José Mariano Michelena
1 April 1823
10 October 1824
1 year, 192 days
Miguel Domínguez
1 April 1823
10 October 1824
Vicente Guerrero
1 April 1823
10 October 1824
· First Federal Republic (1824–1835)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Guadalupe Victoria(1786–1843)
Guadalupe Victoria(1786–1843)
No.
1
Name(Birth–Death)
Guadalupe Victoria(1786–1843)
Term of office
10 October 1824
Term of office
31 March 1829
Term of office
4 years, 172 days
Political party
Independent(affiliated with the Liberal Party)
Vice President
Nicolás Bravo (1824–1827)
Notes
First constitutionally elected President of Mexico, and the only President who completed his full term in almost 30 years of independent Mexico.
Vicente Guerrero(1782–1831)
Vicente Guerrero(1782–1831)
No.
2
Name(Birth–Death)
Vicente Guerrero(1782–1831)
Term of office
1 April 1829
Term of office
17 December 1829
Term of office
260 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Anastasio Bustamante
Notes
He was appointed by Congress after the "resignation" of president-elect Manuel Gómez Pedraza.
José María Bocanegra(1787–1862)
José María Bocanegra(1787–1862)
No.
3
Name(Birth–Death)
José María Bocanegra(1787–1862)
Term of office
17 December 1829
Term of office
23 December 1829
Term of office
6 days
Political party
Popular York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)
Vice President
Anastasio Bustamante
Notes
He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Guerrero left office to fight the rebellion of his conservative Vice President Bustamante.
Vélez–Quintanar–Alaman(Triumvirate)
Vélez–Quintanar–Alaman(Triumvirate)
Name(Birth–Death)
Vélez–Quintanar–Alaman(Triumvirate)
Term of office
23 December 1829
Term of office
31 December 1829
Term of office
8 days
Political party
Liberal Party(Vélez) Independent(Quintanar and Alamán)
Vice President
Anastasio Bustamante
Notes
Pedro Vélez president of the Supreme Court, he was appointed by the Council of Government as head of the executive triumvirate along with Lucas Alamán and Luis Quintanar.
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
No.
4
Name(Birth–Death)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
Term of office
1 January 1830
Term of office
13 August 1832
Term of office
2 years, 225 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Vice President
Himself
Notes
As Vice President he assumed the presidency after the conservative coup against Guerrero.
Melchor Múzquiz(1788–1844)
Melchor Múzquiz(1788–1844)
No.
5
Name(Birth–Death)
Melchor Múzquiz(1788–1844)
Term of office
14 August 1832
Term of office
24 December 1832
Term of office
132 days
Political party
Popular York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)
Vice President
Anastasio Bustamante
Notes
He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Bustamante left office to fight the rebellion of Santa Anna.
Manuel Gómez Pedraza(1789–1851)
Manuel Gómez Pedraza(1789–1851)
No.
6
Name(Birth–Death)
Manuel Gómez Pedraza(1789–1851)
Term of office
24 December 1832
Term of office
31 March 1833
Term of office
97 days
Political party
Federalist York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)
Vice President
Vacant
Notes
He assumed the presidency to conclude the term he would have begun in 1829, had he not "resigned" prior to inauguration, as the winner of the elections of 1828.
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
No.
7
Name(Birth–Death)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Term of office
1 April 1833
Term of office
16 May 1833
Term of office
45 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Himself
Notes
As Vice President he assumed the presidency in place of Santa Anna, along with whom he was elected in the elections of 1833.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
8
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
16 May 1833
Term of office
3 June 1833
Term of office
18 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Valentín Gómez Farías
Notes
He assumed the presidency as the constitutionally-elected president. He alternated in the presidency with Vice President Gómez Farías four more times until 24 April 1834.
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
No.
(7)
Name(Birth–Death)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Term of office
3 June 1833
Term of office
18 June 1833
Term of office
15 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Himself
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
18 June 1833
Term of office
5 July 1833
Term of office
17 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Valentín Gómez Farías
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
No.
(7)
Name(Birth–Death)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Term of office
5 July 1833
Term of office
27 October 1833
Term of office
114 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Himself
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
27 October 1833
Term of office
15 December 1833
Term of office
49 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Valentín Gómez Farías
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
No.
(7)
Name(Birth–Death)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Term of office
16 December 1833
Term of office
24 April 1834
Term of office
129 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Vice President
Himself
Notes
He promoted several liberal reforms that led to the discontent of conservatives and the church. Santa Anna took office again aligned with conservatives; Gómez Farías went into exile.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
24 April 1834
Term of office
27 January 1835
Term of office
278 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Vice President
Valentín Gómez Farías
Notes
He cancelled the liberal reforms. On 27 January, the Sixth Constituent Congress dismissed Gómez Farías as Vice President.
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
No.
9
Name(Birth–Death)
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
Term of office
28 January 1835
Term of office
27 February 1836
Term of office
1 year, 30 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Vice President
Vacant
Notes
He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Santa Anna left office to fight the rebellion of Zacatecas. On 23 October, Congress enacted the Constitutional Basis, which voided the Constitution of 1824 and the federal system. He served both as the last president of the First Federal Republic and the first of the Centralist Republic.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Political party
Vice President
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
1
Guadalupe Victoria(1786–1843)
10 October 1824
31 March 1829
4 years, 172 days
Independent(affiliated with the Liberal Party)
Nicolás Bravo (1824–1827)
First constitutionally elected President of Mexico, and the only President who completed his full term in almost 30 years of independent Mexico.
2
Vicente Guerrero(1782–1831)
1 April 1829
17 December 1829
260 days
Liberal Party
Anastasio Bustamante
He was appointed by Congress after the "resignation" of president-elect Manuel Gómez Pedraza.
3
José María Bocanegra(1787–1862)
17 December 1829
23 December 1829
6 days
Popular York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)
Anastasio Bustamante
He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Guerrero left office to fight the rebellion of his conservative Vice President Bustamante.
Vélez–Quintanar–Alaman(Triumvirate)
23 December 1829
31 December 1829
8 days
Liberal Party(Vélez) Independent(Quintanar and Alamán)
Anastasio Bustamante
Pedro Vélez president of the Supreme Court, he was appointed by the Council of Government as head of the executive triumvirate along with Lucas Alamán and Luis Quintanar.
4
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
1 January 1830
13 August 1832
2 years, 225 days
Conservative Party
Himself
As Vice President he assumed the presidency after the conservative coup against Guerrero.
5
Melchor Múzquiz(1788–1844)
14 August 1832
24 December 1832
132 days
Popular York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)
Anastasio Bustamante
He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Bustamante left office to fight the rebellion of Santa Anna.
6
Manuel Gómez Pedraza(1789–1851)
24 December 1832
31 March 1833
97 days
Federalist York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)
Vacant
He assumed the presidency to conclude the term he would have begun in 1829, had he not "resigned" prior to inauguration, as the winner of the elections of 1828.
7
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
1 April 1833
16 May 1833
45 days
Liberal Party
Himself
As Vice President he assumed the presidency in place of Santa Anna, along with whom he was elected in the elections of 1833.
8
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
16 May 1833
3 June 1833
18 days
Liberal Party
Valentín Gómez Farías
He assumed the presidency as the constitutionally-elected president. He alternated in the presidency with Vice President Gómez Farías four more times until 24 April 1834.
(7)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
3 June 1833
18 June 1833
15 days
Liberal Party
Himself
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
18 June 1833
5 July 1833
17 days
Liberal Party
Valentín Gómez Farías
(7)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
5 July 1833
27 October 1833
114 days
Liberal Party
Himself
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
27 October 1833
15 December 1833
49 days
Liberal Party
Valentín Gómez Farías
(7)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
16 December 1833
24 April 1834
129 days
Liberal Party
Himself
He promoted several liberal reforms that led to the discontent of conservatives and the church. Santa Anna took office again aligned with conservatives; Gómez Farías went into exile.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
24 April 1834
27 January 1835
278 days
Conservative Party
Valentín Gómez Farías
He cancelled the liberal reforms. On 27 January, the Sixth Constituent Congress dismissed Gómez Farías as Vice President.
9
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
28 January 1835
27 February 1836
1 year, 30 days
Conservative Party
Vacant
He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Santa Anna left office to fight the rebellion of Zacatecas. On 23 October, Congress enacted the Constitutional Basis, which voided the Constitution of 1824 and the federal system. He served both as the last president of the First Federal Republic and the first of the Centralist Republic.
· Centralist Republic (1835–1846)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
No.
9
Name(Birth–Death)
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
Term of office
28 January 1835
Term of office
27 February 1836
Term of office
1 year, 30 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He left office because of a serious illness. He died three days later.
José Justo Corro(1794–1864)
José Justo Corro(1794–1864)
No.
10
Name(Birth–Death)
José Justo Corro(1794–1864)
Term of office
27 February 1836
Term of office
19 April 1837
Term of office
1 year, 51 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed Interim President by Congress to conclude the presidential term.During his term, he enacted the Seven Laws andSpain recognized the Independence of Mexico.
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
No.
(4)
Name(Birth–Death)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
Term of office
19 April 1837
Term of office
18 March 1839
Term of office
1 year, 333 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He took office as constitutional elected president.He was elected in the elections of 1837 for an eight years term.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
18 March 1839
Term of office
10 July 1839
Term of office
114 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president by the Supreme Conservative Power when Bustamante left office to fight federalist rebellions.
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
No.
11
Name(Birth–Death)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
Term of office
11 July 1839
Term of office
19 July 1839
Term of office
8 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed substitute president when Santa Anna left office.
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
No.
(4)
Name(Birth–Death)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
Term of office
19 July 1839
Term of office
22 September 1841
Term of office
2 years, 65 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He reassumed the presidency.
Francisco Javier Echeverría(1797–1852)
Francisco Javier Echeverría(1797–1852)
No.
12
Name(Birth–Death)
Francisco Javier Echeverría(1797–1852)
Term of office
22 September 1841
Term of office
10 October 1841
Term of office
18 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president when Bustamante left office to fight a rebellion headed by Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, Santa Anna, and Gabriel Valencia.He resigned after the triumph of the rebellion.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
10 October 1841
Term of office
26 October 1842
Term of office
1 year, 16 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was appointed provisional president by a Junta de Representantes de los Departamentos (Board of Representatives of the Departments).
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
No.
(11)
Name(Birth–Death)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
Term of office
26 October 1842
Term of office
4 March 1843
Term of office
129 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed substitute president by Santa Anna when he left office.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
4 March 1843
Term of office
4 October 1843
Term of office
214 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He reassumed the presidency as provisional president.
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
No.
13
Name(Birth–Death)
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
Term of office
4 October 1843
Term of office
4 June 1844
Term of office
244 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president by Santa Anna when he left office.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
4 June 1844
Term of office
12 September 1844
Term of office
100 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He reassumed the presidency after being elected constitutional president by Congress on 2 January 1844.
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
No.
14
Name(Birth–Death)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
Term of office
12 September 1844
Term of office
21 September 1844
Term of office
9 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was appointed substitute president by Congress to replace the interim president Valentin Canalizo.
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
No.
(13)
Name(Birth–Death)
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
Term of office
21 September 1844
Term of office
6 December 1844
Term of office
76 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He assumed the presidency as interim president.
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
No.
(14)
Name(Birth–Death)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
Term of office
6 December 1844
Term of office
30 December 1845
Term of office
1 year, 24 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was appointed interim, and after, constitutional president by Senateafter Canalizo was arrested for trying to dissolve the Congress.
Mariano Paredes(1797–1849)
Mariano Paredes(1797–1849)
No.
15
Name(Birth–Death)
Mariano Paredes(1797–1849)
Term of office
31 December 1845
Term of office
28 July 1846
Term of office
209 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He assumed office via a coup against De Herrera.On 12 June, he was appointed interim president.
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
No.
(11)
Name(Birth–Death)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
Term of office
28 July 1846
Term of office
4 August 1846
Term of office
7 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He took office when Paredes left the presidency to fight the Americans in the Mexican–American War.He was deposed by a federalist rebellion led by Jose Mariano Salas and Valentin Gomez Farias.
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
No.
16
Name(Birth–Death)
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
Term of office
5 August 1846
Term of office
23 December 1846
Term of office
140 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He assumed office as provisional president after the triumph of the federalist rebellion (Plan de la Ciudadela).He put in force the Constitution of 1824 on 22 August.He served both as last president of the Centralist Republic and first of the Second Federal Republic.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
9
Miguel Barragán(1789–1836)
28 January 1835
27 February 1836
1 year, 30 days
Conservative Party
He left office because of a serious illness. He died three days later.
10
José Justo Corro(1794–1864)
27 February 1836
19 April 1837
1 year, 51 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed Interim President by Congress to conclude the presidential term.During his term, he enacted the Seven Laws andSpain recognized the Independence of Mexico.
(4)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
19 April 1837
18 March 1839
1 year, 333 days
Conservative Party
He took office as constitutional elected president.He was elected in the elections of 1837 for an eight years term.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
18 March 1839
10 July 1839
114 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed interim president by the Supreme Conservative Power when Bustamante left office to fight federalist rebellions.
11
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
11 July 1839
19 July 1839
8 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed substitute president when Santa Anna left office.
(4)
Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853)
19 July 1839
22 September 1841
2 years, 65 days
Conservative Party
He reassumed the presidency.
12
Francisco Javier Echeverría(1797–1852)
22 September 1841
10 October 1841
18 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed interim president when Bustamante left office to fight a rebellion headed by Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, Santa Anna, and Gabriel Valencia.He resigned after the triumph of the rebellion.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
10 October 1841
26 October 1842
1 year, 16 days
Liberal Party
He was appointed provisional president by a Junta de Representantes de los Departamentos (Board of Representatives of the Departments).
(11)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
26 October 1842
4 March 1843
129 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed substitute president by Santa Anna when he left office.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
4 March 1843
4 October 1843
214 days
Liberal Party
He reassumed the presidency as provisional president.
13
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
4 October 1843
4 June 1844
244 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed interim president by Santa Anna when he left office.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
4 June 1844
12 September 1844
100 days
Liberal Party
He reassumed the presidency after being elected constitutional president by Congress on 2 January 1844.
14
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
12 September 1844
21 September 1844
9 days
Liberal Party
He was appointed substitute president by Congress to replace the interim president Valentin Canalizo.
(13)
Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850)
21 September 1844
6 December 1844
76 days
Conservative Party
He assumed the presidency as interim president.
(14)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
6 December 1844
30 December 1845
1 year, 24 days
Liberal Party
He was appointed interim, and after, constitutional president by Senateafter Canalizo was arrested for trying to dissolve the Congress.
15
Mariano Paredes(1797–1849)
31 December 1845
28 July 1846
209 days
Conservative Party
He assumed office via a coup against De Herrera.On 12 June, he was appointed interim president.
Vice PresidentNicolás Bravo
(11)
Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854)
28 July 1846
4 August 1846
7 days
Conservative Party
He took office when Paredes left the presidency to fight the Americans in the Mexican–American War.He was deposed by a federalist rebellion led by Jose Mariano Salas and Valentin Gomez Farias.
16
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
5 August 1846
23 December 1846
140 days
Conservative Party
He assumed office as provisional president after the triumph of the federalist rebellion (Plan de la Ciudadela).He put in force the Constitution of 1824 on 22 August.He served both as last president of the Centralist Republic and first of the Second Federal Republic.
· Second Federal Republic (1846–1863)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
No.
16
Name(Birth–Death)
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
Term of office
5 August 1846
Term of office
23 December 1846
Term of office
140 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
After he restored federalism, he called elections.Santa Anna won the election and was appointed interim president by Congress and Valentin Gomez Farias as vice president.
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
No.
(7)
Name(Birth–Death)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
Term of office
23 December 1846
Term of office
21 March 1847
Term of office
88 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
As vice president, he took office in place of Santa Anna, who was fighting the invading U.S. Army in the Mexican–American War.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
21 March 1847
Term of office
2 April 1847
Term of office
12 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He took office as elected interim president.
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
No.
17
Name(Birth–Death)
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
Term of office
2 April 1847
Term of office
20 May 1847
Term of office
48 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
Santa Anna left office to fight in the Mexican–American War. Congress abolished the vice presidency and he was appointed as substitute president.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
20 May 1847
Term of office
15 September 1847
Term of office
118 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He reassumed the presidency when De Anaya left office to fight in the Mexican–American War.
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
No.
18
Name(Birth–Death)
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
Term of office
16 September 1847
Term of office
13 November 1847
Term of office
58 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
As president of the Supreme Court, he assumed the presidency after Santa Anna's resignation.
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
No.
(17)
Name(Birth–Death)
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
Term of office
13 November 1847
Term of office
8 January 1848
Term of office
56 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president by Congress when De la Peña y Peña left office in order to negotiate peace with the United States.
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
No.
(18)
Name(Birth–Death)
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
Term of office
8 January 1848
Term of office
3 June 1848
Term of office
147 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He reassumed office as provisional president when De Anaya resignedafter refusing to give any land to the United States.During his term, he signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
No.
(14)
Name(Birth–Death)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
Term of office
3 June 1848
Term of office
15 January 1851
Term of office
2 years, 226 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was the second president to finish his term and peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista.
Mariano Arista(1802–1855)
Mariano Arista(1802–1855)
No.
19
Name(Birth–Death)
Mariano Arista(1802–1855)
Term of office
15 January 1851
Term of office
5 January 1853
Term of office
1 year, 356 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He resigned when Congress refused to give him extraordinary powers to fight the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio, the goal of which was to bring Santa Anna once again to the presidency.
Juan Bautista Ceballos(1811–1859)
Juan Bautista Ceballos(1811–1859)
No.
20
Name(Birth–Death)
Juan Bautista Ceballos(1811–1859)
Term of office
6 January 1853
Term of office
7 February 1853
Term of office
32 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
As president of the Supreme Court, he was proposed by President Arista as his successor and confirmed the same day as interim president by Congress.
Manuel María Lombardini(1802–1853)
Manuel María Lombardini(1802–1853)
No.
21
Name(Birth–Death)
Manuel María Lombardini(1802–1853)
Term of office
8 February 1853
Term of office
20 April 1853
Term of office
71 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed provisional president by Congress when Ceballos resigned because of the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio.
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
No.
(8)
Name(Birth–Death)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
Term of office
20 April 1853
Term of office
5 August 1855
Term of office
2 years, 107 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He swore as President but ruled as dictator.He called himself "Su Alteza Serenisima" (Serene Highness).The Mexican National Anthem was composed during his presidency.
Martín Carrera(1806–1871)
Martín Carrera(1806–1871)
No.
22
Name(Birth–Death)
Martín Carrera(1806–1871)
Term of office
5 August 1855
Term of office
12 September 1855
Term of office
38 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president after the triumph of the Plan of Ayutlabut he took office until 15 August.
Rómulo Díaz de la Vega(1800–1877)
Rómulo Díaz de la Vega(1800–1877)
No.
23
Name(Birth–Death)
Rómulo Díaz de la Vega(1800–1877)
Term of office
12 September 1855
Term of office
3 October 1855
Term of office
21 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He served as de facto president after Carrera's resignation.
Juan Álvarez(1790–1867)
Juan Álvarez(1790–1867)
No.
24
Name(Birth–Death)
Juan Álvarez(1790–1867)
Term of office
4 October 1855
Term of office
11 December 1855
Term of office
68 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president by a council integrated with one representative of each state after the triumph of the Revolution of Ayutla.
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
No.
25
Name(Birth–Death)
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
Term of office
11 December 1855
Term of office
17 December 1857
Term of office
2 years, 6 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president by Juan Alvarez when he resigned.He became constitutional president on 1 December 1857.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
16
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
5 August 1846
23 December 1846
140 days
Conservative Party
After he restored federalism, he called elections.Santa Anna won the election and was appointed interim president by Congress and Valentin Gomez Farias as vice president.
(7)
Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858)
23 December 1846
21 March 1847
88 days
Liberal Party
As vice president, he took office in place of Santa Anna, who was fighting the invading U.S. Army in the Mexican–American War.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
21 March 1847
2 April 1847
12 days
Liberal Party
He took office as elected interim president.
Vice PresidentValentín Gómez Farías
17
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
2 April 1847
20 May 1847
48 days
Liberal Party
Santa Anna left office to fight in the Mexican–American War. Congress abolished the vice presidency and he was appointed as substitute president.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
20 May 1847
15 September 1847
118 days
Liberal Party
He reassumed the presidency when De Anaya left office to fight in the Mexican–American War.
18
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
16 September 1847
13 November 1847
58 days
Conservative Party
As president of the Supreme Court, he assumed the presidency after Santa Anna's resignation.
(17)
Pedro María de Anaya(1794–1854)
13 November 1847
8 January 1848
56 days
Liberal Party
He was appointed interim president by Congress when De la Peña y Peña left office in order to negotiate peace with the United States.
(18)
Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850)
8 January 1848
3 June 1848
147 days
Conservative Party
He reassumed office as provisional president when De Anaya resignedafter refusing to give any land to the United States.During his term, he signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
(14)
José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854)
3 June 1848
15 January 1851
2 years, 226 days
Liberal Party
He was the second president to finish his term and peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista.
19
Mariano Arista(1802–1855)
15 January 1851
5 January 1853
1 year, 356 days
Liberal Party
He resigned when Congress refused to give him extraordinary powers to fight the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio, the goal of which was to bring Santa Anna once again to the presidency.
20
Juan Bautista Ceballos(1811–1859)
6 January 1853
7 February 1853
32 days
Liberal Party
As president of the Supreme Court, he was proposed by President Arista as his successor and confirmed the same day as interim president by Congress.
21
Manuel María Lombardini(1802–1853)
8 February 1853
20 April 1853
71 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed provisional president by Congress when Ceballos resigned because of the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio.
(8)
Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876)
20 April 1853
5 August 1855
2 years, 107 days
Conservative Party
He swore as President but ruled as dictator.He called himself "Su Alteza Serenisima" (Serene Highness).The Mexican National Anthem was composed during his presidency.
22
Martín Carrera(1806–1871)
5 August 1855
12 September 1855
38 days
Conservative Party
He was appointed interim president after the triumph of the Plan of Ayutlabut he took office until 15 August.
23
Rómulo Díaz de la Vega(1800–1877)
12 September 1855
3 October 1855
21 days
Conservative Party
He served as de facto president after Carrera's resignation.
24
Juan Álvarez(1790–1867)
4 October 1855
11 December 1855
68 days
Liberal Party
He was appointed interim president by a council integrated with one representative of each state after the triumph of the Revolution of Ayutla.
25
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
11 December 1855
17 December 1857
2 years, 6 days
Liberal Party
He was appointed interim president by Juan Alvarez when he resigned.He became constitutional president on 1 December 1857.
· Second Federal Republic (1846–1863) › Reform War 1858–1860 › President recognized by the Liberals
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
No.
26
Name(Birth–Death)
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
Term of office
18 December 1857
Term of office
18 July 1872(died)
Term of office
14 years, 213 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
As president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the self-coup of Ignacio Comonfort against the Constitution of 1857. He was arrested and freed by Comonfort. He established a liberal constitutional government on 18 January 1858.The struggle between the Liberal and Conservative forces is known as Reform War.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
26
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
18 December 1857
18 July 1872(died)
14 years, 213 days
Liberal Party
As president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the self-coup of Ignacio Comonfort against the Constitution of 1857. He was arrested and freed by Comonfort. He established a liberal constitutional government on 18 January 1858.The struggle between the Liberal and Conservative forces is known as Reform War.
· Second Federal Republic (1846–1863) › Reform War 1858–1860 › Presidents recognized by the Conservatives
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
No.
(25)
Name(Birth–Death)
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
Term of office
17 December 1857
Term of office
21 January 1858
Term of office
35 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
After the declaration of Plan of Tacubaya, Congress declared that he was no longer president but he was recognized by conservatives as president with absolute powers.
Félix María Zuloaga(1813–1898)
Félix María Zuloaga(1813–1898)
No.
27
Name(Birth–Death)
Félix María Zuloaga(1813–1898)
Term of office
11 January 1858
Term of office
24 December 1858
Term of office
347 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
After disowning Comonfort, Zuloaga was appointed president by the Conservative Party.
Manuel Robles Pezuela(1817–1862)
Manuel Robles Pezuela(1817–1862)
No.
28
Name(Birth–Death)
Manuel Robles Pezuela(1817–1862)
Term of office
24 December 1858
Term of office
21 January 1859
Term of office
28 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He assumed the conservative presidency with the support of the Plan de Navidad.
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
No.
(16)
Name(Birth–Death)
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
Term of office
21 January 1859
Term of office
2 February 1859
Term of office
12 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He was restored to the presidency by counter-rebellion led by Miguel Miramón.
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
No.
29
Name(Birth–Death)
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
Term of office
2 February 1859
Term of office
13 August 1860
Term of office
1 year, 193 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He assumed the conservative presidency as substitute when Zuloaga left office.
José Ignacio Pavón(1791–1866)
José Ignacio Pavón(1791–1866)
No.
30
Name(Birth–Death)
José Ignacio Pavón(1791–1866)
Term of office
13 August 1860
Term of office
15 August 1860
Term of office
2 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
As president of the Supreme Court of the conservative government,he took office for two days when Miramón left office.
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
No.
(29)
Name(Birth–Death)
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
Term of office
15 August 1860
Term of office
24 December 1860
Term of office
131 days
Political party
Conservative Party
Notes
He took office as interim president of the conservative government after he was electedby a group of "Representatives of the States" who supported the conservatives.He was defeated at the Battle of Calpulalpan, resigned the presidency and fled the country.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
(25)
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863)
17 December 1857
21 January 1858
35 days
Liberal Party
After the declaration of Plan of Tacubaya, Congress declared that he was no longer president but he was recognized by conservatives as president with absolute powers.
27
Félix María Zuloaga(1813–1898)
11 January 1858
24 December 1858
347 days
Conservative Party
After disowning Comonfort, Zuloaga was appointed president by the Conservative Party.
28
Manuel Robles Pezuela(1817–1862)
24 December 1858
21 January 1859
28 days
Conservative Party
He assumed the conservative presidency with the support of the Plan de Navidad.
(16)
José Mariano Salas(1797–1867)
21 January 1859
2 February 1859
12 days
Conservative Party
He was restored to the presidency by counter-rebellion led by Miguel Miramón.
29
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
2 February 1859
13 August 1860
1 year, 193 days
Conservative Party
He assumed the conservative presidency as substitute when Zuloaga left office.
30
José Ignacio Pavón(1791–1866)
13 August 1860
15 August 1860
2 days
Conservative Party
As president of the Supreme Court of the conservative government,he took office for two days when Miramón left office.
(29)
Miguel Miramón(1831–1867)
15 August 1860
24 December 1860
131 days
Conservative Party
He took office as interim president of the conservative government after he was electedby a group of "Representatives of the States" who supported the conservatives.He was defeated at the Battle of Calpulalpan, resigned the presidency and fled the country.
· Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867) › Regency
Portrait
Portrait
Members
Portrait
Members
Name
Term of office
Took office
Term of office
Left office
Term of office
Tenure
Members
Term of office
Political party
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Tenure
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
11 July 1863
10 April 1864
274 days
Conservative Party
José Mariano Salas
11 July 1863
10 April 1864
Pelagio Antonio de Labastida
11 July 1863
17 November 1863
129 days
José Ignacio Pavón
11 July 1863
2 January 1864
175 days
Juan Bautista Ormaechea
17 November 1863
10 April 1864
145 days
· Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867) › Monarchy of Maximilian I
Maximilian I(1832–1867)
1864
1864–1867
Maximilian I(1832–1867)
Name(Birth–Death) → Name(Birth–Death)
Maximilian I(1832–1867)
Reign → Reign start
10 April 1864
Reign → Reign ended
19 June 1867
Reign → Duration
3 years, 70 days
Royal house → Royal house
Habsburg-Lorraine
Coat of arms → Coat of arms
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Reign
Royal house
Coat of arms
Reign start
Reign ended
Duration
Maximilian I(1832–1867)
10 April 1864
19 June 1867
3 years, 70 days
Habsburg-Lorraine
· Restored Republic (1867–1876)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
No.
(26)
Name(Birth–Death)
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
Elected
—
Term of office
18 December 1857
Term of office
11 June 1861
Term of office
14 years, 213 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
The first term he was interim president during the Reform War.The second term resulted from his being appointed constitutional president by Congress after the elections of 1861. His constitutional period began on 1 December.The third term was an extension of the second, a consequence of the invasion.The fourth and fifth terms followed the triumph of the Republic.
30 November 1865
30 November 1865
No.
1861
Name(Birth–Death)
30 November 1865
30 November 1867
30 November 1867
No.
—
Name(Birth–Death)
30 November 1867
30 November 1871
30 November 1871
No.
1867
Name(Birth–Death)
30 November 1871
18 July 1872
18 July 1872
No.
1871
Name(Birth–Death)
18 July 1872
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada(1823–1889)
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada(1823–1889)
No.
31
Name(Birth–Death)
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada(1823–1889)
Elected
—
Term of office
18 July 1872
Term of office
30 November 1872
Term of office
4 years, 155 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
As president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the death of Juarez. He was the winner of the extraordinary election of 1872 and became constitutional president. He was overthrown by the Revolution of Tuxtepec and left office ten days before the end of his constitutional term.
20 November 1876
20 November 1876
No.
1872
Name(Birth–Death)
20 November 1876
José María Iglesias(1823–1891)
José María Iglesias(1823–1891)
No.
32
Name(Birth–Death)
José María Iglesias(1823–1891)
Elected
—
Term of office
26 October 1876
Term of office
28 November 1876
Term of office
33 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
As president of the Supreme Court, he voided, on grounds of fraud, the reelection of Lerdo de Tejada after Congress had declared this reelection valid, and then declared himself interim president. When Lerdo de Tejada went to exile on 20 November, he became constitutional interim president.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Elected
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
(26)
Benito Juárez(1806–1872)
—
18 December 1857
11 June 1861
14 years, 213 days
Liberal Party
The first term he was interim president during the Reform War.The second term resulted from his being appointed constitutional president by Congress after the elections of 1861. His constitutional period began on 1 December.The third term was an extension of the second, a consequence of the invasion.The fourth and fifth terms followed the triumph of the Republic.
1861
11 June 1861
30 November 1865
—
1 December 1865
30 November 1867
1867
1 December 1867
30 November 1871
1871
1 December 1871
18 July 1872
31
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada(1823–1889)
—
18 July 1872
30 November 1872
4 years, 155 days
Liberal Party
As president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the death of Juarez. He was the winner of the extraordinary election of 1872 and became constitutional president. He was overthrown by the Revolution of Tuxtepec and left office ten days before the end of his constitutional term.
1872
1 December 1872
20 November 1876
32
José María Iglesias(1823–1891)
—
26 October 1876
28 November 1876
33 days
Liberal Party
As president of the Supreme Court, he voided, on grounds of fraud, the reelection of Lerdo de Tejada after Congress had declared this reelection valid, and then declared himself interim president. When Lerdo de Tejada went to exile on 20 November, he became constitutional interim president.
· Porfiriato (1876–1911)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
No.
33
Name(Birth–Death)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
Elected
—
Term of office
28 November 1876
Term of office
6 December 1876
Term of office
8 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He became provisional president when Iglesias went to exile.
Juan N. Méndez(1824–1894)
Juan N. Méndez(1824–1894)
No.
34
Name(Birth–Death)
Juan N. Méndez(1824–1894)
Elected
—
Term of office
6 December 1876
Term of office
17 February 1877
Term of office
73 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was appointed substitute president by Díaz when he left office to fight the supporters of Lerdo de Tejada.
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
No.
(33)
Name(Birth–Death)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
Elected
1877
Term of office
17 February 1877
Term of office
30 November 1880
Term of office
3 years, 287 days
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He reassumed the presidency. On 5 May, he was appointed constitutional president by Congress.
Manuel González Flores(1833–1893)
Manuel González Flores(1833–1893)
No.
35
Name(Birth–Death)
Manuel González Flores(1833–1893)
Elected
1880
Term of office
1 December 1880
Term of office
30 November 1884
Term of office
4 years
Political party
Liberal Party
Notes
He was the winner of the 1880 general election.
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
No.
(33)
Name(Birth–Death)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
Elected
1884
Term of office
1 December 1884
Term of office
25 May 1911
Term of office
26 years, 175 days
Political party
National Porfirist PartyNational Reelectionist Party
Notes
He was the winner of the general election in 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904 and 1910.He resigned during his 7th term after the triumph of the Mexican Revolution.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Elected
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
33
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
—
28 November 1876
6 December 1876
8 days
Liberal Party
He became provisional president when Iglesias went to exile.
34
Juan N. Méndez(1824–1894)
—
6 December 1876
17 February 1877
73 days
Liberal Party
He was appointed substitute president by Díaz when he left office to fight the supporters of Lerdo de Tejada.
(33)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
1877
17 February 1877
30 November 1880
3 years, 287 days
Liberal Party
He reassumed the presidency. On 5 May, he was appointed constitutional president by Congress.
35
Manuel González Flores(1833–1893)
1880
1 December 1880
30 November 1884
4 years
Liberal Party
He was the winner of the 1880 general election.
(33)
Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915)
1884
1 December 1884
25 May 1911
26 years, 175 days
National Porfirist PartyNational Reelectionist Party
He was the winner of the general election in 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904 and 1910.He resigned during his 7th term after the triumph of the Mexican Revolution.
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904
Vice PresidentRamón Corral(since 1904)
1910
· Revolution (1911–1928)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Francisco León de la Barra(1863–1939)
Francisco León de la Barra(1863–1939)
No.
36
Name(Birth–Death)
Francisco León de la Barra(1863–1939)
Elected
—
Term of office
25 May 1911
Term of office
5 November 1911
Term of office
164 days
Political party
Independent
Notes
According to the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, he assumed office as interim president. Immediately called for elections.
Francisco I. Madero(1873–1913)
Francisco I. Madero(1873–1913)
No.
37
Name(Birth–Death)
Francisco I. Madero(1873–1913)
Elected
1911
Term of office
6 November 1911
Term of office
19 February 1913
Term of office
1 year, 95 days
Political party
Progressive Constitutionalist Party
Notes
He was the winner of the 1911 general election.He was overthrown by a coup known as the Ten Tragic Days organized by Victoriano Huerta, Félix Díaz and the U.S. ambassador Henry L. Wilson. He was murdered three days later along with the vice president Pino Suárez.
Pedro Lascuráin(1856–1952)
Pedro Lascuráin(1856–1952)
No.
38
Name(Birth–Death)
Pedro Lascuráin(1856–1952)
Elected
—
Term of office
19 February 1913
Term of office
About 45 minutes
Term of office
Independent
Political party
As Secretary of Foreign Affairs, he assumed office as interim president according to the constitution. In about 45 minutes, he appointed Victoriano Huerta as Secretary of the Interior and then resigned the Presidency.
Victoriano Huerta(1850–1916)
Victoriano Huerta(1850–1916)
No.
39
Name(Birth–Death)
Victoriano Huerta(1850–1916)
Elected
—
Term of office
19 February 1913
Term of office
15 July 1914
Term of office
1 year, 146 days
Political party
Independent
Notes
He assumed office via a coup against Francisco I. Madero. He was defeated by the Constitutional Army led by Governor of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza.
Francisco S. Carvajal(1870–1932)
Francisco S. Carvajal(1870–1932)
No.
40
Name(Birth–Death)
Francisco S. Carvajal(1870–1932)
Elected
—
Term of office
15 July 1914
Term of office
13 August 1914
Term of office
29 days
Political party
Independent
Notes
He assumed office as Interim President after the resignation of Huerta.He resigned after the signing of the Teoloyucan Treaties.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Elected
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
36
Francisco León de la Barra(1863–1939)
—
25 May 1911
5 November 1911
164 days
Independent
According to the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, he assumed office as interim president. Immediately called for elections.
37
Francisco I. Madero(1873–1913)
1911
6 November 1911
19 February 1913
1 year, 95 days
Progressive Constitutionalist Party
He was the winner of the 1911 general election.He was overthrown by a coup known as the Ten Tragic Days organized by Victoriano Huerta, Félix Díaz and the U.S. ambassador Henry L. Wilson. He was murdered three days later along with the vice president Pino Suárez.
Vice PresidentJosé María Pino Suárez
38
Pedro Lascuráin(1856–1952)
—
19 February 1913
About 45 minutes
Independent
As Secretary of Foreign Affairs, he assumed office as interim president according to the constitution. In about 45 minutes, he appointed Victoriano Huerta as Secretary of the Interior and then resigned the Presidency.
39
Victoriano Huerta(1850–1916)
—
19 February 1913
15 July 1914
1 year, 146 days
Independent
He assumed office via a coup against Francisco I. Madero. He was defeated by the Constitutional Army led by Governor of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza.
40
Francisco S. Carvajal(1870–1932)
—
15 July 1914
13 August 1914
29 days
Independent
He assumed office as Interim President after the resignation of Huerta.He resigned after the signing of the Teoloyucan Treaties.
· Revolution (1911–1928) › Presidents recognized by the Convention of Aguascalientes
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Eulalio Gutiérrez(1881–1939)
Eulalio Gutiérrez(1881–1939)
No.
41
Name(Birth–Death)
Eulalio Gutiérrez(1881–1939)
Term of office
6 November 1914
Term of office
16 January 1915
Term of office
71 days
Notes
He was appointed provisional president.
Roque González Garza(1885–1962)
Roque González Garza(1885–1962)
No.
42
Name(Birth–Death)
Roque González Garza(1885–1962)
Term of office
16 January 1915
Term of office
10 June 1915
Term of office
145 days
Notes
He was appointed provisional president after Gutierrez left Mexico City.
Francisco Lagos Cházaro(1878–1932)
Francisco Lagos Cházaro(1878–1932)
No.
43
Name(Birth–Death)
Francisco Lagos Cházaro(1878–1932)
Term of office
10 June 1915
Term of office
10 October 1915
Term of office
122 days
Notes
He assumed office as provisional president when González Garza resigned.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
41
Eulalio Gutiérrez(1881–1939)
6 November 1914
16 January 1915
71 days
He was appointed provisional president.
42
Roque González Garza(1885–1962)
16 January 1915
10 June 1915
145 days
He was appointed provisional president after Gutierrez left Mexico City.
43
Francisco Lagos Cházaro(1878–1932)
10 June 1915
10 October 1915
122 days
He assumed office as provisional president when González Garza resigned.
· Revolution (1911–1928) › Constitutionalist victory and restoration of democracy
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name (Birth–Death)
Tenure
Venustiano Carranza(1859–1920)
Venustiano Carranza(1859–1920)
No.
44
Name (Birth–Death)
Venustiano Carranza(1859–1920)
Elected
—
Term of office
Head of the Executive PowerFirst Chief of the Constitutional Army
Term of office
2 years, 260 days
Term of office
Liberal Constitutionalist Party
Political party
He served as Head of the Executive Power after the resignation of Carvajal.He did not immediately call for presidential elections, which he had promised under the Plan of Guadalupe but ruled as the "pre-constitutional" head of government. He convoked a Constituent Convention which enacted the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. He won the 1917 general election and took office as Constitutional President on 1 May 1917.He died during the Rebellion of Agua Prieta, led by three revolutionary generals.
3 years, 20 days
3 years, 20 days
No.
1917
Name (Birth–Death)
3 years, 20 days
Adolfo de la Huerta(1881–1955)
Adolfo de la Huerta(1881–1955)
No.
45
Name (Birth–Death)
Adolfo de la Huerta(1881–1955)
Elected
—
Term of office
1 June 1920
Term of office
30 November 1920
Term of office
182 days
Political party
Liberal Constitutionalist Party
Notes
He was one of the leaders of the coup against Carranza, who had attempted to impose a civilian successor in 1920. De la Huerta was appointed provisional president by Congress.
Álvaro Obregón(1880–1928)
Álvaro Obregón(1880–1928)
No.
46
Name (Birth–Death)
Álvaro Obregón(1880–1928)
Elected
1920
Term of office
1 December 1920
Term of office
30 November 1924
Term of office
4 years
Political party
Laborist Party
Notes
He was the most successful general of the Constitutionalist Army and joined the rebellion against Carranza. When elections were held in the aftermath of the coup, he was the winner of the 1920 general election. Obregón designated Plutarco Elías Calles as his successor; fellow Sonoran general Adolfo de la Huerta rebelled with considerable revolutionary army support, but Obregón crushed the rebellion.
Plutarco Elías Calles(1877–1945)
Plutarco Elías Calles(1877–1945)
No.
47
Name (Birth–Death)
Plutarco Elías Calles(1877–1945)
Elected
1924
Term of office
1 December 1924
Term of office
30 November 1928
Term of office
4 years
Political party
Laborist Party
Notes
He was the winner of the 1924 general election. He changed the constitution to allow non-consecutive election of a president, allowing Obregón to run again in 1928. Obregón was re-elected but was assassinated before being sworn in. Calles then founded the political party that managed presidential succession until 2000.
No.
Portrait
Name (Birth–Death)
Elected
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
44
Venustiano Carranza(1859–1920)
—
Head of the Executive PowerFirst Chief of the Constitutional Army
2 years, 260 days
Liberal Constitutionalist Party
He served as Head of the Executive Power after the resignation of Carvajal.He did not immediately call for presidential elections, which he had promised under the Plan of Guadalupe but ruled as the "pre-constitutional" head of government. He convoked a Constituent Convention which enacted the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. He won the 1917 general election and took office as Constitutional President on 1 May 1917.He died during the Rebellion of Agua Prieta, led by three revolutionary generals.
13 August 1914
30 April 1917
1917
President of Mexico
3 years, 20 days
1 May 1917
21 May 1920
45
Adolfo de la Huerta(1881–1955)
—
1 June 1920
30 November 1920
182 days
Liberal Constitutionalist Party
He was one of the leaders of the coup against Carranza, who had attempted to impose a civilian successor in 1920. De la Huerta was appointed provisional president by Congress.
46
Álvaro Obregón(1880–1928)
1920
1 December 1920
30 November 1924
4 years
Laborist Party
He was the most successful general of the Constitutionalist Army and joined the rebellion against Carranza. When elections were held in the aftermath of the coup, he was the winner of the 1920 general election. Obregón designated Plutarco Elías Calles as his successor; fellow Sonoran general Adolfo de la Huerta rebelled with considerable revolutionary army support, but Obregón crushed the rebellion.
47
Plutarco Elías Calles(1877–1945)
1924
1 December 1924
30 November 1928
4 years
Laborist Party
He was the winner of the 1924 general election. He changed the constitution to allow non-consecutive election of a president, allowing Obregón to run again in 1928. Obregón was re-elected but was assassinated before being sworn in. Calles then founded the political party that managed presidential succession until 2000.
· Maximato (1928–1934)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Emilio Portes Gil(1890–1978)
Emilio Portes Gil(1890–1978)
No.
48
Name(Birth–Death)
Emilio Portes Gil(1890–1978)
Elected
—
Term of office
1 December 1928
Term of office
4 February 1930
Term of office
1 year, 65 days
Political party
National Revolutionary Party
Notes
He was appointed interim president by Congress, after the assassination of the winner of the 1928 general election, president-elect Álvaro Obregón.
Pascual Ortiz Rubio(1877–1963)
Pascual Ortiz Rubio(1877–1963)
No.
49
Name(Birth–Death)
Pascual Ortiz Rubio(1877–1963)
Elected
1929
Term of office
5 February 1930
Term of office
4 September 1932
Term of office
2 years, 212 days
Political party
National Revolutionary Party
Notes
He was the winner of the 1929 general election.He resigned due to the intervention of Calles in his government.
Abelardo L. Rodríguez(1889–1967)
Abelardo L. Rodríguez(1889–1967)
No.
50
Name(Birth–Death)
Abelardo L. Rodríguez(1889–1967)
Elected
—
Term of office
4 September 1932
Term of office
30 November 1934
Term of office
2 years, 87 days
Political party
National Revolutionary Party
Notes
He was appointed substitute president by Congress to conclude the 1928–1934 term.
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Elected
Term of office
Political party
Notes
Took office
Left office
Tenure
48
Emilio Portes Gil(1890–1978)
—
1 December 1928
4 February 1930
1 year, 65 days
National Revolutionary Party
He was appointed interim president by Congress, after the assassination of the winner of the 1928 general election, president-elect Álvaro Obregón.
49
Pascual Ortiz Rubio(1877–1963)
1929
5 February 1930
4 September 1932
2 years, 212 days
National Revolutionary Party
He was the winner of the 1929 general election.He resigned due to the intervention of Calles in his government.
50
Abelardo L. Rodríguez(1889–1967)
—
4 September 1932
30 November 1934
2 years, 87 days
National Revolutionary Party
He was appointed substitute president by Congress to conclude the 1928–1934 term.
· Modern Mexico (1934–present)
Tenure
Tenure
No.
Took office
Name(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Lázaro Cárdenas del Río(1895–1970)
Lázaro Cárdenas del Río(1895–1970)
No.
51
Name(Birth–Death)
Lázaro Cárdenas del Río(1895–1970)
Elected
1934
Term of office
1 December 1934
Term of office
30 November 1940
Term of office
6 years
Political party
National Revolutionary Party
Manuel Ávila Camacho(1897–1955)
Manuel Ávila Camacho(1897–1955)
No.
52
Name(Birth–Death)
Manuel Ávila Camacho(1897–1955)
Elected
1940
Term of office
1 December 1940
Term of office
30 November 1946
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Party of the Mexican Revolution
Miguel Alemán Valdés(1900–1983)
Miguel Alemán Valdés(1900–1983)
No.
53
Name(Birth–Death)
Miguel Alemán Valdés(1900–1983)
Elected
1946
Term of office
1 December 1946
Term of office
30 November 1952
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines(1889–1973)
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines(1889–1973)
No.
54
Name(Birth–Death)
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines(1889–1973)
Elected
1952
Term of office
1 December 1952
Term of office
30 November 1958
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Adolfo López Mateos(1909–1969)
Adolfo López Mateos(1909–1969)
No.
55
Name(Birth–Death)
Adolfo López Mateos(1909–1969)
Elected
1958
Term of office
1 December 1958
Term of office
30 November 1964
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz(1911–1979)
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz(1911–1979)
No.
56
Name(Birth–Death)
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz(1911–1979)
Elected
1964
Term of office
1 December 1964
Term of office
30 November 1970
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Luis Echeverría Álvarez(1922–2022)
Luis Echeverría Álvarez(1922–2022)
No.
57
Name(Birth–Death)
Luis Echeverría Álvarez(1922–2022)
Elected
1970
Term of office
1 December 1970
Term of office
30 November 1976
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
José López Portillo(1920–2004)
José López Portillo(1920–2004)
No.
58
Name(Birth–Death)
José López Portillo(1920–2004)
Elected
1976
Term of office
1 December 1976
Term of office
30 November 1982
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado(1934–2012)
Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado(1934–2012)
No.
59
Name(Birth–Death)
Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado(1934–2012)
Elected
1982
Term of office
1 December 1982
Term of office
30 November 1988
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Carlos Salinas de Gortari(born 1948)
Carlos Salinas de Gortari(born 1948)
No.
60
Name(Birth–Death)
Carlos Salinas de Gortari(born 1948)
Elected
1988
Term of office
1 December 1988
Term of office
30 November 1994
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León(born 1951)
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León(born 1951)
No.
61
Name(Birth–Death)
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León(born 1951)
Elected
1994
Term of office
1 December 1994
Term of office
30 November 2000
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Vicente Fox Quesada(born 1942)
Vicente Fox Quesada(born 1942)
No.
62
Name(Birth–Death)
Vicente Fox Quesada(born 1942)
Elected
2000
Term of office
1 December 2000
Term of office
30 November 2006
Term of office
6 years
Political party
National Action Party
Felipe Calderón Hinojosa(born 1962)
Felipe Calderón Hinojosa(born 1962)
No.
63
Name(Birth–Death)
Felipe Calderón Hinojosa(born 1962)
Elected
2006
Term of office
1 December 2006
Term of office
30 November 2012
Term of office
6 years
Political party
National Action Party
Enrique Peña Nieto(born 1966)
Enrique Peña Nieto(born 1966)
No.
64
Name(Birth–Death)
Enrique Peña Nieto(born 1966)
Elected
2012
Term of office
1 December 2012
Term of office
30 November 2018
Term of office
6 years
Political party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Andrés Manuel López Obrador(born 1953)
Andrés Manuel López Obrador(born 1953)
No.
65
Name(Birth–Death)
Andrés Manuel López Obrador(born 1953)
Elected
2018
Term of office
1 December 2018
Term of office
30 September 2024
Term of office
5 years, 304 days
Political party
National Regeneration Movement
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo(born 1962)
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo(born 1962)
No.
66
Name(Birth–Death)
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo(born 1962)
Elected
2024
Term of office
1 October 2024
Term of office
Incumbent
Term of office
1 year, 34 days
Political party
National Regeneration Movement
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Elected
Term of office
Political party
Took office
Left office
Tenure
51
Lázaro Cárdenas del Río(1895–1970)
1934
1 December 1934
30 November 1940
6 years
National Revolutionary Party
52
Manuel Ávila Camacho(1897–1955)
1940
1 December 1940
30 November 1946
6 years
Party of the Mexican Revolution
53
Miguel Alemán Valdés(1900–1983)
1946
1 December 1946
30 November 1952
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
54
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines(1889–1973)
1952
1 December 1952
30 November 1958
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
55
Adolfo López Mateos(1909–1969)
1958
1 December 1958
30 November 1964
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
56
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz(1911–1979)
1964
1 December 1964
30 November 1970
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
57
Luis Echeverría Álvarez(1922–2022)
1970
1 December 1970
30 November 1976
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
58
José López Portillo(1920–2004)
1976
1 December 1976
30 November 1982
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
59
Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado(1934–2012)
1982
1 December 1982
30 November 1988
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
60
Carlos Salinas de Gortari(born 1948)
1988
1 December 1988
30 November 1994
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
61
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León(born 1951)
1994
1 December 1994
30 November 2000
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
62
Vicente Fox Quesada(born 1942)
2000
1 December 2000
30 November 2006
6 years
National Action Party
63
Felipe Calderón Hinojosa(born 1962)
2006
1 December 2006
30 November 2012
6 years
National Action Party
64
Enrique Peña Nieto(born 1966)
2012
1 December 2012
30 November 2018
6 years
Institutional Revolutionary Party
65
Andrés Manuel López Obrador(born 1953)
2018
1 December 2018
30 September 2024
5 years, 304 days
National Regeneration Movement
66
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo(born 1962)
2024
1 October 2024
Incumbent
1 year, 34 days
National Regeneration Movement
· Presidents who died in office
Benito Juárez
1857
1857–1872
Benito Juárez
President
Benito Juárez
Term of office
1857–1872
Date of death
18 July 1872 (aged 66)
Notes
Only President of Mexico who died of natural causes while in office.
Venustiano Carranza
1914
1914–1920
Venustiano Carranza
President
Venustiano Carranza
Term of office
1914–1920
Date of death
21 May 1920 (aged 60)
Notes
Only President of Mexico to be assassinated while in office.
President
Term of office
Date of death
Notes
Benito Juárez
1857–1872
18 July 1872 (aged 66)
Only President of Mexico who died of natural causes while in office.
Venustiano Carranza
1914–1920
21 May 1920 (aged 60)
Only President of Mexico to be assassinated while in office.

References

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    https://web.archive.org/web/20150218091702/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/infjur/leg/constmex/pdf/consting.pdf
  2. Iturriaga, XXXX: 61.
  3. "El viajero en México: Ó sea la capital de la República, encerrada en un libro"
    https://archive.org/stream/elviajeroenmxic00vallgoog#page/n28/mode/2up
  4. INEHRM Secretaría de Gobernación Archived 25 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.inehrm.gob.mx/Portal/PtMain.php?pagina=exp-triunvirato-articulo
  5. "El Viajero en México (Pág. 30)"
    http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1020004349/1020004349_004.pdf
  6. "Decreto. Nombramiento de los individuos que han de componer el poder ejecutivo"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150821/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1823_122/Decreto_Nombramiento_de_los_individuos_que_han_de_componer_el_poder_ejecutivo.shtml
  7. "Decreto. Nombramiento de suplentes para el supremo poder ejecutivo"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150818/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1823_122/Decreto_Nombramiento_de_suplentes_para_el_supremo_poder_ejecutivo.shtml
  8. "Vicente Guerrero, 1782-1831"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110812165003/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65:vicente-guerrero-1783-1831&catid=84:biografias-independencia
  9. Boletín del IIB
    http://publicaciones.iib.unam.mx/index.php/boletin/article/view/62
  10. La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821-1836
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rq0j6Lp9Op8C&q=20+de+diciembre+de+1827&pg=PA73
  11. "Vicente Guerrero"
    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=574
  12. "Acuerdo de la Cámara de Diputados. Elección de presidente interino de la República en el Excmo. Sr. D. José María Bocanegra"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013434/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1829_116/Acuerdo_de_la_C_mara_de_Diputados_Elecci_n_de_presidente_interino_de_la_Rep_blica_en_el_Excmo_Sr_D_Jos_Mar_a_Bocanegra.shtml
  13. "José María Bocanegra asume interinamente la presidencia de la República, por licencia de Vicente Guerrero"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111007155023/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/18121829.html
  14. "Acuerdo del consejo de gobierno. Nombramiento de asociados al Excmo. Sr. Presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia, para ejercer el supremo poder ejecutivo"
    http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1829_116/Acuerdo_del_consejo_de_gobierno_Nombramiento_de_asociados_al_Excmo_Sr_Presidente_de_la_Suprema_Corte_de_Justicia_para_ejercer_el_supremo_poder_ejecutivo.shtml
  15. "Anastasio Bustamante, vicepresidente con Vicente Guerrero, asume la Presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114054220/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/01011830.html
  16. "Melchor Múzquiz sustituye como presidente interino a Anastasio Bustamante"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114170436/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/14081832-MM.html
  17. "Melchor Múzquiz"
    http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/melchor-muzquiz/
  18. "Anastasio Bustamante"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130329100412/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=14&mes=8
  19. "Manuel Gómez Pedraza"
    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=578
  20. "Manuel Gómez Pedraza asume la presidencia de la República mediante los convenios de Zavaleta"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110429193338/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/24121832.html
  21. "El Sr. D. Valentín Gómez Farías, al jurar como Vicepresidente"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101203826/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1833-GF-VPte.html
  22. "Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México"
    http://imagenpoliticadotcom.wordpress.com/2011/05/16/1833-santa-anna-asume-por-primera-vez-la-presidencia-de-mexico/
  23. "Valentín Gómez Farías"
    http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/valentin-gomez-farias/
  24. "Antonio López de Santa Anna"
    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=593
  25. "Antonio López de Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110515043152/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/5/16051833.html
  26. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Políticos, A.C.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120315162932/http://www.inep.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=215
  27. "Santa Anna asume el poder; Valentín Gómez Farías va al exilio"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114033958/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/4/24041834.html
  28. "Relación Cronológica de las Legislaturas de la Cámara de Diputados"
    http://www.diputados.gob.mx/cedia/sia/re/RE-ISS-01-10.pdf
  29. "Asume la presidencia de la República interinamente el general Miguel Barragán en sustitución de Santa Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114050453/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/28011835.html
  30. México a través de los siglos
    https://archive.org/stream/mxicotravsde04tomorich#page/n5/mode/2up
  31. Las Constituciones de México
  32. "Bases constitucionales expedidas por el Congreso Constituyente"
    http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1835_130/Bases_constitucionales_expedidas_por_el_Congreso_C_206.shtml
  33. "José Justo Corro asume el cargo de presidente interino por la enfermedad del general Miguel Barragán"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114175007/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/28021836.html
  34. "Decreto que expide las Leyes Constitucionales de la República Mexicana"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180925201255/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1836_129/Decreto_que_expide_las_Leyes_Constitucionales_de_l_208.shtml
  35. "Tratado definitivo de paz y amistad entre México y España"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170611010320/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/uploads/tratado28diciembre1836.pdf
  36. "La primera República Federal 1824–1835"
    http://www.conevyt.org.mx/colaboracion/colabora/objetivos/libros_pdf/sso3_u11lecc2.pdf
  37. "Anastasio Bustamante"
    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=576
  38. "López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón, Antonio"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120724235359/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LSA94.html
  39. "Nicolás Bravo 1786–1854"
    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=14
  40. "Nicolás Bravo"
    http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/nicolas-bravo/
  41. "Anastasio Bustamante"
    http://www.iea.gob.mx/webiea/inf_general/archivos/biogra/bustaman.html
  42. "Anastasio Bustamante"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114032844/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/BUA80.html
  43. "Francisco Javier Echeverría asume la presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094820/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/22091841-EFJ.html
  44. "Francisco Javier Echeverría"
    http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/francisco-javier-echeverria/
  45. "Decreto de la Junta de Representantes. Se declara Presidente de la República, a D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195529/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1841PSA.html
  46. "Junta de Representantes o Consejo de los Departamentos"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110719215118/http://www.iih.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc04/028.html
  47. "Efemérides / Santa Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130329100704/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=10&mes=10
  48. "Decreto del gobierno. Sobre que volverá a ejercer el poder ejecutivo, luego que llegue a la capital, el general Santa-Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195056/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1843DSA.html
  49. "Decreto del gobierno. Se deposita el gobierno provisional de la República en el general D. Valentín Canalizo"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101201746/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1843DVC.html
  50. "Valentín Canalizo asume la presidencia de la República como sustituto de Santa Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152544/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/10/04101843-CV.html
  51. "Ley. Se declara presidente constitucional de la República, á D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101203602/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1844LPS.html
  52. "Efemérides / Santa Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092157/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=4&mes=6
  53. "Valentín Canalizo es nombrado presidente interino de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111004100913/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/21091844-CV.html
  54. "Canalizo, Valentín"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114174421/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/CAV94.html
  55. "Herrera asume la Presidencia tras un levantamiento popular"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111206211928/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/06121844.html
  56. "Decreto del senado. Se declara presidente interino de la República, á D. José Joaquín de Herrera"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101201532/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1844DPJ.html
  57. "Mariano Paredes"
    http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/mariano-paredes-y-arrillaga/
  58. "Decreto del congreso extraordinario. Se declarará presidente interino á D. Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101201906/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846PMP.html
  59. "Nicolás Bravo asume la presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114050755/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/7/28071846.html
  60. "Se concede permiso al presidente de la República, para mandar en persona las fuerzas de tierra"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101204009/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DRT.html
  61. "Manifiesto de Mariano Salas y Valentín Gómez Farías"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114651/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1846_139/Manifiesto_de_Mariano_Salas_y_Valent_n_G_mez_Far_a_1666.shtml
  62. "El General Mariano Salas toma posesión de la presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114164430/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/05081846-MS.html
  63. "Republica Federal"
    http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1020004349/1020004349_004.pdf
  64. "Se declara vigente la Constitución de 1824"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101200605/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DVC.html
  65. "Se declara presidente interino de la República, á D. Antonio Lopez de Santa-Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101180352/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DPS.html
  66. "Se declara que D. Valentín Gómez Farías queda en posesion de su encargo de vicepresidente de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101204016/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1846DVG.html
  67. "21 DE MARZO DE 1847"
    http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/1847/patria/textos/sec_31.html
  68. "Efemerides/Pedro María Anaya"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130329100739/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=2&mes=4
  69. "Desemejanzas entre el lider politico y el jefe militar"
    http://www.senado2010.gob.mx/docs/bibliotecaVirtual/12/2746/74.pdf
  70. "Se concede licencia al actual presidente para mandar el ejército, y se suprime la vicepresidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101192547/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1847LPE.html
  71. "Pedro María de Anaya"
    http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/pedro-maria-anaya/
  72. "Tropas mexicanas al mando de Pedro María Anaya y Manuel Rincón luchan contra las fuerzas al mando de Scott en Churubusco"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111114164731/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/20081847.html
  73. "El Presidente de la República, a sus compatriotas"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101203354/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1847SanaComp-.html
  74. "Manuel de la Peña y Peña"
    http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/manuel-de-la-pena-y-pena/
  75. "El general Pedro María Anaya asume la presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120517130845/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/11/13111847-PMA.html
  76. "Herrera, José Joaquín de"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101143634/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/HJJ92.html
  77. "Tras reñidas elecciones, el general Mariano Arista asume pacíficamente la presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120517124827/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/15011851-AM.html
  78. "Juan Bautista Ceballos asume el poder ejecutivo tras la renuncia del presidente Mariano Arista"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120517124109/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/06011853-CJB.html
  79. "Lombardini asume la Presidencia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120517161338/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/07021853.html
  80. "Santa Anna"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151003063357/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=20&mes=
  81. "López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón Antonio"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120724235359/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LSA94.html
  82. "Símbolos patrios de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos"
    https://archive.today/20071020003155/http://portal.sre.gob.mx/china/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=144&op=page&SubMenu=
  83. "Al triunfo del Plan de Ayutla, Santa Anna sale de México"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120517224849/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/09081855.html
  84. "Martín Carrera"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130329093113/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=9&mes=8
  85. "Martín Carrera"
    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=595
  86. "El general Rómulo Díaz de la Vega asume de facto la presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101143610/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/12091855-DVR.html
  87. "Juan Álvarez"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092657/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/ALJ90.html
  88. "1855 Decreto del gobierno. Se nombra presidente de la República al general D. Juan Alvarez"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052932/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/3Reforma/1855DPR.html
  89. "Ignacio Comonfort"
    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=597
  90. "Ignacio Comonfort asume la Presidencia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160309181204/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/11121855.html
  91. "Juárez García Benito Pablo"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100437/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/JGB06.html
  92. "Es proclamado el Plan de Tacubaya, con el que los conservadores pretenden derogar la Constitución de 1857"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193851/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/17121857.html
  93. "El Congreso declara que dejó de ser Presidente de la República don Ignacio Comonfort desde el 17 de diciembre de 1857"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142409/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1861_164/El_Congreso_declara_que_dej_de_ser_Presidente_de_la_Rep_blica_don_Ignacio_Comonfort_desde_el_17_de_diciembre_de_1857.shtml
  94. "Tras desconocer a Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga es nombrado presidente por el partido conservador"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101152817/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/11011858-ZFM.html
  95. "Asume la presidencia del gobierno conservador el general Manuel Robles Pezuela"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101133536/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/24121858-RPM.html
  96. "Plan de Navidad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181020072942/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1858_147/Plan_de_Navidad_1696.shtml
  97. "Zuloaga nombra presidente sustituto de la República a Miguel Miramón"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101153624/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/02021859.html
  98. "José Ignacio Pavón, presidente de la Suprema Corte, se encarga durante dos días del poder ejecutivo del gobierno conservador"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144645/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/13081860-PJI.html
  99. "Toma posesión como presidente interino de la República, Miguel Miramón. Juárez sigue siendo el presidente legal"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144606/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/8/15081860.html
  100. "Se establece la regencia del Imperio mexicano"
    http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1863_162/Se_establece_la_regencia_del_Imperio_mexicano.shtml
  101. "Acta de la primera reunión de la Junta Superior de Gobierno"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180902222354/http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1863_162/Acta_de_la_primera_reuni_oacute_n_de_la_Junta_Superior_de_Gobierno.shtml
  102. "Lerdo de Tejada Sebastián"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130110030314/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LTS23.html
  103. "El Congreso declara la reelección de Lerdo de Tejada y José Ma. Iglesias se da a la rebeldía"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145828/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/10/26101876.html
  104. "Porfirio Díaz asume el poder por primera vez"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130613131438/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/11/28111876.html
  105. "El general Juan N. Méndez ocupa la presidencia en tanto Porfirio Díaz termina con los últimos reductos de las fuerzas de Iglesias y de Lerdo de Tejada"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130611000123/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/06121876-MJN.html
  106. "Porfirio Díaz es nombrado presidente constitucional de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130613063110/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/5/05051877.html
  107. "El general Manuel González toma posesión como presidente constitucional"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130922044018/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/12/01121880-GM.html
  108. "Díaz Mori Porfirio"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130308080109/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/DIM30.html
  109. "León de la Barra Francisco"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130708143207/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/LBF63.html
  110. "Anti-Reelectionist-Progressive Constitutional"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131204122634/http://www.lorenzomeyer.org/Articulos-Revistas/38.pdf
  111. "Francisco I. Madero asume el cargo de la Presidente de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130113051940/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/11/06111911.html
  112. "Se consuma la traición: Huerta y Wilson firman el Pacto de la Embajada"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081204190603/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/19021913.html
  113. "Por sólo cuarenta y cinco minutos, Pedro Lascuráin Paredes asume el cargo de presidente interino"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101154236/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/19021913-LP.html
  114. "Victoriano Huerta asume la presidencia y rinde la protesta de ley ante los diputados"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101154030/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/19021913a.html
  115. "Victoriano Huerta, vencido por las fuerzas constitucionalistas, renuncia a la Presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101140126/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/7/15071914.html
  116. "FRANCISCO S. CARVAJAL"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111126063422/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/acces/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=614:francisco-s-carvajal&catid=28:epoca-independiente&Itemid=35
  117. "Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz asume la presidencia del gobierno convencionista"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145950/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/10/03101914-EG-TP.html
  118. "El presidente provisional, nombrado por la Convención, Eulalio Gutiérrez, huye de México con los fondos de la Tesorería. Lo sucede Roque González Garza"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101152937/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/1/16011915.html
  119. "Francisco Lagos Cházaro se convierte en el último presidente del gobierno de la Convención"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130613025004/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/6/10061915-FChF.html
  120. "Carranza Garza Venustiano"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130516165933/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/CGV59.html
  121. "Adolfo de la Huerta asume presidencia provisional de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000643/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/6/01061920.html
  122. "Obregón Salido Álvaro"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130308085525/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/OSA80.html
  123. "Elías Calles Campuzano Plutarco"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130516090646/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/ECP77.html
  124. "Portes Gil Emilio"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130516090947/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/PGE90.html
  125. "Pascual Ortiz Rubio sufre un atentado y resulta herido durante su toma posesión de la Presidencia de la República"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101153907/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/05021930.html
  126. "Ortíz Rubio renuncia a la Presidencia. Ejerció su mandato en el periodo del "Maximato" llamado así por el poder real ejercido por Calles"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121101143350/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/9/02091932.html
  127. "Rodríguez Abelardo L."
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130619233429/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Biografias/RAL89.html
  128. "El sexenio de AMLO acaba en tres años exactos… ¿por qué durará menos?"
    https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/2021/09/30/el-sexenio-de-amlo-acaba-en-tres-anos-exactos-por-que-durara-menos/
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