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List of hazing deaths in the United States

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of hazing deaths in the United States

This is a list of hazing deaths in the United States. This is not an exhaustive list. An exact list is not available because there is no central system for tracking hazing deaths, and the role of hazing in some deaths is subject to disagreement. Inclusion in this list requires that the incident be described as a hazing-related death by the media. Incidents involving criminal or civil proceedings that did not find a definite link with hazing may still be included if they meet this criterion. According to the National Collaborative for Hazing Research and Prevention at the University of Maine, hazing is defined as "any activity expected of someone joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses or endangers them, regardless of a person's willingness to participate". Although hazing is often associated with the activities that take place as a prerequisite for joining a group, it can also include activities that take place as an established member, such as the 2011 death of fraternity brother George Desdunes. There was at least one university hazing death in the United States each year from 1969 to 2021. Over 200 university hazing deaths have occurred since 1838, with 40 deaths between 2007 and 2017 alone. Alcohol poisoning is the biggest cause of death.

Tables

· History › 18th century
1738
1738
Date of death
1738
Victim
Daniel Rees
Institution
Masonic Temple in Philadelphia
Cause of death
Burns
Notes
During a mock initiation, flaming liquid was thrown on him by Masons led by Evan Jones. He died within days, and Jones was found guilty of manslaughter and branded. Benjamin Franklin, a member of the group, appeared as a witness for the prosecution.
Date of death
Victim
Organization
Institution
Cause of death
Notes
1738
Daniel Rees
Masonic Temple in Philadelphia
Burns
During a mock initiation, flaming liquid was thrown on him by Masons led by Evan Jones. He died within days, and Jones was found guilty of manslaughter and branded. Benjamin Franklin, a member of the group, appeared as a witness for the prosecution.
· History › 19th century
1838
1838
Date of death
1838
Victim
John Butler Groves
Organization
Class Hazing
Institution
Franklin Seminary (Kentucky)
Notes
According to family history records, Groves died in a hazing incident. No further details are available.
1847
1847
Date of death
1847
Victim
Jonathan D. Torrance
Organization
Class Hazing
Institution
Amherst College
Notes
Torrance left school after developing a severe illness that he attributed to upperclassmen soaking his sheets. He eventually died from this illness, and Amherst president Edward Hitchcock attributed the death to hazing rituals, which were referred to as "freshman visitation".
October 17, 1873
October 17, 1873
Date of death
October 17, 1873
Victim
Mortimer N. Leggett
Organization
Kappa Alpha Society
Institution
Cornell University
Cause of death
Injuries from a fall
Notes
Leggett was taken out into the woods at night as part of an initiation ceremony. He died after falling into a gorge while blindfolded. Two members who were guiding him also fell, but survived.
September 19, 1885
September 19, 1885
Date of death
September 19, 1885
Victim
Edward Turnbach
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Unknown public school in Hazleton, Pennsylvania
Cause of death
Kidney trauma
Notes
He was made to run through a gauntlet of schoolmates in which they punched him with their fists. He was punched in the kidneys severely and died several days later.
June 6, 1892
June 6, 1892
Date of death
June 6, 1892
Victim
Wilkins Rustin
Organization
Delta Kappa Epsilon
Institution
Yale University
Cause of death
Peritonitis
Notes
A pledge was led blindfolded through the street during his fraternity initiation towards Moriarty's Cafe, a popular student hangout. He was told to run and did so at top speed. He ran into a sharp carriage pole, injuring himself. He was rendered unconscious, but the injury was not thought to be serious at the time. He suffered an intestine rupture
February 20, 1894
February 20, 1894
Date of death
February 20, 1894
Victim
Henrietta Jackson
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Cornell University
Cause of death
Gassing
Notes
The fatality was not a freshman, but a female cook who died when undergraduates misdirected chlorine gas into the kitchen as part of a hazing prank. The gas was intended to interrupt the Cornell freshman banquet.
September 29, 1898
September 29, 1898
Date of death
September 29, 1898
Victim
David C. Jones
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Decatur High School (Decatur, Illinois)
Cause of death
Spine trauma
Notes
Jones was participating in a hazing custom on September 6 in which all the freshman boys were put over the fence on the first day of school. There was a "lively" fight as well. Jones injured his spine severely and died at the end of the month.
October 27, 1899
October 27, 1899
Date of death
October 27, 1899
Victim
Edward Fairchild Berkeley
Organization
Kappa Alpha Society
Institution
Cornell University
Cause of death
Drowning
Notes
Berkeley was attempting to pin a piece of paper to a tree or bridge (accounts vary) when he fell into a canal and drowned. Members insisted that the errand was not a form of hazing and was merely meant to keep him occupied until his formal initiation later that day.
November 22, 1899
November 22, 1899
Date of death
November 22, 1899
Victim
Martin Bergen
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Lawrenceville Academy (Lawrenceville, New Jersey)
Cause of death
Peritonitis
Notes
12-year-old Bergen died following a hazing tradition called "piling", in which the freshmen boys are forced to pile on top of one another, ending in the upperclassmen jumping on the boys' abdomens with their knees. Bergen ended the session without issue aside from some soreness for 2–3 days. He developed peritonitis from internal injuries and died
Date of death
Victim
Organization
Institution
Cause of death
Notes
1838
John Butler Groves
Class Hazing
Franklin Seminary (Kentucky)
According to family history records, Groves died in a hazing incident. No further details are available.
1847
Jonathan D. Torrance
Class Hazing
Amherst College
Torrance left school after developing a severe illness that he attributed to upperclassmen soaking his sheets. He eventually died from this illness, and Amherst president Edward Hitchcock attributed the death to hazing rituals, which were referred to as "freshman visitation".
October 17, 1873
Mortimer N. Leggett
Kappa Alpha Society
Cornell University
Injuries from a fall
Leggett was taken out into the woods at night as part of an initiation ceremony. He died after falling into a gorge while blindfolded. Two members who were guiding him also fell, but survived.
September 19, 1885
Edward Turnbach
Class hazing
Unknown public school in Hazleton, Pennsylvania
Kidney trauma
He was made to run through a gauntlet of schoolmates in which they punched him with their fists. He was punched in the kidneys severely and died several days later.
June 6, 1892
Wilkins Rustin
Delta Kappa Epsilon
Yale University
Peritonitis
A pledge was led blindfolded through the street during his fraternity initiation towards Moriarty's Cafe, a popular student hangout. He was told to run and did so at top speed. He ran into a sharp carriage pole, injuring himself. He was rendered unconscious, but the injury was not thought to be serious at the time. He suffered an intestine rupture
February 20, 1894
Henrietta Jackson
Class hazing
Cornell University
Gassing
The fatality was not a freshman, but a female cook who died when undergraduates misdirected chlorine gas into the kitchen as part of a hazing prank. The gas was intended to interrupt the Cornell freshman banquet.
September 29, 1898
David C. Jones
Class hazing
Decatur High School (Decatur, Illinois)
Spine trauma
Jones was participating in a hazing custom on September 6 in which all the freshman boys were put over the fence on the first day of school. There was a "lively" fight as well. Jones injured his spine severely and died at the end of the month.
October 27, 1899
Edward Fairchild Berkeley
Kappa Alpha Society
Cornell University
Drowning
Berkeley was attempting to pin a piece of paper to a tree or bridge (accounts vary) when he fell into a canal and drowned. Members insisted that the errand was not a form of hazing and was merely meant to keep him occupied until his formal initiation later that day.
November 22, 1899
Martin Bergen
Class hazing
Lawrenceville Academy (Lawrenceville, New Jersey)
Peritonitis
12-year-old Bergen died following a hazing tradition called "piling", in which the freshmen boys are forced to pile on top of one another, ending in the upperclassmen jumping on the boys' abdomens with their knees. Bergen ended the session without issue aside from some soreness for 2–3 days. He developed peritonitis from internal injuries and died
· History › 1900s
November 3, 1900
November 3, 1900
Date of death
November 3, 1900
Victim
Thomas Finley Brown
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
Porter Military Academy (Charleston, South Carolina)
Cause of death
Internal injuries
Notes
12-year-old Brown was forced to drop blindfolded into a swimming pool. He dropped approximately 12 ft (3 m) into the pool, which contained almost no water. He died from internal injuries.
November 16, 1900
November 16, 1900
Date of death
November 16, 1900
Victim
Hugh Chadwick Moore
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cause of death
Neck trauma
Notes
Moore died following the annual "Cane rush"—a tradition in which freshmen were given a special cane that the sophomores would attempt to steal during a scrap. After the pistol sounded to begin the rush, Moore grabbed hold of the cane, eventually finding himself at the bottom of the pile. He was asked several times if he was alright, to which he ans
December 3, 1900
December 3, 1900
Date of death
December 3, 1900
Victim
Oscar Booz
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
United States Military Academy West Point, New York
Cause of death
Tuberculosis
Notes
Booz began at West Point in June 1898 in good physical health. Four months later, he resigned due to health problems. He died in December 1900 of tuberculosis. During his long struggle with the illness, he blamed the illness on hazing he received at West Point in 1898, claiming he had hot sauce poured down his throat on three occasions, as well as
September 15, 1903
September 15, 1903
Date of death
September 15, 1903
Victim
Ralph McBride
Organization
Secret society "L. of S "
Institution or location
Bluffton High School (Bluffton, Indiana)
Cause of death
Sepsis
Notes
Fifteen-year-old McBride died five months after he was hazed roughly during the initiation into a high school secret society. Three other boys were hazed roughly at the same time, leading another of the boys' fathers to press charges for assault and battery against the boys. The other boys survived, but McBride developed sepsis and died following a
November 8, 1903
November 8, 1903
Date of death
November 8, 1903
Victim
Martin Loew
Organization
Phi Psi Chi (Local dental fraternity)
Institution or location
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Notes
Shortly after being initiated into Phi Psi Chi, German-born Loew was found deceased in his dorm room while his South African roommate was found unconscious. Upon awakening, Loew's roommate described the hazing. A week prior, Loew was undressed, blindfolded, and taken into a room where he was laid on a block of ice. He was then carried upstairs to a
1903
1903
Date of death
1903
Victim
Ralph Canning
Organization
Childhood hazing
Institution or location
Barton, Vermont
Notes
Three young boys, aged 11, 10, and 7, read about hazing practices in college and decided to try it themselves. They built a fire in a pasture behind the schoolhouse and led nine-year-old Ralph Canning to the spot. They heated several stones until they were red hot. The boys forced Canning to both sit and stand on the hot stones and held him there d
September 1904
September 1904
Date of death
September 1904
Victim
Frank Miller
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
Purdue University
Cause of death
Pneumonia
Notes
Miller and other freshmen were taken to a bridge over the Wabash River. When he refused to cheer for the sophomores, he was stripped, painted black from head to toe (black and gold are Purdue's official colors), and thrown into the river. He was forced to swim until he was exhausted in the very cold water. He died of pneumonia four days later.
April 1904
April 1904
Date of death
April 1904
Victim
Freddie Fillwock
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
Rawson School (Findlay, Ohio)
Cause of death
Head trauma
Notes
Ten-year-old Fillwock was fatally injured during a hazing event by older boys at the school. He was being physically hazed by several boys who were several years older than him when he broke away from the crowd. He ran toward his home but fell, striking the back of his head on a stake. Several other boys piled on top of him. When he was picked up,
October 28, 1905
October 28, 1905
Date of death
October 28, 1905
Victim
Stuart Lathrop Pierson
Organization
Delta Kappa Epsilon
Institution or location
Kenyon College
Cause of death
Hit by a train
Notes
Pierson was killed while being initiated into a fraternity. He was sent to a railroad track as part of a hazing ceremony and killed by an unscheduled train.
February 10, 1906
February 10, 1906
Date of death
February 10, 1906
Victim
William Taylor
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
A school in Lima, Ohio
Cause of death
Pneumonia
Notes
Thirteen-year-old Taylor was buried in a snowdrift after rough hazing by classmates. He died a few days later of pneumonia.
January 3, 1906
January 3, 1906
Date of death
January 3, 1906
Victim
Cecil F. Leat
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
Hilliard High School (Columbus, Ohio)
Notes
On November 9, 1905, Leat was thrown into a rail, then to the ground, where he was beaten severely. He died the following January from the injuries.
September 27, 1908
September 27, 1908
Date of death
September 27, 1908
Victim
Emil S. Gran
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Cause of death
Spinal trauma
Notes
On September 22, 1908, Gran fractured his spine in the Sophomore-Freshmen cane rush and died several days later from his injuries.
March 1909
March 1909
Date of death
March 1909
Victim
Charles Stinson
Organization
Class hazing
Institution or location
White School (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Notes
Stintson was strung up by the ankles to a tree near the school and left for an extended period. He died several hours after being taken down.
Date of death
Victim
Organization
Institution or location
Cause of death
Notes
November 3, 1900
Thomas Finley Brown
Class hazing
Porter Military Academy (Charleston, South Carolina)
Internal injuries
12-year-old Brown was forced to drop blindfolded into a swimming pool. He dropped approximately 12 ft (3 m) into the pool, which contained almost no water. He died from internal injuries.
November 16, 1900
Hugh Chadwick Moore
Class hazing
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Neck trauma
Moore died following the annual "Cane rush"—a tradition in which freshmen were given a special cane that the sophomores would attempt to steal during a scrap. After the pistol sounded to begin the rush, Moore grabbed hold of the cane, eventually finding himself at the bottom of the pile. He was asked several times if he was alright, to which he ans
December 3, 1900
Oscar Booz
Class hazing
United States Military Academy West Point, New York
Tuberculosis
Booz began at West Point in June 1898 in good physical health. Four months later, he resigned due to health problems. He died in December 1900 of tuberculosis. During his long struggle with the illness, he blamed the illness on hazing he received at West Point in 1898, claiming he had hot sauce poured down his throat on three occasions, as well as
September 15, 1903
Ralph McBride
Secret society "L. of S "
Bluffton High School (Bluffton, Indiana)
Sepsis
Fifteen-year-old McBride died five months after he was hazed roughly during the initiation into a high school secret society. Three other boys were hazed roughly at the same time, leading another of the boys' fathers to press charges for assault and battery against the boys. The other boys survived, but McBride developed sepsis and died following a
November 8, 1903
Martin Loew
Phi Psi Chi (Local dental fraternity)
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Shortly after being initiated into Phi Psi Chi, German-born Loew was found deceased in his dorm room while his South African roommate was found unconscious. Upon awakening, Loew's roommate described the hazing. A week prior, Loew was undressed, blindfolded, and taken into a room where he was laid on a block of ice. He was then carried upstairs to a
1903
Ralph Canning
Childhood hazing
Barton, Vermont
Three young boys, aged 11, 10, and 7, read about hazing practices in college and decided to try it themselves. They built a fire in a pasture behind the schoolhouse and led nine-year-old Ralph Canning to the spot. They heated several stones until they were red hot. The boys forced Canning to both sit and stand on the hot stones and held him there d
September 1904
Frank Miller
Class hazing
Purdue University
Pneumonia
Miller and other freshmen were taken to a bridge over the Wabash River. When he refused to cheer for the sophomores, he was stripped, painted black from head to toe (black and gold are Purdue's official colors), and thrown into the river. He was forced to swim until he was exhausted in the very cold water. He died of pneumonia four days later.
April 1904
Freddie Fillwock
Class hazing
Rawson School (Findlay, Ohio)
Head trauma
Ten-year-old Fillwock was fatally injured during a hazing event by older boys at the school. He was being physically hazed by several boys who were several years older than him when he broke away from the crowd. He ran toward his home but fell, striking the back of his head on a stake. Several other boys piled on top of him. When he was picked up,
October 28, 1905
Stuart Lathrop Pierson
Delta Kappa Epsilon
Kenyon College
Hit by a train
Pierson was killed while being initiated into a fraternity. He was sent to a railroad track as part of a hazing ceremony and killed by an unscheduled train.
February 10, 1906
William Taylor
Class hazing
A school in Lima, Ohio
Pneumonia
Thirteen-year-old Taylor was buried in a snowdrift after rough hazing by classmates. He died a few days later of pneumonia.
January 3, 1906
Cecil F. Leat
Class hazing
Hilliard High School (Columbus, Ohio)
On November 9, 1905, Leat was thrown into a rail, then to the ground, where he was beaten severely. He died the following January from the injuries.
September 27, 1908
Emil S. Gran
Class hazing
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Spinal trauma
On September 22, 1908, Gran fractured his spine in the Sophomore-Freshmen cane rush and died several days later from his injuries.
March 1909
Charles Stinson
Class hazing
White School (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Stintson was strung up by the ankles to a tree near the school and left for an extended period. He died several hours after being taken down.
· 1910s
February 9, 1910
February 9, 1910
Date of death
February 9, 1910
Victim
Clarence W. Gore
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
University of Oregon
Notes
Gore fell ill following a hazing session in November, during which he was told to keep up a bonfire for an extended period, resulting in several hours of hard labor. He never recovered from this illness and died in February.
September 12, 1912
September 12, 1912
Date of death
September 12, 1912
Victim
William Rand
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Cause of death
Neck laceration
Notes
Rand, along with other freshmen, was forced to leave his room after midnight by sophomores and carried onto the football field. The freshmen were forced to dance, sing, and do other hazing stunts on top of a barrel standing on end. At some point, he either fell or the barrel was kicked out from under him. He fell on top of a broken bottle on the gr
July 24, 1913
July 24, 1913
Date of death
July 24, 1913
Victim
Donald A. Kenny and Christopher Gustin
Organization
Fraternal order hazing
Institution
Loyal Order of Moose (Birmingham, Alabama)
Cause of death
Electrocution
Notes
Kenny and Gustin died by electrocution during an initiation ritual. The men were made to look upon a red-hot emblem of the Order, then blindfolded, disrobed, and had a chilled rubber version of the emblem applied to their chests, while a magneto was attached to their legs and an electric current was applied to them by a wire to their shoulders. The
September 19, 1913
September 19, 1913
Date of death
September 19, 1913
Victim
Francis Obenchain
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Purdue University
Cause of death
Broken neck
Notes
Obenchain died from a broken neck following the "Tank Scrap" tradition, a brutal physical altercation between freshmen and sophomores.
May 26, 1914
May 26, 1914
Date of death
May 26, 1914
Victim
William Bowlus
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
St. John's College
Cause of death
Gunshot
Notes
Bowlus was a cadet in the junior class at the time of his death. He, along with several other upperclassmen, attempted to enter a freshman's room to haze the occupants. Five freshmen were in the room at the time, and one fired a shot, striking him in the abdomen. The men refused to identify which one fired the shot, and a grand jury declined to ind
November 25, 1915
November 25, 1915
Date of death
November 25, 1915
Victim
Thurber Sweet
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Virginia Military Institute
Cause of death
Spinal trauma
Notes
Sweet was the 17-year-old son of Chicago millionaire C . Sweet when he entered VMI. He left the institute in October, claiming he had been severely beaten by the other students with bayonets. Physician Dr. J . Scott attended to him, telling him his spinal injuries might result in paralysis. Sweet's health continued to deteriorate until he died at
October 1916
October 1916
Date of death
October 1916
Victim
Paul N. Blue
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Morningside College
Cause of death
Head trauma
Notes
Blue died following a hazing incident in which the freshmen were given a severe blow to the head. His injury was complicated by diabetes. He became ill following the blow and died later at the hospital.
September 24, 1919
September 24, 1919
Date of death
September 24, 1919
Victim
Frank McCullough
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Colgate University
Cause of death
Drowning
Notes
Members of the sophomore class left freshmen, including McCullough, on an island to swim back to shore. He drowned.
Date of death
Victim
Organization
Institution
Cause of death
Notes
February 9, 1910
Clarence W. Gore
Class hazing
University of Oregon
Gore fell ill following a hazing session in November, during which he was told to keep up a bonfire for an extended period, resulting in several hours of hard labor. He never recovered from this illness and died in February.
September 12, 1912
William Rand
Class hazing
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Neck laceration
Rand, along with other freshmen, was forced to leave his room after midnight by sophomores and carried onto the football field. The freshmen were forced to dance, sing, and do other hazing stunts on top of a barrel standing on end. At some point, he either fell or the barrel was kicked out from under him. He fell on top of a broken bottle on the gr
July 24, 1913
Donald A. Kenny and Christopher Gustin
Fraternal order hazing
Loyal Order of Moose (Birmingham, Alabama)
Electrocution
Kenny and Gustin died by electrocution during an initiation ritual. The men were made to look upon a red-hot emblem of the Order, then blindfolded, disrobed, and had a chilled rubber version of the emblem applied to their chests, while a magneto was attached to their legs and an electric current was applied to them by a wire to their shoulders. The
September 19, 1913
Francis Obenchain
Class hazing
Purdue University
Broken neck
Obenchain died from a broken neck following the "Tank Scrap" tradition, a brutal physical altercation between freshmen and sophomores.
May 26, 1914
William Bowlus
Class hazing
St. John's College
Gunshot
Bowlus was a cadet in the junior class at the time of his death. He, along with several other upperclassmen, attempted to enter a freshman's room to haze the occupants. Five freshmen were in the room at the time, and one fired a shot, striking him in the abdomen. The men refused to identify which one fired the shot, and a grand jury declined to ind
November 25, 1915
Thurber Sweet
Class hazing
Virginia Military Institute
Spinal trauma
Sweet was the 17-year-old son of Chicago millionaire C . Sweet when he entered VMI. He left the institute in October, claiming he had been severely beaten by the other students with bayonets. Physician Dr. J . Scott attended to him, telling him his spinal injuries might result in paralysis. Sweet's health continued to deteriorate until he died at
October 1916
Paul N. Blue
Class hazing
Morningside College
Head trauma
Blue died following a hazing incident in which the freshmen were given a severe blow to the head. His injury was complicated by diabetes. He became ill following the blow and died later at the hospital.
September 24, 1919
Frank McCullough
Class hazing
Colgate University
Drowning
Members of the sophomore class left freshmen, including McCullough, on an island to swim back to shore. He drowned.
· 1920s
September 21, 1921
September 21, 1921
Date of death
September 21, 1921
Victim
Leighton Mount
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
Northwestern University
Notes
Mount disappeared on the evening of a class hazing event and was discovered deceased in April 1923 in a hole beneath a pier between heavy slabs of concrete. Several feet of knotted rope was found around the skeleton, and physicians who examined the body gave the opinion that lime was placed over the body before it was hidden, and reapplied several
January 6, 1925
January 6, 1925
Date of death
January 6, 1925
Victim
Reginald Stringfellow
Organization
Class hazing
Institution
University of Utah
Notes
Stringfellow died following several instances of "tubbing", which was a hazing ritual that involved submerging the victim's head underwater for an extended period.
September 30, 1928
September 30, 1928
Date of death
September 30, 1928
Victim
Nolte McElroy
Organization
Delta Kappa Epsilon
Institution
University of Texas at Austin
Cause of death
Electrocution
Notes
Sophomore football player Nolte McElroy was electrocuted during an initiation ritual in which he was forced to wear wet pajamas and crawl through two bedsprings that had been charged with electric current by connecting them to city lighting wires through a rheostat. 184 initiates had gone through the same ritual in the 15 years prior, without incid
Date of death
Victim
Organization
Institution
Cause of death
Notes
September 21, 1921
Leighton Mount
Class hazing
Northwestern University
Mount disappeared on the evening of a class hazing event and was discovered deceased in April 1923 in a hole beneath a pier between heavy slabs of concrete. Several feet of knotted rope was found around the skeleton, and physicians who examined the body gave the opinion that lime was placed over the body before it was hidden, and reapplied several
January 6, 1925
Reginald Stringfellow
Class hazing
University of Utah
Stringfellow died following several instances of "tubbing", which was a hazing ritual that involved submerging the victim's head underwater for an extended period.
September 30, 1928
Nolte McElroy
Delta Kappa Epsilon
University of Texas at Austin
Electrocution
Sophomore football player Nolte McElroy was electrocuted during an initiation ritual in which he was forced to wear wet pajamas and crawl through two bedsprings that had been charged with electric current by connecting them to city lighting wires through a rheostat. 184 initiates had gone through the same ritual in the 15 years prior, without incid

References

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    https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084932/http://umaine.edu/hazingresearch/
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    http://www.hanknuwer.com/articles/hazing-deaths/
  3. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/10/daily-chart-8
  4. "A Defense of Conduct"
    https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-02-02-0036
  5. New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan
  6. Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lHM9ltEQIU0C&q=Rick+Cerra+hazing+death&pg=PA250
  7. Understanding A Separate Peace: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5p9yu8fFSP8C&pg=PA188
  8. Chicago Daily Tribune
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/28369691
  9. Chicago Daily Tribune
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/28638109
  10. The Monroeville Breeze
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/40530142
  11. The Inter Ocean
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/33447124
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    https://books.google.com/books?id=NEs3v-YlUr4C&pg=PA471
  13. The Sun and the Erie Country Independent
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/49862285
  14. Logansport Pharos-Tribune
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/1189266
  15. The New York Times
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/20527066
  16. Harrisburg Telegraph
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/44265297
  17. The World
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/3756221
  18. The Topeka Daily Capital
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/63185601
  19. The Osage City Free Press
    https://www.newspapers.com/image/62280730
  20. "Death of Hugh Chadwick Moore"
    http://tech.mit.edu/V20/PDF/V20-N8.pdf
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