List of genocides
Updated: 11/4/2025, 4:21:02 PM Wikipedia source
This list includes all events which have been classified as genocide by significant scholarship. As there are varying definitions of genocide, this list includes events around which there is ongoing scholarly debate over their classification as genocide and is not a list of only events which have a scholarly consensus to recognize them as genocide. This list excludes mass killings which have not been explicitly defined as genocidal. According to the Genocide Convention, genocides have happened in all historical periods.
Tables
List of genocides in reverse chronological order · List
From
From
Event
From
Location
To
Period
Lowest
Period
Highest
Description
Description
Event
Description
Location
Proportion of group killed
Gaza genocide
Gaza genocide
Event
Gaza genocide
Location
Gaza Strip, Palestine
Period
2023
Period
Present
Estimated killings
65,062
Estimated killings
335,500
The Gaza genocide is the ongoing systematic destruction of the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip by Israel during the Gaza war, carried out with the intent to destroy Gaza's population in whole or in part through extermination, starvation, bombing, blockade, and invasion. Other genocidal acts include destroying civilian infrastructure, killing healthcare workers and aid-seekers, using mass forced displacement, committing sexual violence, and restricting birth. The genocide has been recognized by consensus amongst experts, a United Nations special committee and commission of inquiry; humanitarian and human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, Médecins Sans Frontières, and Human Rights Watch; international law experts; and genocide studies scholars, including 86% of voters in the International Association of Genocide Scholars.
The Gaza genocide is the ongoing systematic destruction of the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip by Israel during the Gaza war, carried out with the intent to destroy Gaza's population in whole or in part through extermination, starvation, bombing, blockade, and invasion. Other genocidal acts include destroying civilian infrastructure, killing healthcare workers and aid-seekers, using mass forced displacement, committing sexual violence, and restricting birth. The genocide has been recognized by consensus amongst experts, a United Nations special committee and commission of inquiry; humanitarian and human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, Médecins Sans Frontières, and Human Rights Watch; international law experts; and genocide studies scholars, including 86% of voters in the International Association of Genocide Scholars.
Event
The Gaza genocide is the ongoing systematic destruction of the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip by Israel during the Gaza war, carried out with the intent to destroy Gaza's population in whole or in part through extermination, starvation, bombing, blockade, and invasion. Other genocidal acts include destroying civilian infrastructure, killing healthcare workers and aid-seekers, using mass forced displacement, committing sexual violence, and restricting birth. The genocide has been recognized by consensus amongst experts, a United Nations special committee and commission of inquiry; humanitarian and human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, Médecins Sans Frontières, and Human Rights Watch; international law experts; and genocide studies scholars, including 86% of voters in the International Association of Genocide Scholars.
Location
More than 10,000 presumed dead under rubble
2.7–14.1% of pre-war Gazan population killed[failed verification]
Rohingya genocide
Rohingya genocide
Event
Rohingya genocide
Location
Rakhine State, Myanmar
Period
2016
Period
Present
Estimated killings
9,000–13,700
Estimated killings
43,000
The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.
The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp, while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.
The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.
The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp, while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.
Event
The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.
The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp, while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.
Location
Before the 2015 refugee crisis, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons.
Persecution of Uyghurs in China
Persecution of Uyghurs in China
Event
Persecution of Uyghurs in China
Location
Xinjiang, China
Period
2016
Period
Present
Widespread human rights violations by the Chinese Communist Party against Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities have often been characterized as genocide. There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, mass surveillance, cultural and religious persecution, family separation, forced labour, sexual violence, and violations of reproductive rights, including forced sterilization. The Uyghur Tribunal concluded that there was "no evidence of mass killings" but that "alleged efforts to prevent births amounted to genocidal intent." Human Rights Watch stated in its 2021 report that the organization "has not documented the existence of the necessary genocidal intent at this time."
Widespread human rights violations by the Chinese Communist Party against Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities have often been characterized as genocide. There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, mass surveillance, cultural and religious persecution, family separation, forced labour, sexual violence, and violations of reproductive rights, including forced sterilization. The Uyghur Tribunal concluded that there was "no evidence of mass killings" but that "alleged efforts to prevent births amounted to genocidal intent." Human Rights Watch stated in its 2021 report that the organization "has not documented the existence of the necessary genocidal intent at this time."
Event
Widespread human rights violations by the Chinese Communist Party against Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities have often been characterized as genocide. There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, mass surveillance, cultural and religious persecution, family separation, forced labour, sexual violence, and violations of reproductive rights, including forced sterilization. The Uyghur Tribunal concluded that there was "no evidence of mass killings" but that "alleged efforts to prevent births amounted to genocidal intent." Human Rights Watch stated in its 2021 report that the organization "has not documented the existence of the necessary genocidal intent at this time."
Location
Birth rates among Uyghurs had fallen by 24% as of 2020 due to Chinese policies.
Genocide of Ukrainians during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Genocide of Ukrainians during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Event
Genocide of Ukrainians during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Location
Ukraine
Period
2014
Period
Present
Estimated killings
13,883
Estimated killings
50,000
Several genocide scholars, commentators, legal experts, Human Rights Organizations and the national parliaments of several countries have declared that Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against Ukrainian civilians during the Russo-Ukrainian war, including mass killings, deliberate attacks on shelters, evacuation routes, and humanitarian corridors, indiscriminate bombardment of residential areas, deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military sieges, rape and sexual violence amount to genocide and incitement to genocide with intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group.
Several genocide scholars, commentators, legal experts, Human Rights Organizations and the national parliaments of several countries have declared that Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against Ukrainian civilians during the Russo-Ukrainian war, including mass killings, deliberate attacks on shelters, evacuation routes, and humanitarian corridors, indiscriminate bombardment of residential areas, deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military sieges, rape and sexual violence amount to genocide and incitement to genocide with intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group.
Event
Several genocide scholars, commentators, legal experts, Human Rights Organizations and the national parliaments of several countries have declared that Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against Ukrainian civilians during the Russo-Ukrainian war, including mass killings, deliberate attacks on shelters, evacuation routes, and humanitarian corridors, indiscriminate bombardment of residential areas, deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military sieges, rape and sexual violence amount to genocide and incitement to genocide with intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group.
Location
Also includes the unlawful deportation and transfer of over 307,000 Ukrainian children into Russia.
Yazidi genocide
Yazidi genocide
Event
Yazidi genocide
Location
Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq and Syria
Period
2014
Period
2017
Estimated killings
2,100
Estimated killings
5,000
The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017. It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population. It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.See also: 2007 Yazidi communities bombings
The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017. It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population. It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.See also: 2007 Yazidi communities bombings
Event
The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017. It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population. It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.See also: 2007 Yazidi communities bombings
Location
A study found 3,100 killed and 6,880 were kidnapped, amouting to 2.5% of Yazidis being either killed or kidnapped.By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava.
Darfur genocide
Darfur genocide
Event
Darfur genocide
Location
Darfur, Sudan
Period
2003
Period
2005
Estimated killings
98,000
Estimated killings
500,000
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur. The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide. An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005. These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur. The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide. An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005. These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.
Event
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur. The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide. An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005. These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.
Effacer le tableau
Effacer le tableau
Event
Effacer le tableau
Location
North Kivu, DR Congo
Period
2002
Period
2003
Estimated killings
60,000
Estimated killings
70,000
Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.
Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.
Event
Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.
Location
40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
Event
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
Location
Kivu, Zaire
Period
1996
Period
1997
Estimated killings
200,000
Estimated killings
233,000
During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backed Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.
During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backed Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.
Event
During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backed Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.
Rwandan genocide
Rwandan genocide
Event
Rwandan genocide
Location
Rwanda
Period
1994
Period
491,000
Estimated killings
800,000
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.
Event
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.
Location
60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed7% of Rwanda's total population killed
Bosnian genocide
Bosnian genocide
Event
Bosnian genocide
Location
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Period
1992
Period
1995
Estimated killings
31,107
Estimated killings
62,013
The Bosnian genocide comprised localized massacres, including those in Srebrenica and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").
The Bosnian genocide comprised localized massacres, including those in Srebrenica and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").
Event
The Bosnian genocide comprised localized massacres, including those in Srebrenica and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").
Location
More than 3% of the Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina died during the Bosnian War.
Isaaq genocide
Isaaq genocide
Event
Isaaq genocide
Location
Somaliland, Somalia
Period
1987
Period
1989
Estimated killings
50,000
Estimated killings
200,000
The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre. This included the levelling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 per cent destroyed) and Burao (70 per cent destroyed) respectively, and had caused 400,000 Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, with another 400,000 being internally displaced.In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia, specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.
The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre. This included the levelling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 per cent destroyed) and Burao (70 per cent destroyed) respectively, and had caused 400,000 Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, with another 400,000 being internally displaced.In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia, specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.
Event
The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre. This included the levelling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 per cent destroyed) and Burao (70 per cent destroyed) respectively, and had caused 400,000 Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, with another 400,000 being internally displaced.In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia, specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.
Anfal campaign
Anfal campaign
Event
Anfal campaign
Location
Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Period
1986
Period
1989
Estimated killings
50,000
Estimated killings
182,000
The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate. The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians. A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.
The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate. The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians. A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.
Event
The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate. The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians. A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.
Sabra and Shatila massacre
Sabra and Shatila massacre
Event
Sabra and Shatila massacre
Location
Beirut, Lebanon
Period
1982
Period
460
Estimated killings
3,500
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias—in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp. Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people, a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre. Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias—in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp. Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people, a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre. Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.
Event
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias—in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp. Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people, a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre. Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.
Cambodian genocide
Cambodian genocide
Event
Cambodian genocide
Location
Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia)
Period
1975
Period
1979
Estimated killings
1,386,734
Estimated killings
3,000,000
The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labour camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labour, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant. Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.
The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labour camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labour, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant. Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.
Event
The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labour camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labour, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant. Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.
Location
15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed, including 99% of Cambodian Viets, 50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban Khmer, 16% of Rural Khmer
East Timor genocide
East Timor genocide
Event
East Timor genocide
Location
East Timor, Indonesia
Period
1974
Period
1999
Estimated killings
85,320
Estimated killings
196,720
The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
Event
The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
Location
13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
Bangladesh genocide
Bangladesh genocide
Event
Bangladesh genocide
Location
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
Period
1971
Period
300,000
Estimated killings
3,000,000
The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars. It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.
The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars. It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.
Event
The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars. It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.
Location
4% of the population of East Pakistan
Maya genocide
Maya genocide
Event
Maya genocide
Location
Guatemala
Period
1962
Period
1996
Estimated killings
166,000
Estimated killings
166,000
The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments. Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of. At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations. 83% of those killed were Maya. A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.
The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments. Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of. At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations. 83% of those killed were Maya. A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.
Event
The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments. Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of. At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations. 83% of those killed were Maya. A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.
Location
40% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions were killed[citation needed]
Tamil genocide
Tamil genocide
Event
Tamil genocide
Location
Sri Lanka
Period
1956
Period
2009
Estimated killings
154,022
Estimated killings
253,818
The Tamil genocide refers to the various systematic acts of physical violence and cultural destruction committed against the Tamil population in Sri Lanka during the Sinhala–Tamil ethnic conflict beginning in 1956, particularly during the Sri Lankan civil war. Various commenters have accused the Sri Lankan state of responsibility for and complicity in a genocide of Tamils, and point to state-sponsored settler colonialism, state-backed pogroms, and mass killings, enforced disappearances and sexual violence by the security forces as examples of genocidal acts.
The Tamil genocide refers to the various systematic acts of physical violence and cultural destruction committed against the Tamil population in Sri Lanka during the Sinhala–Tamil ethnic conflict beginning in 1956, particularly during the Sri Lankan civil war. Various commenters have accused the Sri Lankan state of responsibility for and complicity in a genocide of Tamils, and point to state-sponsored settler colonialism, state-backed pogroms, and mass killings, enforced disappearances and sexual violence by the security forces as examples of genocidal acts.
Event
The Tamil genocide refers to the various systematic acts of physical violence and cultural destruction committed against the Tamil population in Sri Lanka during the Sinhala–Tamil ethnic conflict beginning in 1956, particularly during the Sri Lankan civil war. Various commenters have accused the Sri Lankan state of responsibility for and complicity in a genocide of Tamils, and point to state-sponsored settler colonialism, state-backed pogroms, and mass killings, enforced disappearances and sexual violence by the security forces as examples of genocidal acts.
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Event
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Location
Soviet Union
Period
1941
Period
1949
Estimated killings
800,000
Estimated killings
1,500,000.
Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, the Soviet Union conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million people from different ethnic groups were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Many deportees died during the journey or due to the harsh climates of Siberia and Kazakhstan, disease, malnutrition, forced labor, and the lack of housing.
It is disputed whether these deportations should be called ethnic cleansing, genocide, or something else. Some historians argue that the Soviet authorities acted with knowledge that the conditions deportees would face would lead to mass casualties. Others argue that no intent to exterminate the repressed people can be identified, and that the main motive of the Soviet authorities was to increase security in disputed border areas.
Ethnic groups affected included:
Soviet Germans: over 1 million deported in 1941–1942, 243,000 deaths
Crimean Tatars: at least 191,044 deported in 1944, 34,000 to 195,471 deaths
Chechens and Ingush: 100,000 deaths
Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, the Soviet Union conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million people from different ethnic groups were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Many deportees died during the journey or due to the harsh climates of Siberia and Kazakhstan, disease, malnutrition, forced labor, and the lack of housing.
It is disputed whether these deportations should be called ethnic cleansing, genocide, or something else. Some historians argue that the Soviet authorities acted with knowledge that the conditions deportees would face would lead to mass casualties. Others argue that no intent to exterminate the repressed people can be identified, and that the main motive of the Soviet authorities was to increase security in disputed border areas.
Ethnic groups affected included:
Soviet Germans: over 1 million deported in 1941–1942, 243,000 deaths
Crimean Tatars: at least 191,044 deported in 1944, 34,000 to 195,471 deaths
Chechens and Ingush: 100,000 deaths
Event
Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, the Soviet Union conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million people from different ethnic groups were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Many deportees died during the journey or due to the harsh climates of Siberia and Kazakhstan, disease, malnutrition, forced labor, and the lack of housing.
It is disputed whether these deportations should be called ethnic cleansing, genocide, or something else. Some historians argue that the Soviet authorities acted with knowledge that the conditions deportees would face would lead to mass casualties. Others argue that no intent to exterminate the repressed people can be identified, and that the main motive of the Soviet authorities was to increase security in disputed border areas.
Ethnic groups affected included:
Soviet Germans: over 1 million deported in 1941–1942, 243,000 deaths
Crimean Tatars: at least 191,044 deported in 1944, 34,000 to 195,471 deaths
Chechens and Ingush: 100,000 deaths
Location
On average 25 to 35 percent
Siege of Leningrad
Siege of Leningrad
Event
Siege of Leningrad
Location
Leningrad
Period
1941
Period
1944
Estimated killings
1,042,000
Estimated killings
1,042,000
Some historians and the Russian government have classified the siege, in which German and Finnish policies led to the deaths of more than 1 million civilians from starvation, as a genocide.
Some historians and the Russian government have classified the siege, in which German and Finnish policies led to the deaths of more than 1 million civilians from starvation, as a genocide.
Event
Some historians and the Russian government have classified the siege, in which German and Finnish policies led to the deaths of more than 1 million civilians from starvation, as a genocide.
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
Event
The Holocaust
Location
Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
Period
1941
Period
1945
Estimated killings
5,100,000
Estimated killings
7,000,000
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. Nearly one and half million were killed in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history. The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. Nearly one and half million were killed in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history. The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.
Event
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. Nearly one and half million were killed in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history. The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.
Location
Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia
Event
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia
Location
Independent State of Croatia(now Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Period
1941
Period
1945
Estimated killings
248,000
Estimated killings
548,000
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani).
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani).
Event
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani).
Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks
Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks
Event
Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks
Location
Yugoslavia
Period
1941
Period
1945
Estimated killings
47,000
Estimated killings
68,000
Genocidal massacres and ethnic cleansing of ethnic Muslims and Croats by Yugoslav royalists and nationalists Chetniks across large areas of Occupied Yugoslavia (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia) during World War II in Yugoslavia, on the basis of creating a post-war Greater Serbia. The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs. Death toll by ethnicity is estimated to be between 18,000 and 32,000 Croats and between 29,000 and 33,000 Muslims.
Genocidal massacres and ethnic cleansing of ethnic Muslims and Croats by Yugoslav royalists and nationalists Chetniks across large areas of Occupied Yugoslavia (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia) during World War II in Yugoslavia, on the basis of creating a post-war Greater Serbia. The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs. Death toll by ethnicity is estimated to be between 18,000 and 32,000 Croats and between 29,000 and 33,000 Muslims.
Event
Genocidal massacres and ethnic cleansing of ethnic Muslims and Croats by Yugoslav royalists and nationalists Chetniks across large areas of Occupied Yugoslavia (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia) during World War II in Yugoslavia, on the basis of creating a post-war Greater Serbia. The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs. Death toll by ethnicity is estimated to be between 18,000 and 32,000 Croats and between 29,000 and 33,000 Muslims.
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation (part of the Generalplan Ost)
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation (part of the Generalplan Ost)
Event
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation (part of the Generalplan Ost)
Location
German-occupied Europe
Period
1939
Period
1945
Estimated killings
1,800,000
Estimated killings
3,000,000
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior Untermenschen.
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior Untermenschen.
Event
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior Untermenschen.
Location
From 6% to 10% (1.8 to 3 million) of the total Polish gentile population. In addition, 3 million Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust in Poland (90% of Polish Jews).
Romani Holocaust
Romani Holocaust
Event
Romani Holocaust
Location
German-occupied Europe
Period
1939
Period
1945
Estimated killings
130,000
Estimated killings
1,500,000
The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era. A supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws issued on 26 November 1935 classified the Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.
The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era. A supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws issued on 26 November 1935 classified the Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.
Event
The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era. A supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws issued on 26 November 1935 classified the Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.
Location
25% to 80% of Romani people in Europe killed
Mass operations of the NKVD
Mass operations of the NKVD
Event
Mass operations of the NKVD
Location
Soviet Union
Period
1937
Period
1938
Estimated killings
247,157
During the Great Purge, people from certain ethnic groups were disproportionately represented as victims of arrest and execution. Although some historians have argued that the victims were targeted mostly because of their ethnicity, historian Andrey Savin writes that "the determinant factors in the choice of the majority of the victims of the national operations were, as a rule, the objective criteria of a "hostile" social past/origin and the subjective criteria of recurrent "anti-Soviet" behaviour". Multiple historians have published opinions describing the Polish operation as genocidal. 22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)
The German operation of the NKVD has also been described as a genocide.
During the Great Purge, people from certain ethnic groups were disproportionately represented as victims of arrest and execution. Although some historians have argued that the victims were targeted mostly because of their ethnicity, historian Andrey Savin writes that "the determinant factors in the choice of the majority of the victims of the national operations were, as a rule, the objective criteria of a "hostile" social past/origin and the subjective criteria of recurrent "anti-Soviet" behaviour". Multiple historians have published opinions describing the Polish operation as genocidal. 22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)
The German operation of the NKVD has also been described as a genocide.
Event
During the Great Purge, people from certain ethnic groups were disproportionately represented as victims of arrest and execution. Although some historians have argued that the victims were targeted mostly because of their ethnicity, historian Andrey Savin writes that "the determinant factors in the choice of the majority of the victims of the national operations were, as a rule, the objective criteria of a "hostile" social past/origin and the subjective criteria of recurrent "anti-Soviet" behaviour". Multiple historians have published opinions describing the Polish operation as genocidal. 22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)
The German operation of the NKVD has also been described as a genocide.
Parsley massacre
Parsley massacre
Event
Parsley massacre
Location
Dominican Republic
Period
1937
Period
12,000
Estimated killings
40,000
The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island; the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children. Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (perejil). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.
The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island; the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children. Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (perejil). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.
Event
The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island; the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children. Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (perejil). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.
Location
As a result of the massacre, virtually the entire Haitian population in the Dominican frontier was either killed or forced to flee across the border.
Holodomor
Holodomor
Event
Holodomor
Location
Ukraine and the northern Kuban, Soviet Union
Period
1932
Period
1933
Estimated killings
3,000,000
Estimated killings
5,000,000
The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made, whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.
The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made, whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.
Event
The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made, whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.
Location
10% of Ukraine's populationOver 35% of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan
Libyan genocide
Libyan genocide
Event
Libyan genocide
Location
Italian Libya
Period
1929
Period
1932
Estimated killings
83,000
Estimated killings
125,000+
The Libyan genocide was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture, particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934. During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians. Italy apologized in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.
The Libyan genocide was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture, particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934. During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians. Italy apologized in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.
Event
The Libyan genocide was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture, particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934. During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians. Italy apologized in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.
Location
25% of Cyrenaican populationHalf of the nomadic Bedouin population
Armenian genocide
Armenian genocide
Event
Armenian genocide
Location
Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria, and Iraq)
Period
1915
Period
1917
Estimated killings
600,000
Estimated killings
1,500,000
The Armenian genocide, carried out by the Young Turks, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.
The Armenian genocide, carried out by the Young Turks, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.
Event
The Armenian genocide, carried out by the Young Turks, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.
Location
Approximately 90% of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were killed or expelled. The share of Christians in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.–3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927.
Sayfo
Sayfo
Event
Sayfo
Location
Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria and Iraq)
Period
1915
Period
1919
Estimated killings
200,000
The Sayfo (also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide) was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.
The Sayfo (also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide) was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.
Event
The Sayfo (also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide) was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.
Location
Overall, about 2 million Christians were killed in Anatolia between 1894 and 1924, 40 per cent of the original population.
Greek genocide and Pontic genocide
Greek genocide and Pontic genocide
Event
Greek genocide and Pontic genocide
Location
Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
Period
1914
Period
1922
Estimated killings
300,000
Estimated killings
1,200,000
The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert, expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.
The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert, expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.
Event
The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert, expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.
Location
At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed
Herero and Nama genocide
Herero and Nama genocide
Event
Herero and Nama genocide
Location
German South West Africa (now Namibia)
Period
1904
Period
1908
Estimated killings
34,000
Estimated killings
110,000
The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.
The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.
Event
The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.
Location
60% (24,000 out of 40,000) to 81.25% (65,000 out of 80,000) of total Herero and 50% of Nama population killed.
Selknam genocide
Selknam genocide
Event
Selknam genocide
Location
Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Argentina
Period
1880
Period
1910
Estimated killings
2,500
Estimated killings
4,000
The Selknam genocide was the systematic extermination of the Selkʼnam people, an indigenous people of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago by a combination of European and South American hunters, ranchers, gold miners, and soldiers. Historians estimate that the Selkʼnam population fell from approximately 4,000 people during the 1880s to a few hundred by the early 1900s.
The Selknam genocide was the systematic extermination of the Selkʼnam people, an indigenous people of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago by a combination of European and South American hunters, ranchers, gold miners, and soldiers. Historians estimate that the Selkʼnam population fell from approximately 4,000 people during the 1880s to a few hundred by the early 1900s.
Event
The Selknam genocide was the systematic extermination of the Selkʼnam people, an indigenous people of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago by a combination of European and South American hunters, ranchers, gold miners, and soldiers. Historians estimate that the Selkʼnam population fell from approximately 4,000 people during the 1880s to a few hundred by the early 1900s.
Location
84%The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people.
Circassian genocide
Circassian genocide
Event
Circassian genocide
Location
Circassia, Russian Empire
Period
1864
Period
1867
Estimated killings
1,000,000
Estimated killings
2,000,000
The Circassian genocide was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War. The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Killing methods used by Russian forces during the genocide included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians, justified their use in scientific experiments, and allowed their soldiers to rape women.
The Circassian genocide was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War. The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Killing methods used by Russian forces during the genocide included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians, justified their use in scientific experiments, and allowed their soldiers to rape women.
Event
The Circassian genocide was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War. The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Killing methods used by Russian forces during the genocide included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians, justified their use in scientific experiments, and allowed their soldiers to rape women.
Location
95%–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the forces of Tsarist Russia. Only a small percentage who accepted to convert to Christianity, Russify and resettle within the Russian Empire were spared. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus forcefully dispersed, deported or killed. Today, most Circassians live in exile.
California genocide
California genocide
Event
California genocide
Location
California, United States
Period
1846
Period
1873
Estimated killings
9,492–16,094
Estimated killings
120,000
The California genocide was a series of systematized killings of thousands of Indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush, which accelerated the decline of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape, child separation and forced displacement were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.
The California genocide was a series of systematized killings of thousands of Indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush, which accelerated the decline of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape, child separation and forced displacement were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.
Event
The California genocide was a series of systematized killings of thousands of Indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush, which accelerated the decline of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape, child separation and forced displacement were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.
Location
Amerindian population in California declined by 80% during the period
Queensland Aboriginal genocide
Queensland Aboriginal genocide
Event
Queensland Aboriginal genocide
Location
Queensland
Period
1840
Period
1897
Estimated killings
10,000
Estimated killings
65,180
Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony. Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.
Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony. Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.
Event
Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony. Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.
Location
3.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed(10,000 to 65,180 killed out of 125,600)[clarification needed]
Moriori genocide
Moriori genocide
Event
Moriori genocide
Location
Chatham Islands, New Zealand
Period
1835
Period
1863
Estimated killings
1,900
Estimated killings
1,900
The genocide of the Moriori began in 1836. The invasion of the Chatham Islands by New Zealand Maori left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were kept as slaves and were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. According to Moriori elders, a total of 1,561 Moriori died between the invasion in 1835 and the end of the group's slavery in 1863, with others dying of diseases transmitted by Europeans. The Moriori population was reduced from 2,000 to only 101 in 1863.
The genocide of the Moriori began in 1836. The invasion of the Chatham Islands by New Zealand Maori left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were kept as slaves and were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. According to Moriori elders, a total of 1,561 Moriori died between the invasion in 1835 and the end of the group's slavery in 1863, with others dying of diseases transmitted by Europeans. The Moriori population was reduced from 2,000 to only 101 in 1863.
Event
The genocide of the Moriori began in 1836. The invasion of the Chatham Islands by New Zealand Maori left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were kept as slaves and were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. According to Moriori elders, a total of 1,561 Moriori died between the invasion in 1835 and the end of the group's slavery in 1863, with others dying of diseases transmitted by Europeans. The Moriori population was reduced from 2,000 to only 101 in 1863.
Location
95% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki, a group of people from the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama iwi. All were enslaved and many were cannibalized. The Moriori language is now extinct.
Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears
Event
Trail of Tears
Location
Southeastern United States
Period
1830
Period
1850
Estimated killings
12,000
Estimated killings
16,000
The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government. A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself, or as a genocidal act within the broader genocide of Native Americans.
The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government. A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself, or as a genocidal act within the broader genocide of Native Americans.
Event
The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government. A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself, or as a genocidal act within the broader genocide of Native Americans.
Location
Figures for the number of deaths per Native American group that was forcibly relocated can be found at Trail of Tears § Statistics.
Black War (genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians)
Black War (genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians)
Event
Black War (genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians)
Location
Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)
Period
1825
Period
1832
Estimated killings
400
Estimated killings
1,000
The extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians was called an archetypal case of genocide by Rafael Lemkin among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide. Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars.
The extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians was called an archetypal case of genocide by Rafael Lemkin among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide. Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars.
Event
The extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians was called an archetypal case of genocide by Rafael Lemkin among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide. Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars.
Location
~100%
1804 Haitian massacre
1804 Haitian massacre
Event
1804 Haitian massacre
Location
Haiti
Period
1804
Period
3,000
Estimated killings
5,000
The 1804 Haitian massacre is considered to be a genocide by some scholars, as it was intended to destroy the Franco-Haitian population following the Haitian Revolution. The massacre was ordered by King Jean-Jacques Dessalines to remove the remainder of the white population from Haiti, and lasted from January to 22 April 1804. During the massacre, entire families were tortured and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.
The 1804 Haitian massacre is considered to be a genocide by some scholars, as it was intended to destroy the Franco-Haitian population following the Haitian Revolution. The massacre was ordered by King Jean-Jacques Dessalines to remove the remainder of the white population from Haiti, and lasted from January to 22 April 1804. During the massacre, entire families were tortured and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.
Event
The 1804 Haitian massacre is considered to be a genocide by some scholars, as it was intended to destroy the Franco-Haitian population following the Haitian Revolution. The massacre was ordered by King Jean-Jacques Dessalines to remove the remainder of the white population from Haiti, and lasted from January to 22 April 1804. During the massacre, entire families were tortured and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.
Cape San genocide
Cape San genocide
Event
Cape San genocide
Location
Dutch Cape Colony and British Cape Colony (modern day South Africa)
Period
Variously specified as 1770, "c. 1770" or 1795)
Period
1828, 1830, or 1880
The Cape San people were subjected to massacres known as "Bushmen hunting" land expropriation, forced labor, and child abduction at the hands of Dutch settlers and the paramilitary groups that they formed, leading to "the virtual extinction of the Cape San peoples".
The Cape San people were subjected to massacres known as "Bushmen hunting" land expropriation, forced labor, and child abduction at the hands of Dutch settlers and the paramilitary groups that they formed, leading to "the virtual extinction of the Cape San peoples".
Event
The Cape San people were subjected to massacres known as "Bushmen hunting" land expropriation, forced labor, and child abduction at the hands of Dutch settlers and the paramilitary groups that they formed, leading to "the virtual extinction of the Cape San peoples".
Iroquois Wars
Iroquois Wars
Event
Iroquois Wars
Location
North America
Period
1640
Period
1763
As part of the broader Beaver Wars, among the Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Iroquois conducted a genocidal war against the Huron people and other Iroquoian and non-Iroquoian peoples. Settlements were burned, and of the 30,000 Hurons, a few thousand were able to flee and avoid becoming victims of the ethnic genocide. Ned Blackhawk, in analysing the war between the Iroquois and Huron, found that the Iroquois committed all five acts described in the 1948 Genocide Convention.
As part of the broader Beaver Wars, among the Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Iroquois conducted a genocidal war against the Huron people and other Iroquoian and non-Iroquoian peoples. Settlements were burned, and of the 30,000 Hurons, a few thousand were able to flee and avoid becoming victims of the ethnic genocide. Ned Blackhawk, in analysing the war between the Iroquois and Huron, found that the Iroquois committed all five acts described in the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Event
As part of the broader Beaver Wars, among the Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Iroquois conducted a genocidal war against the Huron people and other Iroquoian and non-Iroquoian peoples. Settlements were burned, and of the 30,000 Hurons, a few thousand were able to flee and avoid becoming victims of the ethnic genocide. Ned Blackhawk, in analysing the war between the Iroquois and Huron, found that the Iroquois committed all five acts described in the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
Event
Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
Location
Banda Islands (now Indonesia)
Period
1620
Period
1621
Estimated killings
3000
Estimated killings
4000
The Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands is widely considered to have amounted to genocide. Following Bandanese Islanders' refusal to abide by treaties to sell nutmeg and mace exclusively to the VOC for less in exchange, Jan Pieterszoon Coen led a campaign to depopulate the islands through a combination of massacres and starvation, with some Bandanese taken as prisoners. Many drowned attempting to flee. The VOC subsequently imported enslaved peoples to work on their plantations.
The Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands is widely considered to have amounted to genocide. Following Bandanese Islanders' refusal to abide by treaties to sell nutmeg and mace exclusively to the VOC for less in exchange, Jan Pieterszoon Coen led a campaign to depopulate the islands through a combination of massacres and starvation, with some Bandanese taken as prisoners. Many drowned attempting to flee. The VOC subsequently imported enslaved peoples to work on their plantations.
Event
The Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands is widely considered to have amounted to genocide. Following Bandanese Islanders' refusal to abide by treaties to sell nutmeg and mace exclusively to the VOC for less in exchange, Jan Pieterszoon Coen led a campaign to depopulate the islands through a combination of massacres and starvation, with some Bandanese taken as prisoners. Many drowned attempting to flee. The VOC subsequently imported enslaved peoples to work on their plantations.
Location
Estimated that 23% were killed or starved, 13% taken prisoner, 34% fled, and 30% drowned.
Taíno genocide
Taíno genocide
Event
Taíno genocide
Location
Hispaniola
Period
1492
Period
1514
Estimated killings
68,000
Estimated killings
968,000
The Taíno genocide refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of Hispaniola due to forced labour and exploitation by the Spanish. Andrés Reséndez argues that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the Black Death if it were not for their constant enslavement in the island's gold and silver mines. According to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from lethal forced labour in the mines.
The Taíno genocide refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of Hispaniola due to forced labour and exploitation by the Spanish. Andrés Reséndez argues that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the Black Death if it were not for their constant enslavement in the island's gold and silver mines. According to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from lethal forced labour in the mines.
Event
The Taíno genocide refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of Hispaniola due to forced labour and exploitation by the Spanish. Andrés Reséndez argues that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the Black Death if it were not for their constant enslavement in the island's gold and silver mines. According to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from lethal forced labour in the mines.
Location
68% to over 96% of the Taíno population perished under Spanish rule.
Albigensian Crusade (Cathar genocide)
Albigensian Crusade (Cathar genocide)
Event
Albigensian Crusade (Cathar genocide)
Location
Languedoc (now France)
Period
1209
Period
1229
Estimated killings
200,000
Estimated killings
1,000,000
The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism, a Christian sect, in Languedoc, in southern France. The Catholic Church considered them heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated. Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history". Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."
The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism, a Christian sect, in Languedoc, in southern France. The Catholic Church considered them heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated. Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history". Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."
Event
The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism, a Christian sect, in Languedoc, in southern France. The Catholic Church considered them heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated. Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history". Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."
| Event | Location | Period | Estimated killings | ||
| From | To | Lowest | Highest | ||
| Description | Proportion of group killed | ||||
| Gaza genocide | Gaza Strip, Palestine | 2023 | Present | 65,062 | 335,500 |
| The Gaza genocide is the ongoing systematic destruction of the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip by Israel during the Gaza war, carried out with the intent to destroy Gaza's population in whole or in part through extermination, starvation, bombing, blockade, and invasion. Other genocidal acts include destroying civilian infrastructure, killing healthcare workers and aid-seekers, using mass forced displacement, committing sexual violence, and restricting birth. The genocide has been recognized by consensus amongst experts, a United Nations special committee and commission of inquiry; humanitarian and human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, Médecins Sans Frontières, and Human Rights Watch; international law experts; and genocide studies scholars, including 86% of voters in the International Association of Genocide Scholars. | More than 10,000 presumed dead under rubble 2.7–14.1% of pre-war Gazan population killed[failed verification] | ||||
| Rohingya genocide | Rakhine State, Myanmar | 2016 | Present | 9,000–13,700 | 43,000 |
| The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017. The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp, while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group. | Before the 2015 refugee crisis, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons. | ||||
| Persecution of Uyghurs in China | Xinjiang, China | 2016 | Present | ||
| Widespread human rights violations by the Chinese Communist Party against Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities have often been characterized as genocide. There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, mass surveillance, cultural and religious persecution, family separation, forced labour, sexual violence, and violations of reproductive rights, including forced sterilization. The Uyghur Tribunal concluded that there was "no evidence of mass killings" but that "alleged efforts to prevent births amounted to genocidal intent." Human Rights Watch stated in its 2021 report that the organization "has not documented the existence of the necessary genocidal intent at this time." | Birth rates among Uyghurs had fallen by 24% as of 2020 due to Chinese policies. | ||||
| Genocide of Ukrainians during the Russo-Ukrainian War | Ukraine | 2014 | Present | 13,883 | 50,000 |
| Several genocide scholars, commentators, legal experts, Human Rights Organizations and the national parliaments of several countries have declared that Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against Ukrainian civilians during the Russo-Ukrainian war, including mass killings, deliberate attacks on shelters, evacuation routes, and humanitarian corridors, indiscriminate bombardment of residential areas, deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military sieges, rape and sexual violence amount to genocide and incitement to genocide with intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group. | Also includes the unlawful deportation and transfer of over 307,000 Ukrainian children into Russia. | ||||
| Yazidi genocide | Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq and Syria | 2014 | 2017 | 2,100 | 5,000 |
| The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017. It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population. It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.See also: 2007 Yazidi communities bombings | A study found 3,100 killed and 6,880 were kidnapped, amouting to 2.5% of Yazidis being either killed or kidnapped.By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava. | ||||
| Darfur genocide | Darfur, Sudan | 2003 | 2005 | 98,000 | 500,000 |
| The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur. The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide. An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005. These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century. | |||||
| Effacer le tableau | North Kivu, DR Congo | 2002 | 2003 | 60,000 | 70,000 |
| Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region. | 40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed | ||||
| Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War | Kivu, Zaire | 1996 | 1997 | 200,000 | 233,000 |
| During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backed Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more. | |||||
| Rwandan genocide | Rwanda | 1994 | 491,000 | 800,000 | |
| The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths. | 60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed7% of Rwanda's total population killed | ||||
| Bosnian genocide | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992 | 1995 | 31,107 | 62,013 |
| The Bosnian genocide comprised localized massacres, including those in Srebrenica and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims"). | More than 3% of the Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina died during the Bosnian War. | ||||
| Isaaq genocide | Somaliland, Somalia | 1987 | 1989 | 50,000 | 200,000 |
| The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre. This included the levelling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 per cent destroyed) and Burao (70 per cent destroyed) respectively, and had caused 400,000 Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, with another 400,000 being internally displaced.In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia, specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia. | |||||
| Anfal campaign | Kurdistan Region, Iraq | 1986 | 1989 | 50,000 | 182,000 |
| The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate. The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians. A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide. | |||||
| Sabra and Shatila massacre | Beirut, Lebanon | 1982 | 460 | 3,500 | |
| The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias—in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp. Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people, a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre. Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature. | |||||
| Cambodian genocide | Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) | 1975 | 1979 | 1,386,734 | 3,000,000 |
| The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labour camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labour, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant. Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention. | 15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed, including 99% of Cambodian Viets, 50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban Khmer, 16% of Rural Khmer | ||||
| East Timor genocide | East Timor, Indonesia | 1974 | 1999 | 85,320 | 196,720 |
| The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings. | 13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed(See death toll of East Timor genocide) | ||||
| Bangladesh genocide | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | 1971 | 300,000 | 3,000,000 | |
| The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars. It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence. | 4% of the population of East Pakistan | ||||
| Maya genocide | Guatemala | 1962 | 1996 | 166,000 | 166,000 |
| The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments. Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of. At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations. 83% of those killed were Maya. A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women. | 40% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions were killed[citation needed] | ||||
| Tamil genocide | Sri Lanka | 1956 | 2009 | 154,022 | 253,818 |
| The Tamil genocide refers to the various systematic acts of physical violence and cultural destruction committed against the Tamil population in Sri Lanka during the Sinhala–Tamil ethnic conflict beginning in 1956, particularly during the Sri Lankan civil war. Various commenters have accused the Sri Lankan state of responsibility for and complicity in a genocide of Tamils, and point to state-sponsored settler colonialism, state-backed pogroms, and mass killings, enforced disappearances and sexual violence by the security forces as examples of genocidal acts. | |||||
| Population transfer in the Soviet Union | Soviet Union | 1941 | 1949 | 800,000 | 1,500,000. |
| Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, the Soviet Union conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million people from different ethnic groups were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Many deportees died during the journey or due to the harsh climates of Siberia and Kazakhstan, disease, malnutrition, forced labor, and the lack of housing. It is disputed whether these deportations should be called ethnic cleansing, genocide, or something else. Some historians argue that the Soviet authorities acted with knowledge that the conditions deportees would face would lead to mass casualties. Others argue that no intent to exterminate the repressed people can be identified, and that the main motive of the Soviet authorities was to increase security in disputed border areas. Ethnic groups affected included: Soviet Germans: over 1 million deported in 1941–1942, 243,000 deaths Crimean Tatars: at least 191,044 deported in 1944, 34,000 to 195,471 deaths Chechens and Ingush: 100,000 deaths | On average 25 to 35 percent | ||||
| Siege of Leningrad | Leningrad | 1941 | 1944 | 1,042,000 | 1,042,000 |
| Some historians and the Russian government have classified the siege, in which German and Finnish policies led to the deaths of more than 1 million civilians from starvation, as a genocide. | |||||
| The Holocaust | Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | 5,100,000 | 7,000,000 |
| The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. Nearly one and half million were killed in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history. The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history. | Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe. | ||||
| Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia | Independent State of Croatia(now Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) | 1941 | 1945 | 248,000 | 548,000 |
| Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani). | |||||
| Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks | Yugoslavia | 1941 | 1945 | 47,000 | 68,000 |
| Genocidal massacres and ethnic cleansing of ethnic Muslims and Croats by Yugoslav royalists and nationalists Chetniks across large areas of Occupied Yugoslavia (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia) during World War II in Yugoslavia, on the basis of creating a post-war Greater Serbia. The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs. Death toll by ethnicity is estimated to be between 18,000 and 32,000 Croats and between 29,000 and 33,000 Muslims. | |||||
| Nazi crimes against the Polish nation (part of the Generalplan Ost) | German-occupied Europe | 1939 | 1945 | 1,800,000 | 3,000,000 |
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- Although ethnic cleansings and massacres began in the early 1800s, particularly under the command of the Tsarist Russian
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