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List of galaxies

Updated: 11/6/2025, 1:54:47 AM Wikipedia source

There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies in all of the observable universe. On the order of 100,000 galaxies make up the Local Supercluster, and about 51 galaxies are in the Local Group (see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list). The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s, with the Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, a putatively complete list of galaxies with photographic magnitude above 15, listing 30,642. In the 1980s, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies. Galaxy Zoo is a project aiming at a more comprehensive list: launched in July 2007, it has classified over one million galaxy images from The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, The Hubble Space Telescope and the Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey.

Tables

· Named galaxies
Andromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellation Andromeda
Andromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellation Andromeda
Galaxy
Andromeda I
Constellation
Andromeda
Origin of name
Andromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellation Andromeda
Notes
Andromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda I is part of the local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31. As of 2005, it is the closest known dSph companion to M31 at an estimated projected distance of ~40 kpc or ~150,000 light-years.
Andromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.[citation needed]
Andromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Constellation
Andromeda
Origin of name
Andromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.[citation needed]
Notes
Andromeda is the closest big galaxy to the Milky Way and is expected to collide with the Milky Way around 4.5 billion years from now. The two will eventually merge into a single new galaxy called Milkdromeda According to simulations, this object would probably be a giant elliptical galaxy, but with a centre showing less stellar density than current elliptical galaxies.
Appearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knot
Appearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knot
Galaxy
Ambartsumian's Knot
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
Appearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knot
Notes
NGC 3561, also known as Arp 105, is a pair of interacting galaxies NGC 3561A and NGC 3561B within the galaxy cluster Abell 1185 in Ursa Major. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 30 March 1827. Its common name is "the Guitar" and contains a small tidal dwarf galaxy known as Ambartsumian's Knot that is believed to be the remnant of the extensive tidal tail pulled out of one of the galaxies.
Appearance is similar to an insect's antennae.[citation needed]
Appearance is similar to an insect's antennae.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Antennae Galaxies
Constellation
Corvus
Origin of name
Appearance is similar to an insect's antennae.[citation needed]
Notes
Two colliding galaxies
It appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.[citation needed]
It appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Backward Galaxy
Constellation
Centaurus
Origin of name
It appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.[citation needed]
Named after Edward Emerson Barnard.[citation needed]
Named after Edward Emerson Barnard.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Barnard's Galaxy
Origin of name
Named after Edward Emerson Barnard.[citation needed]
It resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.[citation needed]
It resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Bear Paw Galaxy
Constellation
Lynx
Origin of name
It resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as "Bear Claw Galaxy."[citation needed]
It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.
It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.
Galaxy
Black Eye Galaxy
Constellation
Coma Berenices
Origin of name
It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.
Notes
Also known as "Sleeping Beauty Galaxy."
Its difficulty of viewing in a small telescope and tendency to go in and out of view.[citation needed]
Its difficulty of viewing in a small telescope and tendency to go in and out of view.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Blinking Galaxy
Constellation
Serpens
Origin of name
Its difficulty of viewing in a small telescope and tendency to go in and out of view.[citation needed]
Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.
Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.
Galaxy
Bode's Galaxy
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.
Notes
Also known as Messier 81. The largest galaxy in the M81 Group. It harbors a supermassive black hole 70 million times the mass of the Sun.
Looks are similar to a butterfly.
Looks are similar to a butterfly.
Galaxy
Butterfly Galaxies
Constellation
Virgo
Origin of name
Looks are similar to a butterfly.
Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.[citation needed]
Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Cartwheel Galaxy
Constellation
Sculptor
Origin of name
Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.[citation needed]
Notes
The largest in the Cartwheel Galaxy group, made up of four spiral galaxies[citation needed]
Appears similar in shape to a cigar.[citation needed]
Appears similar in shape to a cigar.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Cigar Galaxy
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
Appears similar in shape to a cigar.[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as Messier 82 or M82[citation needed]
Named after the constellation it is located in (Circinus).[citation needed]
Named after the constellation it is located in (Circinus).[citation needed]
Galaxy
Circinus Galaxy
Constellation
Circinus
Origin of name
Named after the constellation it is located in (Circinus).[citation needed]
Its resemblance in shape to a cocoon[citation needed]
Its resemblance in shape to a cocoon[citation needed]
Galaxy
Cocoon Galaxy
Constellation
Canes Venatici
Origin of name
Its resemblance in shape to a cocoon[citation needed]
Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.[citation needed]
Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Coma Pinwheel Galaxy
Constellation
Coma Berenices
Origin of name
Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as Messier 99 or M99[citation needed]
This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.[citation needed]
This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Comet Galaxy
Constellation
Sculptor
Origin of name
This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.[citation needed]
Notes
The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster, Abell 2667.[citation needed]
Named after a condor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.[citation needed]
Named after a condor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Condor Galaxy
Constellation
Pavo
Origin of name
Named after a condor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.[citation needed]
Notes
The largest known spiral galaxy, it has a diameter of over 665,300 light-years (204.0 kiloparsecs). It is tidally disturbed by the smaller lenticular galaxy IC 4970.
The name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).
The name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).
Galaxy
Cosmos Redshift 7
Constellation
Sextans
Origin of name
The name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).
Notes
Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
Named after the dust lanes and spiral arms of the galaxy.[citation needed]
Named after the dust lanes and spiral arms of the galaxy.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Dusty Hand Galaxy
Constellation
Camelopardalis
Origin of name
Named after the dust lanes and spiral arms of the galaxy.[citation needed]
Named after its structural appearance[citation needed]
Named after its structural appearance[citation needed]
Galaxy
Eye of God
Constellation
Eridanus
Origin of name
Named after its structural appearance[citation needed]
Notes
A prototype for multi-arm spiral galaxies[citation needed]
Due to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings.
Due to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings.
Galaxy
Eye of Sauron
Constellation
Canes Venatici
Origin of name
Due to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings.
Due to its bright and spotty appearance[citation needed]
Due to its bright and spotty appearance[citation needed]
Galaxy
Fireworks Galaxy
Constellation
Cygnus and Cepheus
Origin of name
Due to its bright and spotty appearance[citation needed]
Notes
Active starburst galaxy[citation needed]
Due to its similar appearance to a fried egg[citation needed]
Due to its similar appearance to a fried egg[citation needed]
Galaxy
Fried Egg Galaxy
Constellation
Pegasus
Origin of name
Due to its similar appearance to a fried egg[citation needed]
Its extremely large size
Its extremely large size
Galaxy
Godzilla Galaxy
Constellation
Perseus
Origin of name
Its extremely large size
Its shape resembles a helix[citation needed]
Its shape resembles a helix[citation needed]
Galaxy
Helix Galaxy
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
Its shape resembles a helix[citation needed]
Named after its appearance to a grasshopper
Named after its appearance to a grasshopper
Galaxy
Grasshopper
Constellation
Lynx
Origin of name
Named after its appearance to a grasshopper
Notes
Two colliding galaxies
The difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden' though it can readily be detected even with binoculars.
The difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden' though it can readily be detected even with binoculars.
Galaxy
Hidden Galaxy
Constellation
Camelopardalis
Origin of name
The difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden' though it can readily be detected even with binoculars.
Its elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.[citation needed]
Its elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Hockey Stick Galaxies
Constellation
Canes Venatici
Origin of name
Its elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as Crowbar Galaxy[citation needed]
This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy.[citation needed]
This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Hoag's Object
Constellation
Serpens Caput
Origin of name
This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy.[citation needed]
Notes
It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.[citation needed]
Named after its thin shape, similar to knife's edge.[citation needed]
Named after its thin shape, similar to knife's edge.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Knife Edge Galaxy
Constellation
Draco
Origin of name
Named after its thin shape, similar to knife's edge.[citation needed]
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
Galaxy
Large Magellanic Cloud
Constellation
Dorado/Mensa
Origin of name
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
Notes
This is the fourth-largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
Named after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as a ring galaxy.[citation needed]
Named after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as a ring galaxy.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Lindsay-Shapley Ring
Constellation
Volans
Origin of name
Named after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as a ring galaxy.[citation needed]
Notes
The ring is the result of collision with another galaxy[citation needed]
Named after its similarity to the Sombrero Galaxy.[citation needed]
Named after its similarity to the Sombrero Galaxy.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Little Sombrero Galaxy
Constellation
Pegasus
Origin of name
Named after its similarity to the Sombrero Galaxy.[citation needed]
Discovered and named by David Malin.
Discovered and named by David Malin.
Galaxy
Malin 1
Constellation
Coma Berenices
Origin of name
Discovered and named by David Malin.
After its appearance resembling a meathook.
After its appearance resembling a meathook.
Galaxy
Meathook Galaxy
Constellation
Volans
Origin of name
After its appearance resembling a meathook.
Ejected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology had on her head.[citation needed]
Ejected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology had on her head.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Medusa Merger
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
Ejected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology had on her head.[citation needed]
Similar to the Sculpture Galaxies[citation needed]
Similar to the Sculpture Galaxies[citation needed]
Galaxy
Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy
Constellation
Sculptor
Origin of name
Similar to the Sculpture Galaxies[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as Sculptor Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, and formerly as the Sculptor System[citation needed]
Appearance is similar to a mouse.[citation needed]
Appearance is similar to a mouse.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Mice Galaxies
Constellation
Coma Berenices
Origin of name
Appearance is similar to a mouse.[citation needed]
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
Galaxy
Small Magellanic Cloud
Constellation
Tucana
Origin of name
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
Notes
This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.[citation needed]
This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.
This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.
Galaxy
Mayall's Object
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.
Notes
Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.[citation needed]
The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of light[citation needed]
The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of light[citation needed]
Galaxy
Milky Way
Constellation
Sagittarius (centre)
Origin of name
The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of light[citation needed]
Notes
The galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
Named due to its slender appearance.[citation needed]
Named due to its slender appearance.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Needle Galaxy
Constellation
Coma Berenices
Origin of name
Named due to its slender appearance.[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as Caldwell 38[citation needed]
Named for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.[citation needed]
Named for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte
Constellation
Cetus
Origin of name
Named for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.[citation needed]
Named after its appearance to the organism Paramecium
Named after its appearance to the organism Paramecium
Galaxy
Paramecium Galaxy
Constellation
Pegasus
Origin of name
Named after its appearance to the organism Paramecium
Notes
It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.
Galaxy (aka HIPASS J1131-31) was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star (TYC 7215-199-1) and became observable when the star moved aside.[citation needed]
Galaxy (aka HIPASS J1131-31) was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star (TYC 7215-199-1) and became observable when the star moved aside.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Peekaboo Galaxy
Constellation
Hydra
Origin of name
Galaxy (aka HIPASS J1131-31) was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star (TYC 7215-199-1) and became observable when the star moved aside.[citation needed]
Notes
Galaxy, relatively nearby, is considered one of the most metal-poor ("extremely metal-poor" (XMP)), least chemically enriched, and seemingly primordial, galaxies known.
Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy).[citation needed]
Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy).[citation needed]
Galaxy
Pinwheel Galaxy
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy).[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as Messier 101 or M101[citation needed]
Its appearance resembles a porpoise
Its appearance resembles a porpoise
Galaxy
Porpoise Galaxy
Constellation
Hydra
Origin of name
Its appearance resembles a porpoise
Notes
Also known as the Penguin Galaxy
Named after its location in the Sculptor Constellation. Also called the Silver Dollar or Silver Coin Galaxy, because of its light and circular appearance.[citation needed]
Named after its location in the Sculptor Constellation. Also called the Silver Dollar or Silver Coin Galaxy, because of its light and circular appearance.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Sculptor Galaxy
Constellation
Sculptor
Origin of name
Named after its location in the Sculptor Constellation. Also called the Silver Dollar or Silver Coin Galaxy, because of its light and circular appearance.[citation needed]
Notes
Also known as the Silver Coin, Silver Dollar Galaxy or Caldwell 65[citation needed]
Its resemblance to a July 4th skyrocket[citation needed]
Its resemblance to a July 4th skyrocket[citation needed]
Galaxy
Skyrocket Galaxy
Constellation
Ursa Major
Origin of name
Its resemblance to a July 4th skyrocket[citation needed]
Similar in appearance to a sombrero.
Similar in appearance to a sombrero.
Galaxy
Sombrero Galaxy
Constellation
Virgo
Origin of name
Similar in appearance to a sombrero.
Notes
Also known as Messier Object 104 or M104
Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the southern celestial hemisphere.[citation needed]
Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the southern celestial hemisphere.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Southern Pinwheel Galaxy
Constellation
Hydra
Origin of name
Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the southern celestial hemisphere.[citation needed]
Named after its appearance of a spider[citation needed]
Named after its appearance of a spider[citation needed]
Galaxy
Spider Galaxy
Constellation
Boötes
Origin of name
Named after its appearance of a spider[citation needed]
Its irregular shape and continuous structure resembles a spiderweb.
Its irregular shape and continuous structure resembles a spiderweb.
Galaxy
Spiderweb Galaxy
Constellation
Hydra
Origin of name
Its irregular shape and continuous structure resembles a spiderweb.
Similar in appearance to a starfish.[citation needed]
Similar in appearance to a starfish.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Starfish Galaxy
Constellation
Ophiuchus
Origin of name
Similar in appearance to a starfish.[citation needed]
Notes
Merger of 3 galaxies[citation needed]
Similar in appearance to a sunflower.[citation needed]
Similar in appearance to a sunflower.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Sunflower Galaxy
Constellation
Canes Venatici
Origin of name
Similar in appearance to a sunflower.[citation needed]
The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole.
The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole.
Galaxy
Tadpole Galaxy
Constellation
Draco
Origin of name
The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole.
Notes
This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.
The disorganized and chaotic appearance makes it look topsy turvy.
The disorganized and chaotic appearance makes it look topsy turvy.
Galaxy
Topsy Turvy Galaxy
Constellation
Reticulum
Origin of name
The disorganized and chaotic appearance makes it look topsy turvy.
Named after its location within the Triangulum constellation.[citation needed]
Named after its location within the Triangulum constellation.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Triangulum Galaxy
Constellation
Triangulum
Origin of name
Named after its location within the Triangulum constellation.[citation needed]
Named after its resemblance to a UFO.
Named after its resemblance to a UFO.
Galaxy
UFO Galaxy
Constellation
Lynx
Origin of name
Named after its resemblance to a UFO.
Named after its supposed resemblance to a whale.[citation needed]
Named after its supposed resemblance to a whale.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Whale Galaxy
Constellation
Canes Venatici
Origin of name
Named after its supposed resemblance to a whale.[citation needed]
From the whirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.[citation needed]
From the whirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Whirlpool Galaxy
Constellation
Canes Venatici
Origin of name
From the whirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.[citation needed]
Image
Galaxy
Constellation
Origin of name
Notes
Alcyoneus
Lynx
A low-exitation, Fanaroff and Riley Class II radio galaxy, one of the largest discovered.
Andromeda I
Andromeda
Andromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellation Andromeda
Andromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda I is part of the local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31. As of 2005, it is the closest known dSph companion to M31 at an estimated projected distance of ~40 kpc or ~150,000 light-years.
Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda
Andromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.[citation needed]
Andromeda is the closest big galaxy to the Milky Way and is expected to collide with the Milky Way around 4.5 billion years from now. The two will eventually merge into a single new galaxy called Milkdromeda According to simulations, this object would probably be a giant elliptical galaxy, but with a centre showing less stellar density than current elliptical galaxies.
Ambartsumian's Knot
Ursa Major
Appearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knot
NGC 3561, also known as Arp 105, is a pair of interacting galaxies NGC 3561A and NGC 3561B within the galaxy cluster Abell 1185 in Ursa Major. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 30 March 1827. Its common name is "the Guitar" and contains a small tidal dwarf galaxy known as Ambartsumian's Knot that is believed to be the remnant of the extensive tidal tail pulled out of one of the galaxies.
Antennae Galaxies
Corvus
Appearance is similar to an insect's antennae.[citation needed]
Two colliding galaxies
Backward Galaxy
Centaurus
It appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.[citation needed]
Barnard's Galaxy
Named after Edward Emerson Barnard.[citation needed]
Bear Paw Galaxy
Lynx
It resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.[citation needed]
Also known as "Bear Claw Galaxy."[citation needed]
Black Eye Galaxy
Coma Berenices
It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.
Also known as "Sleeping Beauty Galaxy."
Blinking Galaxy
Serpens
Its difficulty of viewing in a small telescope and tendency to go in and out of view.[citation needed]
Bode's Galaxy
Ursa Major
Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.
Also known as Messier 81. The largest galaxy in the M81 Group. It harbors a supermassive black hole 70 million times the mass of the Sun.
Butterfly Galaxies
Virgo
Looks are similar to a butterfly.
Cartwheel Galaxy
Sculptor
Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.[citation needed]
The largest in the Cartwheel Galaxy group, made up of four spiral galaxies[citation needed]
Cigar Galaxy
Ursa Major
Appears similar in shape to a cigar.[citation needed]
Also known as Messier 82 or M82[citation needed]
Circinus Galaxy
Circinus
Named after the constellation it is located in (Circinus).[citation needed]
Cocoon Galaxy
Canes Venatici
Its resemblance in shape to a cocoon[citation needed]
Coma Pinwheel Galaxy
Coma Berenices
Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.[citation needed]
Also known as Messier 99 or M99[citation needed]
Comet Galaxy
Sculptor
This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.[citation needed]
The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster, Abell 2667.[citation needed]
Condor Galaxy
Pavo
Named after a condor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.[citation needed]
The largest known spiral galaxy, it has a diameter of over 665,300 light-years (204.0 kiloparsecs). It is tidally disturbed by the smaller lenticular galaxy IC 4970.
Cosmos Redshift 7
Sextans
The name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).
Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
Dusty Hand Galaxy
Camelopardalis
Named after the dust lanes and spiral arms of the galaxy.[citation needed]
Eye of God
Eridanus
Named after its structural appearance[citation needed]
A prototype for multi-arm spiral galaxies[citation needed]
Eye of Sauron
Canes Venatici
Due to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings.
Fireworks Galaxy
Cygnus and Cepheus
Due to its bright and spotty appearance[citation needed]
Active starburst galaxy[citation needed]
Fried Egg Galaxy
Pegasus
Due to its similar appearance to a fried egg[citation needed]
Godzilla Galaxy
Perseus
Its extremely large size
Helix Galaxy
Ursa Major
Its shape resembles a helix[citation needed]
Grasshopper
Lynx
Named after its appearance to a grasshopper
Two colliding galaxies
Hidden Galaxy
Camelopardalis
The difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden' though it can readily be detected even with binoculars.
Hockey Stick Galaxies
Canes Venatici
Its elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.[citation needed]
Also known as Crowbar Galaxy[citation needed]
Hoag's Object
Serpens Caput
This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy.[citation needed]
It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.[citation needed]
Knife Edge Galaxy
Draco
Named after its thin shape, similar to knife's edge.[citation needed]
Large Magellanic Cloud
Dorado/Mensa
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
This is the fourth-largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
Lindsay-Shapley Ring
Volans
Named after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as a ring galaxy.[citation needed]
The ring is the result of collision with another galaxy[citation needed]
Little Sombrero Galaxy
Pegasus
Named after its similarity to the Sombrero Galaxy.[citation needed]
Malin 1
Coma Berenices
Discovered and named by David Malin.
Meathook Galaxy
Volans
After its appearance resembling a meathook.
Medusa Merger
Ursa Major
Ejected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology had on her head.[citation needed]
Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy
Sculptor
Similar to the Sculpture Galaxies[citation needed]
Also known as Sculptor Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, and formerly as the Sculptor System[citation needed]
Mice Galaxies
Coma Berenices
Appearance is similar to a mouse.[citation needed]
Small Magellanic Cloud
Tucana
Named after Ferdinand Magellan[citation needed]
This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.[citation needed]
Mayall's Object
Ursa Major
This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.
Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.[citation needed]
Milky Way
Sagittarius (centre)
The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of light[citation needed]
The galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
Needle Galaxy
Coma Berenices
Named due to its slender appearance.[citation needed]
Also known as Caldwell 38[citation needed]
Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte
Cetus
Named for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.[citation needed]
Paramecium Galaxy
Pegasus
Named after its appearance to the organism Paramecium
It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.
Peekaboo Galaxy
Hydra
Galaxy (aka HIPASS J1131-31) was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star (TYC 7215-199-1) and became observable when the star moved aside.[citation needed]
Galaxy, relatively nearby, is considered one of the most metal-poor ("extremely metal-poor" (XMP)), least chemically enriched, and seemingly primordial, galaxies known.
Pinwheel Galaxy
Ursa Major
Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy).[citation needed]
Also known as Messier 101 or M101[citation needed]
Porphyrion
Draco
Naked-eye galaxies · Naked-eye galaxies
Milky Way
Milky Way
Galaxy
Milky Way
ApparentMagnitude
−6.5
Distance
0
Constellation
Sagittarius (centre)
Notes
This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth. Most things visible to the naked eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance.
Large Magellanic Cloud
Large Magellanic Cloud
Galaxy
Large Magellanic Cloud
ApparentMagnitude
0.9
Distance
160 kly (49 kpc)
Constellation
Dorado/Mensa
Notes
Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.
Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC 292)
Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC 292)
Galaxy
Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC 292)
ApparentMagnitude
2.7
Distance
200 kly (61 kpc)
Constellation
Tucana
Notes
Visible only from the southern hemisphere.
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)
Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)
ApparentMagnitude
3.4
Distance
2.5 Mly (770 kpc)
Constellation
Andromeda
Notes
Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.
Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)
Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)
Galaxy
Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)
ApparentMagnitude
5.7
Distance
2.9 Mly (890 kpc)
Constellation
Triangulum
Notes
Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
Galaxy
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
ApparentMagnitude
6.84
Distance
13.7 Mly (4.2 Mpc)
Constellation
Centaurus
Notes
Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara.
Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC 3031)
Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC 3031)
Galaxy
Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC 3031)
ApparentMagnitude
6.94
Distance
12 Mly (3.7 Mpc)
Constellation
Ursa Major
Notes
Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.
Galaxy
ApparentMagnitude
Distance
Constellation
Notes
Milky Way
−6.5
0
Sagittarius (centre)
This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth. Most things visible to the naked eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance.
Large Magellanic Cloud
0.9
160 kly (49 kpc)
Dorado/Mensa
Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.
Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC 292)
2.7
200 kly (61 kpc)
Tucana
Visible only from the southern hemisphere.
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)
3.4
Mly (770 kpc)
Andromeda
Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.
Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)
5.7
Mly (890 kpc)
Triangulum
Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
6.84
Mly (4.2 Mpc)
Centaurus
Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara.
Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC 3031)
6.94
12 Mly (3.7 Mpc)
Ursa Major
Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.
· Observational firsts
First spiral galaxy
First spiral galaxy
First
First spiral galaxy
Galaxy
Whirlpool Galaxy
Constellation
Canes Venatici
Year
1845
Notes
Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing M51 (recognition of the spiral shape without the recognition of the object as outside the Milky Way).
Notion of galaxy
Notion of galaxy
First
Notion of galaxy
Galaxy
Milky Way& Andromeda Galaxy
Constellation
Sagittarius (centre)& Andromeda
Year
1923
Notes
Recognition of the Milky Way and the Andromeda nebula as two separate galaxies by Edwin Hubble.[citation needed]
First Seyfert galaxy
First Seyfert galaxy
First
First Seyfert galaxy
Galaxy
NGC 1068 (M77)
Constellation
Cetus
Year
1943(1908)
Notes
The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908; however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.
First radio galaxy
First radio galaxy
First
First radio galaxy
Galaxy
Cygnus A
Constellation
Cygnus
Year
1951
Notes
Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.
First quasar
First quasar
First
First quasar
Galaxy
3C 273
Constellation
Virgo
Year
1962
Notes
3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar.[citation needed]
3C 48
3C 48
First
3C 48
Galaxy
Triangulum
Constellation
1960
Year
3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.[citation needed]
First superluminal galactic jet
First superluminal galactic jet
First
First superluminal galactic jet
Galaxy
3C 279
Constellation
Virgo
Year
1971
Notes
The jet is emitted by a quasar[citation needed]
First low surface brightness galaxy
First low surface brightness galaxy
First
First low surface brightness galaxy
Galaxy
Malin 1
Constellation
Coma Berenices
Year
1986
Notes
Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert
First
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert
Galaxy
III Zw 2
Constellation
Pisces
Year
2000
First
Galaxy
Constellation
Year
Notes
First spiral galaxy
Whirlpool Galaxy
Canes Venatici
1845
Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing M51 (recognition of the spiral shape without the recognition of the object as outside the Milky Way).
Notion of galaxy
Milky Way& Andromeda Galaxy
Sagittarius (centre)& Andromeda
1923
Recognition of the Milky Way and the Andromeda nebula as two separate galaxies by Edwin Hubble.[citation needed]
First Seyfert galaxy
NGC 1068 (M77)
Cetus
1943(1908)
The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908; however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.
First radio galaxy
Cygnus A
Cygnus
1951
Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.
First quasar
3C 273
Virgo
1962
3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar.[citation needed]
3C 48
Triangulum
1960
3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.[citation needed]
First superluminal galactic jet
3C 279
Virgo
1971
The jet is emitted by a quasar[citation needed]
First low surface brightness galaxy
Malin 1
Coma Berenices
1986
Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert
III Zw 2
Pisces
2000
Prototype Galaxies · Prototypes
BL Lac object
BL Lac object
Class
BL Lac object
Galaxy
BL Lacertae (BL Lac)
Constellation
Lacerta
Notes
This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.
Hoag-type Galaxy
Hoag-type Galaxy
Class
Hoag-type Galaxy
Galaxy
Hoag's Object
Constellation
Serpens Caput
Notes
This is the prototype Hoag-type ring galaxy
Giant LSB galaxy
Giant LSB galaxy
Class
Giant LSB galaxy
Galaxy
Malin 1
Constellation
Coma Berenices
Date
1986
FR II radio galaxy(double-lobed radio galaxy)
FR II radio galaxy(double-lobed radio galaxy)
Class
FR II radio galaxy(double-lobed radio galaxy)
Galaxy
Cygnus A
Constellation
Cygnus
Date
1951
Starburst galaxy
Starburst galaxy
Class
Starburst galaxy
Galaxy
Cigar Galaxy
Constellation
Ursa Major
Flocculent spiral galaxy
Flocculent spiral galaxy
Class
Flocculent spiral galaxy
Galaxy
NGC 2841
Constellation
Ursa Major
Class
Galaxy
Constellation
Date
Notes
BL Lac object
BL Lacertae (BL Lac)
Lacerta
This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.
Hoag-type Galaxy
Hoag's Object
Serpens Caput
This is the prototype Hoag-type ring galaxy
Giant LSB galaxy
Malin 1
Coma Berenices
1986
FR II radio galaxy(double-lobed radio galaxy)
Cygnus A
Cygnus
1951
Starburst galaxy
Cigar Galaxy
Ursa Major
Flocculent spiral galaxy
NGC 2841
Ursa Major
· Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type
Closest galaxy
Closest galaxy
Title
Closest galaxy
Galaxy
Ursa Major III
Constellation
Ursa Major
Distance
32,600 light-years(10 kiloparsecs)
Notes
A proposed dwarf galaxy known as the Canis Major Overdensity may lie closer at 25,000 light-years, however its status as a galaxy is disputed.
Most distant galaxy
Most distant galaxy
Title
Most distant galaxy
Galaxy
MoM-z14
Constellation
Sextans
Distance
z=14.44
Notes
Existed 280 million years after the Big Bang.
Closest quasar
Closest quasar
Title
Closest quasar
Galaxy
Markarian 231
Constellation
Ursa Major
Distance
z=0.0415
Notes
Sometimes classified as a Type-2 Seyfert galaxy, though mostly considered to be the nearest quasar.[citation needed]
Most distant quasar
Most distant quasar
Title
Most distant quasar
Galaxy
UHZ1
Constellation
Sculptor
Distance
z=10.1
Notes
Gravitationally lensed quasar behind Pandora's Cluster (Abell 2744). It is also the first quasar observed beyond a redshift of 10.
Closest radio galaxy
Closest radio galaxy
Title
Closest radio galaxy
Galaxy
Centaurus A (NGC 5128, PKS 1322–427)
Constellation
Centaurus
Distance
13.7 Mly
Most distant radio galaxy
Most distant radio galaxy
Title
Most distant radio galaxy
Galaxy
TGSS J1530+1049
Constellation
Serpens
Distance
z=5.72
Notes
Another radio galaxy, GLEAM J0917-0012, may either lie at z=2.01 or as distant as z=8.21.
Closest Seyfert galaxy
Closest Seyfert galaxy
Title
Closest Seyfert galaxy
Galaxy
Circinus Galaxy
Constellation
Circinus
Distance
13 Mly
Notes
Closest undisputed Seyfert galaxy. It has been proposed that the nearby (2.05 Mly) dwarf galaxy NGC 185 may also be a Seyfert, though this status has been disputed.
Most distant Seyfert galaxy
Most distant Seyfert galaxy
Title
Most distant Seyfert galaxy
Galaxy
HSC 0921+0007
Constellation
Hydra
Distance
z=6.56
Notes
Seyfert 1 galaxy; also a low-luminosity quasar.[citation needed]
Closest blazar
Closest blazar
Title
Closest blazar
Galaxy
Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)
Constellation
Ursa Major
Distance
z=0.030
Notes
This is a BL Lac object.
Most distant-known blazar
Most distant-known blazar
Title
Most distant-known blazar
Galaxy
Q0906+6930
Constellation
Ursa Major
Distance
z=5.47
Notes
This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar-type blazar.
Closest BL Lac object
Closest BL Lac object
Title
Closest BL Lac object
Galaxy
Centaurus A
Constellation
Centaurus
Distance
13.7 Mly
Notes
Misaligned BL Lac nucleus. Also the closest radio galaxy (see above)
Most distant BL Lac object
Most distant BL Lac object
Title
Most distant BL Lac object
Galaxy
FIRST J233153.20+112952.11
Constellation
Pegasus
Distance
z=6.57
Closest LINER
Closest LINER
Title
Closest LINER
Most distant LINER
Most distant LINER
Title
Most distant LINER
Distance
z=
Closest LIRG
Closest LIRG
Title
Closest LIRG
Most distant LIRG
Most distant LIRG
Title
Most distant LIRG
Distance
z=
Closest ULIRG
Closest ULIRG
Title
Closest ULIRG
Galaxy
IC 1127 (Arp 220/APG 220)
Constellation
Serpens Caput
Distance
z=0.018
Most distant ULIRG
Most distant ULIRG
Title
Most distant ULIRG
Distance
z=
Closest starburst galaxy
Closest starburst galaxy
Title
Closest starburst galaxy
Galaxy
IC 10 (UGC 192, PGC 1305)
Constellation
Cassiopeia
Distance
750 ± 150 kpc (2,450,000 ± 489,000 ly)
Notes
A mild starburst galaxy, this is the only such galaxy within the Local Group.
Most distant starburst galaxy
Most distant starburst galaxy
Title
Most distant starburst galaxy
Galaxy
SPT 0243-49
Constellation
Horologium
Distance
z=5.698
Most distant spiral galaxy
Most distant spiral galaxy
Title
Most distant spiral galaxy
Galaxy
Zhúlóng
Constellation
Sextans
Distance
z=5.2
Title
Galaxy
Constellation
Distance
Notes
Closest galaxy
Ursa Major III
Ursa Major
32,600 light-years(10 kiloparsecs)
A proposed dwarf galaxy known as the Canis Major Overdensity may lie closer at 25,000 light-years, however its status as a galaxy is disputed.
Most distant galaxy
MoM-z14
Sextans
z=14.44
Existed 280 million years after the Big Bang.
Closest quasar
Markarian 231
Ursa Major
z=0.0415
Sometimes classified as a Type-2 Seyfert galaxy, though mostly considered to be the nearest quasar.[citation needed]
Most distant quasar
UHZ1
Sculptor
z=10.1
Gravitationally lensed quasar behind Pandora's Cluster (Abell 2744). It is also the first quasar observed beyond a redshift of 10.
Closest radio galaxy
Centaurus A (NGC 5128, PKS 1322–427)
Centaurus
Mly
Most distant radio galaxy
TGSS J1530+1049
Serpens
z=5.72
Another radio galaxy, GLEAM J0917-0012, may either lie at z=2.01 or as distant as z=8.21.
Closest Seyfert galaxy
Circinus Galaxy
Circinus
13 Mly
Closest undisputed Seyfert galaxy. It has been proposed that the nearby (2.05 Mly) dwarf galaxy NGC 185 may also be a Seyfert, though this status has been disputed.
Most distant Seyfert galaxy
HSC 0921+0007
Hydra
z=6.56
Seyfert 1 galaxy; also a low-luminosity quasar.[citation needed]
Closest blazar
Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)
Ursa Major
z=0.030
This is a BL Lac object.
Most distant-known blazar
Q0906+6930
Ursa Major
z=5.47
This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar-type blazar.
Closest BL Lac object
Centaurus A
Centaurus
Mly
Misaligned BL Lac nucleus. Also the closest radio galaxy (see above)
Most distant BL Lac object
FIRST J233153.20+112952.11
Pegasus
z=6.57
Closest LINER
Most distant LINER
z=
Closest LIRG
Most distant LIRG
z=
Closest ULIRG
IC 1127 (Arp 220/APG 220)
Serpens Caput
z=0.018
Most distant ULIRG
z=
Closest starburst galaxy
IC 10 (UGC 192, PGC 1305)
Cassiopeia
750 ± 150 kpc (2,450,000 ± 489,000 ly)
A mild starburst galaxy, this is the only such galaxy within the Local Group.
Most distant starburst galaxy
SPT 0243-49
Horologium
z=5.698
Most distant spiral galaxy
Zhúlóng
Sextans
z=5.2
5 Closest Galaxies · Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type › Closest galaxies
1
1
Rank
1
Galaxy
Milky Way Galaxy
Distance
0
Notes
This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
2
2
Rank
2
Galaxy
Ursa Major III
Distance
0.032 Mly
3
3
Rank
3
Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Distance
0.081 Mly
4
4
Rank
4
Galaxy
Large Magellanic Cloud
Distance
0.163 Mly
Notes
Largest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way[citation needed]
5
5
Rank
5
Galaxy
Small Magellanic Cloud
Distance
0.197 Mly
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Rank
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Rank
Galaxy
Distance
Notes
1
Milky Way Galaxy
0
This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
2
Ursa Major III
Mly
3
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Mly
4
Large Magellanic Cloud
Mly
Largest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way[citation needed]
5
Small Magellanic Cloud
Mly
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Nearest Galaxies by Type · Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type › Closest galaxies
Nearest galaxy
Nearest galaxy
Title
Nearest galaxy
Galaxy
Milky Way
Date
always
Distance
0
Notes
This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.[citation needed]
Nearest galaxy to the Milky Way
Nearest galaxy to the Milky Way
Title
Nearest galaxy to the Milky Way
Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Date
1994
Distance
0.070 Mly
Notes
The closest, undisputed galaxy. The disputed dwarf galaxy Canis Major Overdensity is even closer at 25,000 light-years.[citation needed]
Nearest dwarf galaxy
Nearest dwarf galaxy
Title
Nearest dwarf galaxy
Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Date
1994
Distance
0.070 Mly
Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way
Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way
Title
Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way
Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Date
always
Distance
2.54 Mly
Notes
First identified as a separate galaxy in 1923[citation needed]
Nearest giant galaxy
Nearest giant galaxy
Title
Nearest giant galaxy
Galaxy
Maffei 1
Date
1967
Distance
11 Mly
Notes
Nearest major elliptical galaxy to the Milky Way[citation needed]
Title
Galaxy
Date
Distance
Notes
Nearest galaxy
Milky Way
always
0
This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.[citation needed]
Nearest galaxy to the Milky Way
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
1994
Mly
The closest, undisputed galaxy. The disputed dwarf galaxy Canis Major Overdensity is even closer at 25,000 light-years.[citation needed]
Nearest dwarf galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
1994
Mly
Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way
Andromeda Galaxy
always
Mly
First identified as a separate galaxy in 1923[citation needed]
Nearest giant galaxy
Maffei 1
1967
11 Mly
Nearest major elliptical galaxy to the Milky Way[citation needed]
Nearest Neighboring Galaxy Title-holder · Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type › Closest galaxies
Ursa Major III
Ursa Major III
Galaxy
Ursa Major III
Date
2023
Distance
0.01 Mly
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Date
1994–2023
Distance
0.026 Mly
Large Magellanic Cloud
Large Magellanic Cloud
Galaxy
Large Magellanic Cloud
Date
antiquity–1994
Distance
0.163 Mly
Notes
This is the upper bound, as it is the nearest galaxy observable with the naked eye.[citation needed]
Small Magellanic Cloud
Small Magellanic Cloud
Galaxy
Small Magellanic Cloud
Date
1913–1914
Distance
0.197 Mly
Notes
This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables. In 1914, he did it for LMC.[citation needed]
Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Date
1923
Distance
2.5 Mly
Notes
This was the first galaxy determined to not be part of the Milky Way.[citation needed]
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Galaxy
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Galaxy
Date
Distance
Notes
Ursa Major III
2023
Mly
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
1994–2023
Mly
Large Magellanic Cloud
antiquity–1994
Mly
This is the upper bound, as it is the nearest galaxy observable with the naked eye.[citation needed]
Small Magellanic Cloud
1913–1914
Mly
This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables. In 1914, he did it for LMC.[citation needed]
Andromeda Galaxy
1923
Mly
This was the first galaxy determined to not be part of the Milky Way.[citation needed]
Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance. Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Most Remote Galaxies by Type · Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type › Most distant galaxies
Most remote galaxy of any type, confirmed (spectroscopic redshift)
Most remote galaxy of any type, confirmed (spectroscopic redshift)
Title
Most remote galaxy of any type, confirmed (spectroscopic redshift)
Galaxy
MoM-z14
Date
2025
Redshift
z=14.44
Notes
As of its announcement in May 2025.
Most remote quasar
Most remote quasar
Title
Most remote quasar
Galaxy
UHZ1
Date
2023
Redshift
z=10.3
Notes
Further information: List of quasars As of its announcement in 2023.
Most distant Lyman-break galaxy
Most distant Lyman-break galaxy
Title
Most distant Lyman-break galaxy
Galaxy
MoM-z14
Date
2025
Redshift
z=14.44
Title
Galaxy
Date
Redshift
Notes
Most remote galaxy of any type, confirmed (spectroscopic redshift)
MoM-z14
2025
z=14.44
As of its announcement in May 2025.
Most remote quasar
UHZ1
2023
z=10.3
Further information: List of quasars As of its announcement in 2023.
Most distant Lyman-break galaxy
MoM-z14
2025
z=14.44
Timeline of Most Remote Galaxy Record-holders[c] · Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type › Most distant galaxies
MoM-z14
MoM-z14
Galaxy
MoM-z14
Date
2025–
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=14.44
JADES-GS-z14-0
JADES-GS-z14-0
Galaxy
JADES-GS-z14-0
Date
2024–2025
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=14.32
JADES-GS-z13-0
JADES-GS-z13-0
Galaxy
JADES-GS-z13-0
Date
2012–2024
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=13.20
GN-z11
GN-z11
Galaxy
GN-z11
Date
2016–2022
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=11.09
Notes
Announced March 2016.
EGSY8p7(EGSY-2008532660)
EGSY8p7(EGSY-2008532660)
Galaxy
EGSY8p7(EGSY-2008532660)
Date
2015–2016
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=8.68
Notes
This galaxy's redshift was determined by examining its Lyman-alpha emissions, which were released in August 2015.
EGS-zs8-1
EGS-zs8-1
Galaxy
EGS-zs8-1
Date
2015–2015
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=7.730
Notes
This was the most distant galaxy as of May 2015.
Z8 GND 5296
Z8 GND 5296
Galaxy
Z8 GND 5296
Date
2013–2015
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=7.51
SXDF-NB1006-2
SXDF-NB1006-2
Galaxy
SXDF-NB1006-2
Date
2012–2013
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=7.215
GN-108036
GN-108036
Galaxy
GN-108036
Date
2012–2012
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=7.213
BDF-3299
BDF-3299
Galaxy
BDF-3299
Date
2012–2013
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=7.109
IOK-1
IOK-1
Galaxy
IOK-1
Date
2006–2010
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=6.96
Notes
This was the most remote object known at the time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burst GRB 090423 was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy to hold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.
SDF J132522.3+273520
SDF J132522.3+273520
Galaxy
SDF J132522.3+273520
Date
2005–2006
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=6.597
Notes
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.
SDF J132418.3+271455
SDF J132418.3+271455
Galaxy
SDF J132418.3+271455
Date
2003–2005
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=6.578
Notes
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.
HCM-6A
HCM-6A
Galaxy
HCM-6A
Date
2002–2003
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=6.56
Notes
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28
SSA22−HCM1
SSA22−HCM1
Galaxy
SSA22−HCM1
Date
1999–2002
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=5.74
Notes
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28
HDF 4-473.0
HDF 4-473.0
Galaxy
HDF 4-473.0
Date
1998–1999
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=5.60
Notes
This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)
Galaxy
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)
Date
1998
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=5.34
Notes
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2
Galaxy
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2
Date
1997–1998
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=4.92
Notes
These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
Galaxy
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
8C 1435+63
8C 1435+63
Galaxy
8C 1435+63
Date
1994–1997
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=4.25
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.
4C 41.17
4C 41.17
Galaxy
4C 41.17
Date
1990–1994
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=3.792
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)
Galaxy
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)
Date
1988–1990
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=3.395
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.
3C 256
3C 256
Galaxy
3C 256
Date
1984–1988
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=1.819
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 241
3C 241
Galaxy
3C 241
Date
1984
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=1.617
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 324
3C 324
Galaxy
3C 324
Date
1983–1984
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=1.206
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 65
3C 65
Galaxy
3C 65
Date
1982–1983
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=1.176
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.
3C 368
3C 368
Galaxy
3C 368
Date
1982
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=1.132
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 252
3C 252
Galaxy
3C 252
Date
1981–1982
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=1.105
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 6.1
3C 6.1
Galaxy
3C 6.1
Date
1979 –
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.840
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 318
3C 318
Galaxy
3C 318
Date
1976 –
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.752
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 411
3C 411
Galaxy
3C 411
Date
1975 –
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.469
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
Galaxy
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
3C 295
3C 295
Galaxy
3C 295
Date
1960–
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.461
Notes
This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 became the most distant object in the universe known.
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)
Galaxy
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)
Date
1951–1960
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.2(V=61000 km/s)
Notes
This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)
Galaxy
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)
Date
1936–
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.13(V=39000 km/s)
Notes
The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)
Galaxy
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)
Date
1932 –
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.075(V=23000 km/s)
Notes
This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s +35° 04′
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster
Galaxy
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster
Date
1931–1932
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=(V=19700 km/s)
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster
Galaxy
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster
Date
1930–1931
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=(V=11700 km/s)
NGC 4860
NGC 4860
Galaxy
NGC 4860
Date
1929–1930
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.026(V=7800 km/s)
NGC 7619
NGC 7619
Galaxy
NGC 7619
Date
1929
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.012(V=3779 km/s)
Notes
Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance; however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)
Galaxy
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)
Date
1921–1929
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.006(V=1800 km/s)
Notes
At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.
M104 (NGC 4594)
M104 (NGC 4594)
Galaxy
M104 (NGC 4594)
Date
1913–1921
Distance(z=Redshift)
z=0.004(V=1180 km/s)
Notes
This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda—which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.
M81
M81
Galaxy
M81
Date
antiquity –20th century
Distance(z=Redshift)
11.8 Mly z=-0.10)
Notes
This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it is moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.
Messier 101
Messier 101
Galaxy
Messier 101
Date
1930–
Notes
Using the pre-1950s Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant so measured.[citation needed]
Triangulum Galaxy
Triangulum Galaxy
Galaxy
Triangulum Galaxy
Date
1924–1930
Notes
In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.[citation needed]
Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Date
1923–1924
Notes
In 1923, Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question of whether or not there were galaxies, or if everything was in the Milky Way.
Small Magellanic Cloud
Small Magellanic Cloud
Galaxy
Small Magellanic Cloud
Date
1913–1923
Notes
This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables.
Galaxy
Date
Distance(z=Redshift)
Notes
MoM-z14
2025–
z=14.44
JADES-GS-z14-0
2024–2025
z=14.32
JADES-GS-z13-0
2012–2024
z=13.20
GN-z11
2016–2022
z=11.09
Announced March 2016.
EGSY8p7(EGSY-2008532660)
2015–2016
z=8.68
This galaxy's redshift was determined by examining its Lyman-alpha emissions, which were released in August 2015.
EGS-zs8-1
2015–2015
z=7.730
This was the most distant galaxy as of May 2015.
Z8 GND 5296
2013–2015
z=7.51
SXDF-NB1006-2
2012–2013
z=7.215
GN-108036
2012–2012
z=7.213
BDF-3299
2012–2013
z=7.109
IOK-1
2006–2010
z=6.96
This was the most remote object known at the time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burst GRB 090423 was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy to hold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.
SDF J132522.3+273520
2005–2006
z=6.597
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.
SDF J132418.3+271455
2003–2005
z=6.578
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.
HCM-6A
2002–2003
z=6.56
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28
SSA22−HCM1
1999–2002
z=5.74
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28
HDF 4-473.0
1998–1999
z=5.60
This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)
1998
z=5.34
This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2
1997–1998
z=4.92
These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
8C 1435+63
1994–1997
z=4.25
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.
4C 41.17
1990–1994
z=3.792
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)
1988–1990
z=3.395
This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.
3C 256
1984–1988
z=1.819
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 241
1984
z=1.617
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 324
1983–1984
z=1.206
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.
3C 65
1982–1983
z=1.176
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.
3C 368
1982
z=1.132
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 252
1981–1982
z=1.105
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 6.1
1979 –
z=0.840
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 318
1976 –
z=0.752
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 411
1975 –
z=0.469
This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
3C 295
1960–
z=0.461
This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 became the most distant object in the universe known.
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)
1951–1960
z=0.2(V=61000 km/s)
This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)
1936–
z=0.13(V=39000 km/s)
The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)
1932 –
z=0.075(V=23000 km/s)
This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s +35° 04′
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster
1931–1932
z=(V=19700 km/s)
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster
1930–1931
z=(V=11700 km/s)
NGC 4860
1929–1930
z=0.026(V=7800 km/s)
NGC 7619
1929
z=0.012(V=3779 km/s)
Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance; however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)
1921–1929
z=0.006(V=1800 km/s)
At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.
M104 (NGC 4594)
1913–1921
z=0.004(V=1180 km/s)
This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda—which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.
M81
antiquity –20th century
Mly z=-0.10)
This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it is moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.
Messier 101
1930–
Using the pre-1950s Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant so measured.[citation needed]
Triangulum Galaxy
1924–1930
In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.[citation needed]
Andromeda Galaxy
1923–1924
In 1923, Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question of whether or not there were galaxies, or if everything was in the Milky Way.
Small Magellanic Cloud
1913–1923
This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables.
· Galaxies by brightness and power
Intrinsically brightest galaxy
Intrinsically brightest galaxy
Title
Intrinsically brightest galaxy
Galaxy
Baby Boom Galaxy
Notes
Starburst galaxy located 12 billion light-years away[citation needed]
Brightest galaxy to the naked eye
Brightest galaxy to the naked eye
Title
Brightest galaxy to the naked eye
Galaxy
Large Magellanic Cloud
Data
Apparent magnitude 0.6
Notes
This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.[citation needed]
Intrinsically faintest galaxy
Intrinsically faintest galaxy
Title
Intrinsically faintest galaxy
Galaxy
Ursa Major III
Data
Absolute magnitude +2.2
Notes
This does not include dark galaxies.[citation needed]
Lowest surface brightness galaxy
Lowest surface brightness galaxy
Title
Lowest surface brightness galaxy
Galaxy
Andromeda IX
Most luminous galaxy
Most luminous galaxy
Title
Most luminous galaxy
Galaxy
WISE J224607.57−052635.0
Notes
As of 21 May 2015, WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521 is the most luminous galaxy discovered and releases 10,000 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, although smaller. Nearly 100 percent of the light escaping from this dusty galaxy is Infrared radiation. (Image)
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6)
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6)
Title
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6)
Galaxy
Cosmos Redshift 7
Notes
Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
Title
Galaxy
Data
Notes
Intrinsically brightest galaxy
Baby Boom Galaxy
Starburst galaxy located 12 billion light-years away[citation needed]
Brightest galaxy to the naked eye
Large Magellanic Cloud
Apparent magnitude 0.6
This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.[citation needed]
Intrinsically faintest galaxy
Ursa Major III
Absolute magnitude +2.2
This does not include dark galaxies.[citation needed]
Lowest surface brightness galaxy
Andromeda IX
Most luminous galaxy
WISE J224607.57−052635.0
As of 21 May 2015, WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521 is the most luminous galaxy discovered and releases 10,000 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, although smaller. Nearly 100 percent of the light escaping from this dusty galaxy is Infrared radiation. (Image)
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6)
Cosmos Redshift 7
Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
· Galaxies by mass and density
Least massive galaxy
Least massive galaxy
Title
Least massive galaxy
Galaxy
Segue 2
Data
~550,000 MSun
Notes
This is not considered a star cluster, as it is held together by the gravitational effects of dark matter rather than just the mutual attraction of the constituent stars, gas and black holes.
Most massive galaxy
Most massive galaxy
Title
Most massive galaxy
Galaxy
ESO 146-5
Data
~30 trillion MSun
Notes
Central galaxy in Abell 3827, 1.4 Gly distant.
Most dense galaxy
Most dense galaxy
Title
Most dense galaxy
Galaxy
M85-HCC1
Notes
This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy
Least dense galaxy
Least dense galaxy
Title
Least dense galaxy
Most massive spiral galaxy
Most massive spiral galaxy
Title
Most massive spiral galaxy
Galaxy
ISOHDFS 27
Data
1.04×1012 MSun
Notes
The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591
Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s)
Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s)
Title
Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s)
Galaxy
Andromeda I
Title
Galaxy
Data
Notes
Least massive galaxy
Segue 2
~550,000 MSun
This is not considered a star cluster, as it is held together by the gravitational effects of dark matter rather than just the mutual attraction of the constituent stars, gas and black holes.
Most massive galaxy
ESO 146-5
~30 trillion MSun
Central galaxy in Abell 3827, 1.4 Gly distant.
Most dense galaxy
M85-HCC1
This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy
Least dense galaxy
Most massive spiral galaxy
ISOHDFS 27
MSun
The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591
Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s)
Andromeda I
· Galaxies by size
Smallest known galaxy
Smallest known galaxy
Title
Smallest known galaxy
Galaxy
Ursa Major III
Constellation
Ursa Major
Diameter
3 parsecs (9.8 light-years)
Estimation method
Half-light radius
Notes
A Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Largest known galaxy
Largest known galaxy
Title
Largest known galaxy
Galaxy
ESO 383-76
Constellation
Centaurus
Diameter
540.89 kiloparsecs (1,764,000 light-years)
Estimation method
90% total B-light
Notes
Central galaxy of Abell 3571[citation needed]
Largest spiral galaxy
Largest spiral galaxy
Title
Largest spiral galaxy
Galaxy
NGC 6872
Constellation
Pavo
Diameter
220 kiloparsecs (718,000 light-years)
Estimation method
D25.5 isophote
Notes
Interacting galaxy, stripped by IC 4970.[citation needed]
Largest irregular galaxy
Largest irregular galaxy
Title
Largest irregular galaxy
Galaxy
UGC 6697
Constellation
Leo
Diameter
62.82 kiloparsecs (205,000 light-years)
Estimation method
D25 isophote
Notes
Disrupted spiral-like galaxy, possible jellyfish galaxy.[citation needed]
Largest lenticular galaxy
Largest lenticular galaxy
Title
Largest lenticular galaxy
Galaxy
ESO 248-6
Constellation
Eridanus
Diameter
530.62 kiloparsecs (1,731,000 light-years)
Estimation method
90% total B-light
Notes
Central galaxy of Abell 3112.[citation needed]
Largest starburst galaxy
Largest starburst galaxy
Title
Largest starburst galaxy
Galaxy
Abell 2125 BCG
Constellation
Ursa Minor
Diameter
219.28 kiloparsecs (715,000 light-years)
Estimation method
2MASS K-band total mag
Largest giant radio galaxy
Largest giant radio galaxy
Title
Largest giant radio galaxy
Galaxy
ASKAP J0107-2347
Constellation
Sculptor
Diameter
Projected linear size: 3.8 megaparsec (12,390,000 light-years)
Title
Galaxy
Constellation
Diameter
Estimation method
Notes
Smallest known galaxy
Ursa Major III
Ursa Major
3 parsecs (9.8 light-years)
Half-light radius
A Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Largest known galaxy
ESO 383-76
Centaurus
kiloparsecs (1,764,000 light-years)
90% total B-light
Central galaxy of Abell 3571[citation needed]
Largest spiral galaxy
NGC 6872
Pavo
220 kiloparsecs (718,000 light-years)
isophote
Interacting galaxy, stripped by IC 4970.[citation needed]
Largest irregular galaxy
UGC 6697
Leo
kiloparsecs (205,000 light-years)
D25 isophote
Disrupted spiral-like galaxy, possible jellyfish galaxy.[citation needed]
Largest lenticular galaxy
ESO 248-6
Eridanus
kiloparsecs (1,731,000 light-years)
90% total B-light
Central galaxy of Abell 3112.[citation needed]
Largest starburst galaxy
Abell 2125 BCG
Ursa Minor
kiloparsecs (715,000 light-years)
2MASS K-band total mag
Largest giant radio galaxy
ASKAP J0107-2347
Sculptor
Projected linear size: 3.8 megaparsec (12,390,000 light-years)
Galaxies in tidal interaction · Interacting galaxies
Milky Way Galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud
Milky Way Galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud
Galaxies
Milky Way Galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud
Notes
The Magellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Stream drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to the Milky Way galaxy.[citation needed]
Whirlpool Galaxy (NGC 5194, M51a) NGC 5195 (M51b)
Whirlpool Galaxy (NGC 5194, M51a) NGC 5195 (M51b)
Galaxies
Whirlpool Galaxy (NGC 5194, M51a) NGC 5195 (M51b)
Notes
The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiral galaxy architecture.[citation needed]
M81 M82 NGC 3077
M81 M82 NGC 3077
Galaxies
M81 M82 NGC 3077
Notes
These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.
NGC 6872 and IC 4970 NGC 6872 IC 4970
NGC 6872 and IC 4970 NGC 6872 IC 4970
Galaxies
NGC 6872 and IC 4970 NGC 6872 IC 4970
Notes
NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.[citation needed]
Tadpole Galaxy
Tadpole Galaxy
Galaxies
Tadpole Galaxy
Notes
The Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.[citation needed]
Galaxies
Data
Notes
Milky Way Galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud
The Magellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Stream drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to the Milky Way galaxy.[citation needed]
Whirlpool Galaxy (NGC 5194, M51a) NGC 5195 (M51b)
The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiral galaxy architecture.[citation needed]
M81 M82 NGC 3077
These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.
NGC 6872 and IC 4970 NGC 6872 IC 4970
NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.[citation needed]
Tadpole Galaxy
The Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.[citation needed]
Galaxies in non-merger significant collision · Interacting galaxies
Arp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694)
Arp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694)
Galaxies
Arp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694)
Notes
These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.[citation needed]
Galaxies
Data
Notes
Arp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694)
These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.[citation needed]
Galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisions · Interacting galaxies
Mayall's Object
Mayall's Object
Galaxies
Mayall's Object
Notes
This is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.[citation needed]
Galaxies
Data
Notes
Mayall's Object
This is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.[citation needed]
Galaxies undergoing near-equal merger · Interacting galaxies › Galaxy mergers
Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)
Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)
Galaxies
Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
Two spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.[citation needed]
Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435 & NGC 4438, Arp 120)
Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435 & NGC 4438, Arp 120)
Galaxies
Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435 & NGC 4438, Arp 120)
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
Two galaxies which have interacted or still interacting via an off-center collision, both had interacted with M86 in the past.[citation needed]
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)
Galaxies
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
Two spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.[citation needed]
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242)
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242)
Galaxies
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242)
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
Two spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 520
NGC 520
Galaxies
NGC 520
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
Two spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 & IC 2163)
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 & IC 2163)
Galaxies
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 & IC 2163)
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
These are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091)
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091)
Galaxies
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091)
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
These two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.[citation needed]
NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B)
NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B)
Galaxies
NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B)
Data
2 galaxies
Notes
These are two starting to collide[citation needed]
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702
Galaxies
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702
Data
4 galaxies
Notes
These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377
Galaxies
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377
Data
z=3.03
Notes
This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.
Galaxy protocluster SPT2349-56
Galaxy protocluster SPT2349-56
Galaxies
Galaxy protocluster SPT2349-56
Data
z=4.3 (14 galaxies)
Notes
This protocluster is located at 12.4 billion light years from the Earth. Each of these galaxies are forming stars at 1000 times that of the Milky Way, nicknamed the Dusty Red Core.
Galaxies
Data
Notes
Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)
2 galaxies
Two spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.[citation needed]
Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435 & NGC 4438, Arp 120)
2 galaxies
Two galaxies which have interacted or still interacting via an off-center collision, both had interacted with M86 in the past.[citation needed]
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)
2 galaxies
Two spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.[citation needed]
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242)
2 galaxies
Two spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 520
2 galaxies
Two spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 & IC 2163)
2 galaxies
These are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091)
2 galaxies
These two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.[citation needed]
NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B)
2 galaxies
These are two starting to collide[citation needed]
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702
4 galaxies
These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377
z=3.03
This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.
Galaxy protocluster SPT2349-56
galaxies)
This protocluster is located at 12.4 billion light years from the Earth. Each of these galaxies are forming stars at 1000 times that of the Milky Way, nicknamed the Dusty Red Core.
Recently merged galaxies of near-equals · Interacting galaxies › Galaxy mergers
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625)
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625)
Galaxy
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625)
Notes
This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.[citation needed]
Galaxy
Data
Notes
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625)
This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.[citation needed]
Galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalization · Interacting galaxies › Galaxy mergers
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
Disintegrating Galaxy
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
Consuming Galaxy
Milky Way Galaxy
Notes
The Monoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.[citation needed]
Virgo Stellar Stream
Virgo Stellar Stream
Disintegrating Galaxy
Virgo Stellar Stream
Consuming Galaxy
Milky Way Galaxy
Notes
This is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
Disintegrating Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
Consuming Galaxy
Milky Way Galaxy
Notes
M54 is thought to be the core of this dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Disintegrating Galaxy
Consuming Galaxy
Notes
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
Milky Way Galaxy
The Monoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.[citation needed]
Virgo Stellar Stream
Milky Way Galaxy
This is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
Milky Way Galaxy
M54 is thought to be the core of this dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Objects considered destroyed galaxies · Interacting galaxies › Galaxy mergers
Omega Centauri
Omega Centauri
Defunct Galaxy
Omega Centauri
Destroyer
Milky Way Galaxy
Notes
This is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.
Mayall II
Mayall II
Defunct Galaxy
Mayall II
Destroyer
Andromeda Galaxy
Notes
This is now categorized a globular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.[citation needed]
Gaia Sausage
Gaia Sausage
Defunct Galaxy
Gaia Sausage
Destroyer
Milky Way Galaxy
Notes
It is now considered a remnant of a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way about 8-11 billion years ago. It is the last major merger of the Milky Way in its lifetime.[citation needed]
Defunct Galaxy
Destroyer
Notes
Omega Centauri
Milky Way Galaxy
This is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.
Mayall II
Andromeda Galaxy
This is now categorized a globular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.[citation needed]
Gaia Sausage
Milky Way Galaxy
It is now considered a remnant of a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way about 8-11 billion years ago. It is the last major merger of the Milky Way in its lifetime.[citation needed]
· Galaxies with some other notable feature
SDSS J081421.68+522410
SDSS J081421.68+522410
Galaxy name
SDSS J081421.68+522410
Constellation
Lynx
Property
Giant radio lobes
Notes
Also termed Alcyoneus. Its radio lobes are some of the largest known structure made by a single galaxy.
M87
M87
Galaxy name
M87
Constellation
Virgo
Property
[clarification needed]
Notes
This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Supercluster It contains the first black hole ever imaged, in April 2019, by the Event Horizon Telescope.[citation needed]
M102
M102
Galaxy name
M102
Constellation
Draco (Ursa Major)
Property
[clarification needed]
Notes
This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.
NGC 2770
NGC 2770
Galaxy name
NGC 2770
Constellation
Lynx
Property
"Supernova Factory"
Notes
NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.
Arp 122
Arp 122
Galaxy name
Arp 122
Property
[clarification needed]
Notes
Arp 122 is a collision of NGC 6040 and PGC 56942 or NGC 6039.
NGC 3314 (NGC 3314a and NGC 3314b)
NGC 3314 (NGC 3314a and NGC 3314b)
Galaxy name
NGC 3314 (NGC 3314a and NGC 3314b)
Constellation
Hydra
Property
exact visual alignment
Notes
This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
ESO 137-001
ESO 137-001
Galaxy name
ESO 137-001
Constellation
Triangulum Australe
Property
"tail" feature
Notes
Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.
Comet Galaxy
Comet Galaxy
Galaxy name
Comet Galaxy
Constellation
Sculptor
Property
interacting with a galaxy cluster
Notes
Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.
4C +37.11
4C +37.11
Galaxy name
4C +37.11
Distance
230 Mpc
Constellation
Perseus
Property
Least separation between binary central black holes, at 24 ly (7.4 pc)
Notes
OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.
SDSS J150636.30+540220.915h 06m 36.30s+54° 02′ 20.9″("SDSS J1506+54")
SDSS J150636.30+540220.915h 06m 36.30s+54° 02′ 20.9″("SDSS J1506+54")
Galaxy name
SDSS J150636.30+540220.915h 06m 36.30s+54° 02′ 20.9″("SDSS J1506+54")
Distance
z = 0.608
Constellation
Boötes
Property
Most efficient star production
Notes
Most extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highest density starbursts yet observed found in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data (Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).
Cosmos Redshift 7
Cosmos Redshift 7
Galaxy name
Cosmos Redshift 7
Distance
z = 6.604
Constellation
Sextans
Property
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6, 12.9 billion light-years)
Notes
Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7
RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7
Galaxy name
RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7
Distance
z = 7.29
Constellation
Cetus
Property
Earliest known massive quiescent galaxy
Notes
This galaxy is reported to be the most distant and therefore earliest (700 million years after the Big Bang) massive galaxy where star formation stopped, contrary to expectations based on current models of galaxy formation.
AMORE6
AMORE6
Galaxy name
AMORE6
Distance
z = 5.725
Constellation
Sculptor
Property
Most pristine galaxy
Notes
This galaxy is reported to be very metal poor, with the oxygen abundance of 12+log(O/H) < 5.8 (2 sigma), or <0.12% of Solar abundance, measured via JWST spectroscopy. This metallicity measurement is the lowest in the literature, making it the most pristine galaxy to date.
Galaxy name
Distance
Constellation
Property
Notes
SDSS J081421.68+522410
Lynx
Giant radio lobes
Also termed Alcyoneus. Its radio lobes are some of the largest known structure made by a single galaxy.
M87
Virgo
[clarification needed]
This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Supercluster It contains the first black hole ever imaged, in April 2019, by the Event Horizon Telescope.[citation needed]
M102
Draco (Ursa Major)
[clarification needed]
This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.
NGC 2770
Lynx
"Supernova Factory"
NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.
Arp 122
[clarification needed]
Arp 122 is a collision of NGC 6040 and PGC 56942 or NGC 6039.
NGC 3314 (NGC 3314a and NGC 3314b)
Hydra
exact visual alignment
This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
ESO 137-001
Triangulum Australe
"tail" feature
Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.
Comet Galaxy
Sculptor
interacting with a galaxy cluster
Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.
4C +37.11
230 Mpc
Perseus
Least separation between binary central black holes, at 24 ly (7.4 pc)
OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.
SDSS J150636.30+540220.915h 06m 36.30s+54° 02′ 20.9″("SDSS J1506+54")
z = 0.608
Boötes
Most efficient star production
Most extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highest density starbursts yet observed found in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data (Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).
Cosmos Redshift 7
z = 6.604
Sextans
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6, 12.9 billion light-years)
Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7
z = 7.29
Cetus
Earliest known massive quiescent galaxy
This galaxy is reported to be the most distant and therefore earliest (700 million years after the Big Bang) massive galaxy where star formation stopped, contrary to expectations based on current models of galaxy formation.
AMORE6
z = 5.725
Sculptor
Most pristine galaxy
This galaxy is reported to be very metal poor, with the oxygen abundance of 12+log(O/H) < 5.8 (2 sigma), or <0.12% of Solar abundance, measured via JWST spectroscopy. This metallicity measurement is the lowest in the literature, making it the most pristine galaxy to date.

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