List of epidemics and pandemics

This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease in humans. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time; in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic. Due to the long time spans, the first plague pandemic (6th century – 8th century) and the second plague pandemic (14th century – early 19th century) are shown by individual outbreaks, such as the Plague of Justinian (first pandemic) and the Black Death (second pandemic). Infectious diseases with high prevalence are listed separately (sometimes in addition to their epidemics), such as malaria, which may have killed 50–60 million people.

Tables

Epidemics and pandemics with at least 1 million deaths · Major epidemics and pandemics › By death toll

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1918 "Spanish" influenza pandemic

Disease

Influenza A/H1N1

Death toll

17–100 million

Percentage of population lost

1–5.4% of global population

Years

1918–1920

Location

Worldwide

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Plague of Justinian

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll

15–100 million

Percentage of population lost

25–60% of European population

Years

541–549

Location

North Africa, Europe, and Western Asia

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

HIV/AIDS pandemic

Disease

HIV/AIDS

Death toll

44 million (as of 2025[update])

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1981–present

Location

Worldwide

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Black Death

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll

25–50 million

Percentage of population lost

30–60% of European population

Years

1346–1353

Location

Europe, Asia, and North Africa

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

COVID-19 pandemic

Disease

COVID-19

Death toll

7.1-36.5 million(as of 2025)

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

2019–present

Location

Worldwide

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Third plague pandemic

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll

12–15 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1855–1960

Location

Worldwide

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548

Disease

Cocoliztli, caused by an unidentified pathogen

Death toll

5–15 million

Percentage of population lost

27–80% of Mexican population

Years

1545–1548

Location

Mexico

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Antonine Plague

Disease

Smallpox or measles

Death toll

5–10 million

Percentage of population lost

25–33% of Roman population

Years

165–180 (possibly up to 190)

Location

Roman Empire

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll

5–8 million

Percentage of population lost

23–37% of Mexican population

Years

1519–1520

Location

Mexico

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1957–1958 influenza pandemic

Disease

Influenza A/H2N2

Death toll

1–4 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1957–1958

Location

Worldwide

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Hong Kong flu

Disease

Influenza A/H3N2

Death toll

1–4 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1968–1969

Location

Worldwide

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic

Disease

Typhus

Death toll

2–3 million

Percentage of population lost

1–1.6% of Russian population

Years

1918–1922

Location

Russia

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576

Disease

Cocoliztli

Death toll

2–2.5 million

Percentage of population lost

50% of Mexican population

Years

1576–1580

Location

Mexico

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1772–1773 Persian Plague

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll

2 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1772–1773

Location

Persia

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll

2 million

Percentage of population lost

33% of Japanese population

Years

735–737

Location

Japan

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

Naples Plague

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll

1.25 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1656–1658

Location

Southern Italy

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1889–1890 pandemic

Disease

Influenza or human coronavirus OC43

Death toll

1 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1889–1890

Location

Worldwide

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1629–1631 Italian plague

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll

1 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1629–1631

Location

Italy

Rank

Epidemics/pandemics

1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Disease

Cholera

Death toll

1 million

Percentage of population lost

–

Years

1846–1860

Location

Worldwide

Rank	Epidemics/pandemics	Disease	Death toll	Percentage of population lost	Years	Location
1	1918 "Spanish" influenza pandemic	Influenza A/H1N1	17–100 million	of global population	1918–1920	Worldwide
2	Plague of Justinian	Bubonic plague	15–100 million	25–60% of European population	541–549	North Africa, Europe, and Western Asia
3	HIV/AIDS pandemic	HIV/AIDS	44 million (as of 2025[update])	–	1981–present	Worldwide
4	Black Death	Bubonic plague	25–50 million	30–60% of European population	1346–1353	Europe, Asia, and North Africa
5	COVID-19 pandemic	COVID-19	million(as of 2025)	–	2019–present	Worldwide
6	Third plague pandemic	Bubonic plague	12–15 million	–	1855–1960	Worldwide
7	Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548	Cocoliztli, caused by an unidentified pathogen	5–15 million	27–80% of Mexican population	1545–1548	Mexico
8	Antonine Plague	Smallpox or measles	5–10 million	25–33% of Roman population	165–180 (possibly up to 190)	Roman Empire
9	1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic	Smallpox	5–8 million	23–37% of Mexican population	1519–1520	Mexico
10	1957–1958 influenza pandemic	Influenza A/H2N2	1–4 million	–	1957–1958	Worldwide
11	Hong Kong flu	Influenza A/H3N2	1–4 million	–	1968–1969	Worldwide
12	1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic	Typhus	2–3 million	of Russian population	1918–1922	Russia
13	Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576	Cocoliztli	million	50% of Mexican population	1576–1580	Mexico
14	1772–1773 Persian Plague	Bubonic plague	2 million	–	1772–1773	Persia
15	735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic	Smallpox	2 million	33% of Japanese population	735–737	Japan
16	Naples Plague	Bubonic plague	million	–	1656–1658	Southern Italy
17	1889–1890 pandemic	Influenza or human coronavirus OC43	1 million	–	1889–1890	Worldwide
18	1629–1631 Italian plague	Bubonic plague	1 million	–	1629–1631	Italy
19	1846–1860 cholera pandemic	Cholera	1 million	–	1846–1860	Worldwide

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events before the 1500s · Chronology › Pre-1500s

1350 BC plague of Megiddo

Event

1350 BC plague of Megiddo

Years

1350 BC (circa)

Location

Megiddo, land of Canaan

Disease

Amarna letters EA 244, Biridiya, the mayor of Megiddo complains to Amenhotep III of his area being "consumed by death, plague and dust"

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Hittite Plague/"Hand of Nergal"

Event

Hittite Plague/"Hand of Nergal"

Years

1330 BC (circa)

Location

Near East, Hittite Empire, Alashiya, possibly Egypt

Disease

Unknown, possibly Tularemia. Mentioned in Amarna letter EA 35 as the "Hand of Nergal", cause of death of Šuppiluliuma I.

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Plague of Athens

Event

Plague of Athens

Years

430–426 BC

Location

Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia

Disease

Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever

Death toll (estimate)

75,000–100,000

412 BC epidemic

Event

412 BC epidemic

Years

412 BC

Location

Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic)

Disease

Unknown, possibly influenza

Death toll (estimate)

473,000 (10% of the Roman Population)

Antonine Plague

Event

Antonine Plague

Years

165–180 (possibly up to 190)

Location

Roman Empire

Disease

Unknown, possibly smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

5–10 million

Plague of Cyprian

Event

Plague of Cyprian

Years

249–262

Location

Europe

Disease

Unknown, possibly smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

310,000

Plague of Justinian (beginning of first plague pandemic)

Event

Plague of Justinian (beginning of first plague pandemic)

Years

541–549

Location

Europe and West Asia

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

15–100 million

580 Dysentery Epidemic in Gaul

Event

580 Dysentery Epidemic in Gaul

Years

580

Location

Gaul

Disease

Dysentery or possibly smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

450,000 (10% of the Gaul population)

Roman Plague of 590 (part of first plague pandemic)

Event

Roman Plague of 590 (part of first plague pandemic)

Years

590

Location

Rome, Byzantine Empire

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Plague of Sheroe (part of first plague pandemic)

Event

Plague of Sheroe (part of first plague pandemic)

Years

627–628

Location

Bilad al-Sham

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

25,000+

Plague of Amwas (part of first plague pandemic)

Event

Plague of Amwas (part of first plague pandemic)

Years

638–639

Location

Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

25,000+

Plague of 664 (part of first plague pandemic)

Event

Plague of 664 (part of first plague pandemic)

Years

664–689

Location

British Isles

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Plague of 698–701 (part of first plague pandemic)

Event

Plague of 698–701 (part of first plague pandemic)

Years

698–701

Location

Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic

Event

735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic

Years

735–737

Location

Japan

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

2 million (approx. .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- 1⁄3 of Japanese population)

Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic)

Event

Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic)

Years

746–747

Location

Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1346–1353

Location

Eurasia and North Africa

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population)

Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks)

Event

Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks)

Years

1485–1551

Location

Britain (England) and later continental Europe

Disease

Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus

Death toll (estimate)

10,000+

1489 Spain typhus epidemic

Event

1489 Spain typhus epidemic

Years

1489

Location

Spain

Disease

Typhus

Death toll (estimate)

17,000

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
1350 BC plague of Megiddo	1350 BC (circa)	Megiddo, land of Canaan	Amarna letters EA 244, Biridiya, the mayor of Megiddo complains to Amenhotep III of his area being "consumed by death, plague and dust"	Unknown
Hittite Plague/"Hand of Nergal"	1330 BC (circa)	Near East, Hittite Empire, Alashiya, possibly Egypt	Unknown, possibly Tularemia. Mentioned in Amarna letter EA 35 as the "Hand of Nergal", cause of death of Šuppiluliuma I.	Unknown
Plague of Athens	430–426 BC	Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia	Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever	75,000–100,000
412 BC epidemic	412 BC	Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic)	Unknown, possibly influenza	473,000 (10% of the Roman Population)
Antonine Plague	165–180 (possibly up to 190)	Roman Empire	Unknown, possibly smallpox	5–10 million
Jian'an Plague	217	Han dynasty	Unknown, possibly typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever	2 million
Plague of Cyprian	249–262	Europe	Unknown, possibly smallpox	310,000
Plague of Justinian (beginning of first plague pandemic)	541–549	Europe and West Asia	Bubonic plague	15–100 million
580 Dysentery Epidemic in Gaul	580	Gaul	Dysentery or possibly smallpox	450,000 (10% of the Gaul population)
Roman Plague of 590 (part of first plague pandemic)	590	Rome, Byzantine Empire	Bubonic plague	Unknown
Plague of Sheroe (part of first plague pandemic)	627–628	Bilad al-Sham	Bubonic plague	25,000+
Plague of Amwas (part of first plague pandemic)	638–639	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa	Bubonic plague	25,000+
Plague of 664 (part of first plague pandemic)	664–689	British Isles	Bubonic plague	Unknown
Plague of 698–701 (part of first plague pandemic)	698–701	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia	Bubonic plague	Unknown
735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic	735–737	Japan	Smallpox	2 million (approx. .mw- .mw- 1⁄3 of Japanese population)
Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic)	746–747	Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa	Bubonic plague	Unknown
Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic)	1346–1353	Eurasia and North Africa	Bubonic plague	75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population)
Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks)	1485–1551	Britain (England) and later continental Europe	Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus	10,000+
1489 Spain typhus epidemic	1489	Spain	Typhus	17,000

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events that started in the 1500s · Chronology › 1500s

1510 influenza pandemic

Event

1510 influenza pandemic

Years

1510

Location

Asia, North Africa, Europe

Disease

Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown, around 1% of those infected

1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic

Event

1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic

Years

1519–1520

Location

Mexico

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

5–8 million (40% of population)

Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548

Event

Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548

Years

1545–1548

Location

Mexico

Disease

Possibly Salmonella enterica

Death toll (estimate)

5–15 million (80% of population)

1557 influenza pandemic

Event

1557 influenza pandemic

Years

1557–1559

Location

Asia, Africa, Europe, and Americas

Disease

Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

2.5–5 Million (10% of the infected)

1561 Chile smallpox epidemic

Event

1561 Chile smallpox epidemic

Years

1561–1562

Location

Chile

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

120,000–150,000 (20–25% of native population)

1563 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1563 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1563–1564

Location

London, England

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

20,100+

Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576

Event

Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576

Years

1576–1580

Location

Mexico

Disease

Possibly Salmonella enterica

Death toll (estimate)

2–2.5 million (50% of population)

1582 Tenerife plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1582 Tenerife plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1582–1583

Location

Tenerife, Spain

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

5,000–9,000

1592–1596 Seneca nation measles epidemic

Event

1592–1596 Seneca nation measles epidemic

Years

1592–1596

Location

Seneca nation, North America

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1592–1593

Location

Malta

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

3,000

1592–1593 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1592–1593 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1592–1593

Location

London, England

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

19,900+

1596–1602 Spain plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1596–1602 Spain plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1596–1602

Location

Spain

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

600,000–700,000

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
1510 influenza pandemic	1510	Asia, North Africa, Europe	Influenza	Unknown, around 1% of those infected
1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic	1519–1520	Mexico	Smallpox	5–8 million (40% of population)
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1545–1548	1545–1548	Mexico	Possibly Salmonella enterica	5–15 million (80% of population)
1557 influenza pandemic	1557–1559	Asia, Africa, Europe, and Americas	Influenza	Million (10% of the infected)
1561 Chile smallpox epidemic	1561–1562	Chile	Smallpox	120,000–150,000 (20–25% of native population)
1563 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1563–1564	London, England	Bubonic plague	20,100+
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576	1576–1580	Mexico	Possibly Salmonella enterica	million (50% of population)
1582 Tenerife plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1582–1583	Tenerife, Spain	Bubonic plague	5,000–9,000
1592–1596 Seneca nation measles epidemic	1592–1596	Seneca nation, North America	Measles	Unknown
1592–1593 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1592–1593	Malta	Bubonic plague	3,000
1592–1593 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1592–1593	London, England	Bubonic plague	19,900+
1596–1602 Spain plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1596–1602	Spain	Bubonic plague	600,000–700,000

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events that started in the 1600s · Chronology › 1600s

1600–1650 South America malaria epidemic

Event

1600–1650 South America malaria epidemic

Years

1600–1650

Location

South America

Disease

Malaria

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Ref.

[citation needed]

1603 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1603 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1603

Location

London, England

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

40,000

1616 New England infections epidemic

Event

1616 New England infections epidemic

Years

1616–1620

Location

Southern New England, British North America, especially the Wampanoag people

Disease

Unknown, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D

Death toll (estimate)

1,143,000–3,429,000 (estimated 30–90% of population)

1629–1631 Italian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1629–1631 Italian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1629–1631

Location

Italy

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

1 million

1632–1635 Augsburg plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1632–1635 Augsburg plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1632–1635

Location

Augsburg, Germany

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

13,712

Massachusetts smallpox epidemic

Event

Massachusetts smallpox epidemic

Years

1633–1634

Location

Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thirteen Colonies

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

1,000

1634–1640 Wyandot people epidemic

Event

1634–1640 Wyandot people epidemic

Years

1634–1640

Location

Wyandot people, North America

Disease

Smallpox and Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

15,000–25,000

1637 London plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1637 London plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1636–1637

Location

London and Westminster, England

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

10,400

Great Plague of Seville (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Great Plague of Seville (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1647–1652

Location

Spain

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

500,000

1648 Central America yellow fever epidemic

Event

1648 Central America yellow fever epidemic

Years

1648

Location

Central America

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Naples Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Naples Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1656–1658

Location

Italy

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

1,250,000

1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1663–1664

Location

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

24,148

Great Plague of London (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Great Plague of London (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1665–1666

Location

England

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

100,000

1668 France plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1668 France plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1668

Location

France

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

40,000

1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1675–1676

Location

Malta

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

11,300

1676–1685 Spain plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1676–1685 Spain plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1676–1685

Location

Spain

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1677–1678 Boston smallpox epidemic

Event

1677–1678 Boston smallpox epidemic

Years

1677–1678

Location

Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

750–1,000

Great Plague of Vienna (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Great Plague of Vienna (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1679

Location

Vienna, Austria

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

76,000

1681 Prague plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1681 Prague plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1681

Location

Prague, Czech Kingdom

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

83,000

1687 South Africa influenza outbreak

Event

1687 South Africa influenza outbreak

Years

1687

Location

South Africa

Disease

Unknown, possibly influenza

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic

Event

1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic

Years

1693

Location

Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

3,100+

1699 Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic

Event

1699 Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic

Years

1699

Location

Charleston and Philadelphia, British North America

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

520 (300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia)

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
1600–1650 South America malaria epidemic	1600–1650	South America	Malaria	Unknown	[citation needed]
1603 London plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1603	London, England	Bubonic plague	40,000
1616 New England infections epidemic	1616–1620	Southern New England, British North America, especially the Wampanoag people	Unknown, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D	1,143,000–3,429,000 (estimated 30–90% of population)
1629–1631 Italian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1629–1631	Italy	Bubonic plague	1 million
1632–1635 Augsburg plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1632–1635	Augsburg, Germany	Bubonic plague	13,712
Massachusetts smallpox epidemic	1633–1634	Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thirteen Colonies	Smallpox	1,000
1634–1640 Wyandot people epidemic	1634–1640	Wyandot people, North America	Smallpox and Influenza	15,000–25,000
1637 London plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1636–1637	London and Westminster, England	Bubonic plague	10,400
Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty (part of the second plague pandemic)	1633–1644	China	Bubonic plague	200,000+
Great Plague of Seville (part of the second plague pandemic)	1647–1652	Spain	Bubonic plague	500,000
1648 Central America yellow fever epidemic	1648	Central America	Yellow fever	Unknown
Naples Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1656–1658	Italy	Bubonic plague	1,250,000
1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1663–1664	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Bubonic plague	24,148
Great Plague of London (part of the second plague pandemic)	1665–1666	England	Bubonic plague	100,000
1668 France plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1668	France	Bubonic plague	40,000
1675–1676 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1675–1676	Malta	Bubonic plague	11,300
1676–1685 Spain plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1676–1685	Spain	Bubonic plague	Unknown
1677–1678 Boston smallpox epidemic	1677–1678	Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America	Smallpox	750–1,000
Great Plague of Vienna (part of the second plague pandemic)	1679	Vienna, Austria	Bubonic plague	76,000
1681 Prague plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1681	Prague, Czech Kingdom	Bubonic plague	83,000
1687 South Africa influenza outbreak	1687	South Africa	Unknown, possibly influenza	Unknown
1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic	1693	Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America	Yellow fever	3,100+
1699 Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic	1699	Charleston and Philadelphia, British North America	Yellow fever	520 (300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia)

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events that started in the 1700s · Chronology › 1700s

1702 New York City yellow fever epidemic

Event

1702 New York City yellow fever epidemic

Years

1702

Location

New York City, British North America

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

500

1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic

Event

1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic

Years

1702–1703

Location

New France, Canada

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

1,300

1707–1708 Iceland smallpox epidemic

Event

1707–1708 Iceland smallpox epidemic

Years

1707–1709

Location

Iceland

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

18,000+ (36% of population)

Great Northern War plague outbreak (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Great Northern War plague outbreak (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1710–1712

Location

Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

164,000

1713–1715 North America measles epidemic

Event

1713–1715 North America measles epidemic

Years

1713–1715

Location

Thirteen Colonies and New France, Canada

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

Great Plague of Marseille (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Great Plague of Marseille (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1720–1722

Location

France

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

100,000+

1721 Boston smallpox outbreak

Event

1721 Boston smallpox outbreak

Years

1721–1722

Location

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

844

1730 Cádiz yellow fever epidemic

Event

1730 Cádiz yellow fever epidemic

Years

1730

Location

Cádiz, Spain

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

2,200

1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies influenza epidemic

Event

1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies influenza epidemic

Years

1732–1733

Location

Thirteen Colonies

Disease

Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1733 New France smallpox epidemic

Event

1733 New France smallpox epidemic

Years

1733

Location

New France, Canada

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1735–1741 diphtheria epidemic

Event

1735–1741 diphtheria epidemic

Years

1735–1741

Location

New England, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, British North America

Disease

Diphtheria

Death toll (estimate)

20,000

Great Plague of 1738 (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Great Plague of 1738 (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1738

Location

Balkans

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

50,000

1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic

Event

1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic

Years

1738–1739

Location

Province of Carolina, Thirteen Colonies

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

7,700–11,700

1741 Cartagena yellow fever epidemic

Event

1741 Cartagena yellow fever epidemic

Years

1741

Location

Cartagena, Colombia

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

20,000

1743 Sicily plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1743 Sicily plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1743

Location

Messina, Sicily, Italy

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

40,000–50,000

1759 North America measles outbreak

Event

1759 North America measles outbreak

Years

1759

Location

North America

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1760 Charleston smallpox epidemic

Event

1760 Charleston smallpox epidemic

Years

1760

Location

Charleston, British North America

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

730–940

1762 Havana yellow fever epidemic

Event

1762 Havana yellow fever epidemic

Years

1762

Location

Havana, Cuba

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

8,000

1763 Pittsburgh area smallpox outbreak

Event

1763 Pittsburgh area smallpox outbreak

Years

1763

Location

North America, present-day Pittsburgh area

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1770–1772 Russian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1770–1772 Russian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1770–1772

Location

Russia

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

50,000

1772 North America measles epidemic

Event

1772 North America measles epidemic

Years

1772

Location

North America

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

1,080

1772–1773 Persian Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1772–1773 Persian Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1772–1773

Location

Persia

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

2 million

1775–1776 England influenza outbreak

Event

1775–1776 England influenza outbreak

Years

1775–1776

Location

England

Disease

Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic

Event

1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic

Years

1775–1782

Location

Native populations in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

11,000+

1778 Spain dengue fever outbreak

Event

1778 Spain dengue fever outbreak

Years

1778

Location

Spain

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1782 Influenza pandemic

Event

1782 Influenza pandemic

Years

1782

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1788 Pueblo Indians smallpox epidemic

Event

1788 Pueblo Indians smallpox epidemic

Years

1788

Location

Pueblo Indians in northern New Spain (what is now the Southwestern United States)

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1789–1790 New South Wales smallpox epidemic

Event

1789–1790 New South Wales smallpox epidemic

Years

1789–1790

Location

New South Wales, Australia

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

125,251–175,351 (50–70% of native population)

1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic

Event

1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic

Years

1793

Location

Philadelphia, United States

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

5,000+

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
1702 New York City yellow fever epidemic	1702	New York City, British North America	Yellow fever	500
1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic	1702–1703	New France, Canada	Smallpox	1,300
1707–1708 Iceland smallpox epidemic	1707–1709	Iceland	Smallpox	18,000+ (36% of population)
Great Northern War plague outbreak (part of the second plague pandemic)	1710–1712	Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania	Bubonic plague	164,000
1713–1715 North America measles epidemic	1713–1715	Thirteen Colonies and New France, Canada	Measles	Unknown
Great Plague of Marseille (part of the second plague pandemic)	1720–1722	France	Bubonic plague	100,000+
1721 Boston smallpox outbreak	1721–1722	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Smallpox	844
1730 Cádiz yellow fever epidemic	1730	Cádiz, Spain	Yellow fever	2,200
1732–1733 Thirteen Colonies influenza epidemic	1732–1733	Thirteen Colonies	Influenza	Unknown
1733 New France smallpox epidemic	1733	New France, Canada	Smallpox	Unknown
1735–1741 diphtheria epidemic	1735–1741	New England, Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, British North America	Diphtheria	20,000
Great Plague of 1738 (part of the second plague pandemic)	1738	Balkans	Bubonic plague	50,000
1738–1739 North Carolina smallpox epidemic	1738–1739	Province of Carolina, Thirteen Colonies	Smallpox	7,700–11,700
1741 Cartagena yellow fever epidemic	1741	Cartagena, Colombia	Yellow fever	20,000
1743 Sicily plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1743	Messina, Sicily, Italy	Bubonic plague	40,000–50,000
1759 North America measles outbreak	1759	North America	Measles	Unknown
1760 Charleston smallpox epidemic	1760	Charleston, British North America	Smallpox	730–940
1762 Havana yellow fever epidemic	1762	Havana, Cuba	Yellow fever	8,000
1763 Pittsburgh area smallpox outbreak	1763	North America, present-day Pittsburgh area	Smallpox	Unknown
1770–1772 Russian plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1770–1772	Russia	Bubonic plague	50,000
1772 North America measles epidemic	1772	North America	Measles	1,080
1772–1773 Persian Plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1772–1773	Persia	Bubonic plague	2 million
1775–1776 England influenza outbreak	1775–1776	England	Influenza	Unknown
1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic	1775–1782	Native populations in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States	Smallpox	11,000+
1778 Spain dengue fever outbreak	1778	Spain	Dengue fever	Unknown
1782 Influenza pandemic	1782	Worldwide	Influenza	Unknown
1788 Pueblo Indians smallpox epidemic	1788	Pueblo Indians in northern New Spain (what is now the Southwestern United States)	Smallpox	Unknown
1789–1790 New South Wales smallpox epidemic	1789–1790	New South Wales, Australia	Smallpox	125,251–175,351 (50–70% of native population)
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic	1793	Philadelphia, United States	Yellow fever	5,000+

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events that started in the 1800s · Chronology › 1800s

1800–1803 Spain yellow fever epidemic

Event

1800–1803 Spain yellow fever epidemic

Years

1800–1803

Location

Spain

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

60,000+

1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic

Event

1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic

Years

1801

Location

Ottoman Empire, Egypt

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic

Event

1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic

Years

1802–1803

Location

Saint-Domingue

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

29,000–55,000

1812 Russia typhus epidemic

Event

1812 Russia typhus epidemic

Years

1812

Location

Russia

Disease

Typhus

Death toll (estimate)

300,000

1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1812–1819

Location

Ottoman Empire

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

300,000+

1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1813–1814

Location

Malta

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

4,500

Caragea's plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Event

Caragea's plague (part of the second plague pandemic)

Years

1813

Location

Romania

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

60,000

1817–1819 Ireland typhus epidemic

Event

1817–1819 Ireland typhus epidemic

Years

1817–1819

Location

Ireland

Disease

Typhus

Death toll (estimate)

65,000

First cholera pandemic

Event

First cholera pandemic

Years

1817–1824

Location

Asia, Europe

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

100,000+

1820 Savannah yellow fever epidemic

Event

1820 Savannah yellow fever epidemic

Years

1820

Location

Savannah, Georgia, United States

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

700

1821 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic

Event

1821 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic

Years

1821

Location

Barcelona, Spain

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

5,000–20,000

Second cholera pandemic

Event

Second cholera pandemic

Years

1826–1837

Location

Asia, Europe, North America

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

100,000+

1828–1829 New South Wales smallpox epidemic

Event

1828–1829 New South Wales smallpox epidemic

Years

1828–1829

Location

New South Wales, Australia

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

19,000

Groningen epidemic

Event

Groningen epidemic

Years

1829

Location

Netherlands

Disease

Malaria

Death toll (estimate)

2,800

1829–1833 Pacific Northwest malaria epidemic

Event

1829–1833 Pacific Northwest malaria epidemic

Years

1829–1833

Location

Pacific Northwest, United States

Disease

Malaria, possibly other diseases too

Death toll (estimate)

150,000

1829–1835 Iran plague outbreak

Event

1829–1835 Iran plague outbreak

Years

1829–1835

Location

Iran

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1834–1836 Egypt plague epidemic

Event

1834–1836 Egypt plague epidemic

Years

1834–1836

Location

Egypt

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

Event

1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

Years

1837–1838

Location

Great Plains, United States and Canada

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

17,000+

1841 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic

Event

1841 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic

Years

1841

Location

Southern United States (especially Louisiana and Florida)

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

3,498

1847 North American typhus epidemic

Event

1847 North American typhus epidemic

Years

1847–1848

Location

Canada

Disease

Typhus

Death toll (estimate)

20,000+

1847 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic

Event

1847 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic

Years

1847

Location

Southern United States (especially New Orleans)

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

3,400

1847–1848 influenza epidemic

Event

1847–1848 influenza epidemic

Years

1847–1848

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1848–1849 Hawaii epidemic of infections

Event

1848–1849 Hawaii epidemic of infections

Years

1848–1849

Location

Hawaiian Kingdom

Disease

Measles, whooping cough, dysentery and influenza

Death toll (estimate)

10,000

1853 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic

Event

1853 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic

Years

1853

Location

New Orleans, United States

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

7,970

Third cholera pandemic

Event

Third cholera pandemic

Years

1846–1860

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

1 million+

1853 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic

Event

1853 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic

Years

1853

Location

Ottoman Empire

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak

Event

1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak

Years

1853

Location

Copenhagen, Denmark

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

4,737

1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

Event

1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

Years

1854

Location

London, England

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

616

1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic

Event

1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic

Years

1855

Location

Norfolk and Portsmouth, England

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

3,000 (2,000 in Norfolk, 1,000 in Portsmouth)

Third plague pandemic

Event

Third plague pandemic

Years

1855–1960

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

12–15 million (India and China)

1855–1857 Montevideo yellow fever epidemic

Event

1855–1857 Montevideo yellow fever epidemic

Years

1855–1857

Location

Montevideo, Uruguay

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

3,400 (first wave; 900, second wave; 2,500)

1857 Lisbon yellow fever epidemic

Event

1857 Lisbon yellow fever epidemic

Years

1857

Location

Lisbon, Portugal

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

6,000

1857 Victoria smallpox epidemic

Event

1857 Victoria smallpox epidemic

Years

1857

Location

Victoria, Australia

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1857–1859 Europe and the Americas influenza epidemic

Event

1857–1859 Europe and the Americas influenza epidemic

Years

1857–1859

Location

Europe, North America, South America

Disease

Influenza

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic

Event

1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic

Years

1862–1863

Location

Pacific Northwest, Canada and United States

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

20,000+

1861–1865 United States typhoid fever epidemic

Event

1861–1865 United States typhoid fever epidemic

Years

1861–1865

Location

United States

Disease

Typhoid fever

Death toll (estimate)

80,000

Fourth cholera pandemic

Event

Fourth cholera pandemic

Years

1863–1875

Location

Middle East

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

600,000

1867 Sydney measles epidemic

Event

1867 Sydney measles epidemic

Years

1867

Location

Sydney, Australia

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

748

1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic

Event

1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic

Years

1871

Location

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

13,500–26,200

1870–1875 Europe smallpox epidemic

Event

1870–1875 Europe smallpox epidemic

Years

1870–1875

Location

Europe

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

500,000

1875 Fiji measles outbreak

Event

1875 Fiji measles outbreak

Years

1875

Location

Fiji

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

40,000

1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic

Event

1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic

Years

1875–1876

Location

Australia

Disease

Scarlet fever

Death toll (estimate)

8,000

1876 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic

Event

1876 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic

Years

1876

Location

Ottoman Empire

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

20,000

1878 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic

Event

1878 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic

Years

1878

Location

New Orleans, United States

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

4,046

1878 Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic

Event

1878 Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic

Years

1878

Location

Mississippi Valley, United States

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

13,000

Fifth cholera pandemic

Event

Fifth cholera pandemic

Years

1881–1896

Location

Asia, Africa, Europe, South America

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

298,600

1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic

Event

1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic

Years

1885

Location

Montreal, Canada

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

3,164

1889–1890 pandemic

Event

1889–1890 pandemic

Years

1889–1890

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza or Human coronavirus OC43 / HCoV-OC43 (disputed)

Death toll (estimate)

1 million

1894 Hong Kong plague (part of the third plague pandemic)

Event

1894 Hong Kong plague (part of the third plague pandemic)

Years

1894–1929

Location

Hong Kong

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

20,000+

Bombay plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)

Event

Bombay plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)

Years

1896–1905

Location

Bombay, India

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

20,788

1896–1906 Congo Basin African trypanosomiasis epidemic

Event

1896–1906 Congo Basin African trypanosomiasis epidemic

Years

1896–1906

Location

Congo Basin

Disease

African trypanosomiasis

Death toll (estimate)

500,000

1899 Porto plague outbreak (part of the third plague pandemic)

Event

1899 Porto plague outbreak (part of the third plague pandemic)

Years

1899

Location

Porto, Portugal

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

132

Sixth cholera pandemic

Event

Sixth cholera pandemic

Years

1899–1923

Location

Europe, Asia, Africa

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

800,000+

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
1800–1803 Spain yellow fever epidemic	1800–1803	Spain	Yellow fever	60,000+
1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic	1801	Ottoman Empire, Egypt	Bubonic plague	Unknown
1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic	1802–1803	Saint-Domingue	Yellow fever	29,000–55,000
1812 Russia typhus epidemic	1812	Russia	Typhus	300,000
1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1812–1819	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	300,000+
1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic (part of the second plague pandemic)	1813–1814	Malta	Bubonic plague	4,500
Caragea's plague (part of the second plague pandemic)	1813	Romania	Bubonic plague	60,000
1817–1819 Ireland typhus epidemic	1817–1819	Ireland	Typhus	65,000
First cholera pandemic	1817–1824	Asia, Europe	Cholera	100,000+
1820 Savannah yellow fever epidemic	1820	Savannah, Georgia, United States	Yellow fever	700
1821 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic	1821	Barcelona, Spain	Yellow fever	5,000–20,000
Second cholera pandemic	1826–1837	Asia, Europe, North America	Cholera	100,000+
1828–1829 New South Wales smallpox epidemic	1828–1829	New South Wales, Australia	Smallpox	19,000
Groningen epidemic	1829	Netherlands	Malaria	2,800
1829–1833 Pacific Northwest malaria epidemic	1829–1833	Pacific Northwest, United States	Malaria, possibly other diseases too	150,000
1829–1835 Iran plague outbreak	1829–1835	Iran	Bubonic plague	Unknown
1834–1836 Egypt plague epidemic	1834–1836	Egypt	Bubonic plague	Unknown
1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic	1837–1838	Great Plains, United States and Canada	Smallpox	17,000+
1841 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic	1841	Southern United States (especially Louisiana and Florida)	Yellow fever	3,498
1847 North American typhus epidemic	1847–1848	Canada	Typhus	20,000+
1847 Southern United States yellow fever epidemic	1847	Southern United States (especially New Orleans)	Yellow fever	3,400
1847–1848 influenza epidemic	1847–1848	Worldwide	Influenza	Unknown
1848–1849 Hawaii epidemic of infections	1848–1849	Hawaiian Kingdom	Measles, whooping cough, dysentery and influenza	10,000
1853 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic	1853	New Orleans, United States	Yellow fever	7,970
Third cholera pandemic	1846–1860	Worldwide	Cholera	1 million+
1853 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic	1853	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	Unknown
1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak	1853	Copenhagen, Denmark	Cholera	4,737
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak	1854	London, England	Cholera	616
1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic	1855	Norfolk and Portsmouth, England	Yellow fever	3,000 (2,000 in Norfolk, 1,000 in Portsmouth)
Third plague pandemic	1855–1960	Worldwide	Bubonic plague	12–15 million (India and China)
1855–1857 Montevideo yellow fever epidemic	1855–1857	Montevideo, Uruguay	Yellow fever	3,400 (first wave; 900, second wave; 2,500)
1857 Lisbon yellow fever epidemic	1857	Lisbon, Portugal	Yellow fever	6,000
1857 Victoria smallpox epidemic	1857	Victoria, Australia	Smallpox	Unknown
1857–1859 Europe and the Americas influenza epidemic	1857–1859	Europe, North America, South America	Influenza	Unknown
1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic	1862–1863	Pacific Northwest, Canada and United States	Smallpox	20,000+
1861–1865 United States typhoid fever epidemic	1861–1865	United States	Typhoid fever	80,000
Fourth cholera pandemic	1863–1875	Middle East	Cholera	600,000
1867 Sydney measles epidemic	1867	Sydney, Australia	Measles	748
1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic	1871	Buenos Aires, Argentina	Yellow fever	13,500–26,200
1870–1875 Europe smallpox epidemic	1870–1875	Europe	Smallpox	500,000
1875 Fiji measles outbreak	1875	Fiji	Measles	40,000
1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic	1875–1876	Australia	Scarlet fever	8,000
1876 Ottoman Empire plague epidemic	1876	Ottoman Empire	Bubonic plague	20,000
1878 New Orleans yellow fever epidemic	1878	New Orleans, United States	Yellow fever	4,046
1878 Mississippi Valley yellow fever epidemic	1878	Mississippi Valley, United States	Yellow fever	13,000
Fifth cholera pandemic	1881–1896	Asia, Africa, Europe, South America	Cholera	298,600
1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic	1885	Montreal, Canada	Smallpox	3,164
1889–1890 pandemic	1889–1890	Worldwide	Influenza or Human coronavirus OC43 / HCoV-OC43 (disputed)	1 million
1894 Hong Kong plague (part of the third plague pandemic)	1894–1929	Hong Kong	Bubonic plague	20,000+

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events that started in the 1900s · Chronology › 1900s

San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 (part of the third plague pandemic)

Event

San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 (part of the third plague pandemic)

Years

1900–1904

Location

San Francisco, United States

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

119

1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)

Event

1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)

Years

1900

Location

Australia

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

103

1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic

Event

1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic

Years

1900–1920

Location

Uganda

Disease

African trypanosomiasis

Death toll (estimate)

200,000–300,000

Papua New Guinea kuru epidemic

Event

Papua New Guinea kuru epidemic

Years

1901–2009

Location

Papua New Guinea

Disease

Kuru

Death toll (estimate)

2,700–3,000+

1903 Fremantle plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)

Event

1903 Fremantle plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)

Years

1903

Location

Fremantle, Western Australia

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon

Event

1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon

Years

1906–1936

Location

Ceylon

Disease

Malaria

Death toll (estimate)

80,000

Manchurian plague (part of the third plague pandemic)

Event

Manchurian plague (part of the third plague pandemic)

Years

1910–1911

Location

China

Disease

Pneumonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

60,000

1916 United States polio epidemic

Event

1916 United States polio epidemic

Years

1916

Location

United States

Disease

Poliomyelitis

Death toll (estimate)

7,130

1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu')

Event

1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu')

Years

1918–1920

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

Death toll (estimate)

17–100 million

1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic

Event

1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic

Years

1918–1922

Location

Russia

Disease

Typhus

Death toll (estimate)

2–3 million

1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic

Event

1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic

Years

1919–1930

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Encephalitis lethargica

Death toll (estimate)

500,000

1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak

Event

1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak

Years

1924

Location

Los Angeles, United States

Disease

Pneumonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic

Event

1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic

Years

1924–1925

Location

Minnesota, United States

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

500

1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic

Event

1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic

Years

1927

Location

Montreal, Canada

Disease

Typhoid fever

Death toll (estimate)

538

1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic

Event

1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic

Years

1929–1930

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Psittacosis

Death toll (estimate)

100+

1937 Croydon typhoid outbreak

Event

1937 Croydon typhoid outbreak

Years

1937

Location

Croydon, United Kingdom

Disease

Typhoid fever

Death toll (estimate)

1937 Australia polio epidemic

Event

1937 Australia polio epidemic

Years

1937

Location

Australia

Disease

Poliomyelitis

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic

Event

1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic

Years

1940

Location

Sudan

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

1,627

1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic

Event

1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic

Years

1942–1944

Location

Egypt

Disease

Malaria

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic

Event

1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic

Years

1946

Location

Egypt

Disease

Relapsing fever

Death toll (estimate)

Unknown

1947 Egypt cholera epidemic

Event

1947 Egypt cholera epidemic

Years

1947

Location

Egypt

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

10,277

1948–1952 United States polio epidemic

Event

1948–1952 United States polio epidemic

Years

1948–1952

Location

United States

Disease

Poliomyelitis

Death toll (estimate)

9,000

1957–1958 influenza pandemic ('Asian flu')

Event

1957–1958 influenza pandemic ('Asian flu')

Years

1957–1958

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H2N2

Death toll (estimate)

1–4 million

1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic

Event

1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic

Years

1960–1962

Location

Ethiopia

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

30,000

Hong Kong flu

Event

Hong Kong flu

Years

1968–1970

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2

Death toll (estimate)

1–4 million

1971 Staphorst polio epidemic

Event

1971 Staphorst polio epidemic

Years

1971

Location

Staphorst, Netherlands

Disease

Poliomyelitis

Death toll (estimate)

1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak

Event

1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak

Years

1972

Location

Yugoslavia

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

London flu

Event

London flu

Years

1972–1973

Location

United States

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2

Death toll (estimate)

1,027

1973 Italy cholera epidemic

Event

1973 Italy cholera epidemic

Years

1973

Location

Italy

Disease

Cholera (El Tor strain)

Death toll (estimate)

1974 smallpox epidemic in India

Event

1974 smallpox epidemic in India

Years

1974

Location

India

Disease

Smallpox

Death toll (estimate)

15,000

1977 Russian flu

Event

1977 Russian flu

Years

1977–1979

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

Death toll (estimate)

700,000

Sverdlovsk anthrax leak

Event

Sverdlovsk anthrax leak

Years

1979

Location

Russia

Disease

Anthrax

Death toll (estimate)

105

1984 Western Sahara plague

Event

1984 Western Sahara plague

Years

1984

Location

Western Sahara

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

Ref.

[citation needed]

1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic

Event

1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic

Years

1986

Location

Oju, Nigeria

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

5,600+

1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic

Event

1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic

Years

1987

Location

Mali

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

145

1988 Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic

Event

1988 Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic

Years

1988

Location

Shanghai, China

Disease

Hepatitis A

Death toll (estimate)

31–47

1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic

Event

1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic

Years

1991

Location

Bangladesh

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

8,410–9,432

1991 Latin America cholera epidemic

Event

1991 Latin America cholera epidemic

Years

1991–1993

Location

Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

8,000

1994 plague in India

Event

1994 plague in India

Years

1994

Location

India

Disease

Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

United Kingdom BSE outbreak

Event

United Kingdom BSE outbreak

Years

1996–2001

Location

United Kingdom

Disease

Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease / vCJD

Death toll (estimate)

178

1996 West Africa meningitis epidemic

Event

1996 West Africa meningitis epidemic

Years

1996

Location

West Africa

Disease

Meningitis

Death toll (estimate)

10,000

1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak

Event

1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak

Years

1998–1999

Location

Malaysia

Disease

Nipah virus infection

Death toll (estimate)

105

1998–2000 Democratic Republic of the Congo Marburg virus outbreak

Event

1998–2000 Democratic Republic of the Congo Marburg virus outbreak

Years

1998–2000

Location

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Marburg virus

Death toll (estimate)

128

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 (part of the third plague pandemic)	1900–1904	San Francisco, United States	Bubonic plague	119
1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1900	Australia	Bubonic plague	103
1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic	1900–1920	Uganda	African trypanosomiasis	200,000–300,000
Papua New Guinea kuru epidemic	1901–2009	Papua New Guinea	Kuru	2,700–3,000+
1903 Fremantle plague epidemic (part of the third plague pandemic)	1903	Fremantle, Western Australia	Bubonic plague	4
1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon	1906–1936	Ceylon	Malaria	80,000
Manchurian plague (part of the third plague pandemic)	1910–1911	China	Pneumonic plague	60,000
1916 United States polio epidemic	1916	United States	Poliomyelitis	7,130
1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu')	1918–1920	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	17–100 million
1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic	1918–1922	Russia	Typhus	2–3 million
1919–1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic	1919–1930	Worldwide	Encephalitis lethargica	500,000
1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak	1924	Los Angeles, United States	Pneumonic plague	30
1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic	1924–1925	Minnesota, United States	Smallpox	500
1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic	1927	Montreal, Canada	Typhoid fever	538
1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic	1929–1930	Worldwide	Psittacosis	100+
1937 Croydon typhoid outbreak	1937	Croydon, United Kingdom	Typhoid fever	43
1937 Australia polio epidemic	1937	Australia	Poliomyelitis	Unknown
1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic	1940	Sudan	Yellow fever	1,627
1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic	1942–1944	Egypt	Malaria	Unknown
1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic	1946	Egypt	Relapsing fever	Unknown
1947 Egypt cholera epidemic	1947	Egypt	Cholera	10,277
1948–1952 United States polio epidemic	1948–1952	United States	Poliomyelitis	9,000
1957–1958 influenza pandemic ('Asian flu')	1957–1958	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H2N2	1–4 million
1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic	1960–1962	Ethiopia	Yellow fever	30,000
Hong Kong flu	1968–1970	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H3N2	1–4 million
1971 Staphorst polio epidemic	1971	Staphorst, Netherlands	Poliomyelitis	5
1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak	1972	Yugoslavia	Smallpox	35
London flu	1972–1973	United States	Influenza A virus subtype H3N2	1,027
1973 Italy cholera epidemic	1973	Italy	Cholera (El Tor strain)	24
1974 smallpox epidemic in India	1974	India	Smallpox	15,000
1977 Russian flu	1977–1979	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	700,000
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak	1979	Russia	Anthrax	105
1984 Western Sahara plague	1984	Western Sahara	Bubonic plague	64	[citation needed]
1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic	1986	Oju, Nigeria	Yellow fever	5,600+
1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic	1987	Mali	Yellow fever	145
1988 Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic	1988	Shanghai, China	Hepatitis A	31–47
1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic	1991	Bangladesh	Cholera	8,410–9,432
1991 Latin America cholera epidemic	1991–1993	Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala	Cholera	8,000
1994 plague in India	1994	India	Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague	56
United Kingdom BSE outbreak	1996–2001	United Kingdom	Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease / vCJD	178
1996 West Africa meningitis epidemic	1996	West Africa	Meningitis	10,000
1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak	1998–1999	Malaysia	Nipah virus infection	105
1998–2000 Democratic Republic of the Congo Marburg virus outbreak	1998–2000	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Marburg virus	128

Chronological table of epidemic and pandemic events that started in the 2000s · Chronology › 2000s

2000 Central America dengue epidemic

Event

2000 Central America dengue epidemic

Years

2000

Location

Central America

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

40+

2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic

Event

2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic

Years

2001

Location

Nigeria

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

400+

2001 South Africa cholera epidemic

Event

2001 South Africa cholera epidemic

Years

2001

Location

South Africa

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

139

2002–2004 SARS outbreak

Event

2002–2004 SARS outbreak

Years

2002–2004

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Severe acute respiratory syndrome / SARS

Death toll (estimate)

774

2003–2019 Asia and Egypt avian influenza epidemic

Event

2003–2019 Asia and Egypt avian influenza epidemic

Years

2003–2019

Location

China, Southeast Asia and Egypt

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Death toll (estimate)

455

2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic

Event

2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic

Years

2004

Location

Indonesia

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

658

2004 Sudan Ebola outbreak

Event

2004 Sudan Ebola outbreak

Years

2004

Location

Sudan

Disease

Ebola

Death toll (estimate)

2004–2005 Angola Marburg virus outbreak

Event

2004–2005 Angola Marburg virus outbreak

Years

2004–2005

Location

Angola

Disease

Marburg virus

Death toll (estimate)

227

2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore

Event

2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore

Years

2005

Location

Singapore

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

2006 Luanda cholera epidemic

Event

2006 Luanda cholera epidemic

Years

2006

Location

Luanda, Angola

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

1,200+

2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic

Event

2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic

Years

2006

Location

Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

2006 India malaria outbreak

Event

2006 India malaria outbreak

Years

2006

Location

India

Disease

Malaria

Death toll (estimate)

2006 dengue outbreak in India

Event

2006 dengue outbreak in India

Years

2006

Location

India

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

50+

2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan

Event

2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan

Years

2006

Location

Pakistan

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

50+

2006 Philippines dengue epidemic

Event

2006 Philippines dengue epidemic

Years

2006

Location

Philippines

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

1,000

2006–2007 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak

Event

2006–2007 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak

Years

2006–2007

Location

East Africa

Disease

Rift Valley fever

Death toll (estimate)

394

Mweka Ebola epidemic

Event

Mweka Ebola epidemic

Years

2007

Location

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Ebola

Death toll (estimate)

187

2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic

Event

2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic

Years

2007

Location

Ethiopia

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

684

2007 Iraq cholera outbreak

Event

2007 Iraq cholera outbreak

Years

2007

Location

Iraq

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic

Event

2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic

Years

2007

Location

Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

183

2007 Uganda Ebola outbreak

Event

2007 Uganda Ebola outbreak

Years

2007

Location

Uganda

Disease

Ebola

Death toll (estimate)

2007 Netherlands Q-fever epidemic

Event

2007 Netherlands Q-fever epidemic

Years

2007–2018

Location

Netherlands

Disease

Q-fever

Death toll (estimate)

2008 Brazil dengue epidemic

Event

2008 Brazil dengue epidemic

Years

2008

Location

Brazil

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic

Event

2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic

Years

2008

Location

Cambodia

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

407

2008 Chad cholera epidemic

Event

2008 Chad cholera epidemic

Years

2008

Location

Chad

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

123

2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic

Event

2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic

Years

2008–2017

Location

China

Disease

Hand, foot, and mouth disease

Death toll (estimate)

3,322+

2008 India cholera epidemic

Event

2008 India cholera epidemic

Years

2008

Location

India

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

115

2008 Madagascar plague outbreak

Event

2008 Madagascar plague outbreak

Years

2008

Location

Madagascar

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

18+

2008 Philippines dengue epidemic

Event

2008 Philippines dengue epidemic

Years

2008

Location

Philippines

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

172

2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak

Event

2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak

Years

2008–2009

Location

Zimbabwe

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

4,293

2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic

Event

2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic

Years

2009

Location

Bolivia

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak

Event

2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak

Years

2009

Location

India

Disease

Hepatitis B

Death toll (estimate)

Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak

Event

Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak

Years

2009

Location

Queensland, Australia

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

1+ (503 cases)

2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak

Event

2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak

Years

2009–2010

Location

West Africa

Disease

Meningitis

Death toll (estimate)

1,100

2009 swine flu pandemic

Event

2009 swine flu pandemic

Years

2009–2010

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

Death toll (estimate)

Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO)

Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700–575,400)

Event

Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700–575,400)

2010s Haiti cholera outbreak

Event

2010s Haiti cholera outbreak

Years

2010–2019

Location

Haiti

Disease

Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa)

Death toll (estimate)

10,075

2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak

Event

2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak

Years

2010–2014

Location

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

4,500+

2011 Vietnam hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic

Event

2011 Vietnam hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic

Years

2011

Location

Vietnam

Disease

Hand, foot, and mouth disease

Death toll (estimate)

170

2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan

Event

2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan

Years

2011

Location

Pakistan

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

350+

2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan

Event

2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan

Years

2012

Location

Darfur, Sudan

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

171

2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore

Event

2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore

Years

2013

Location

Singapore

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

2013 Vietnam measles outbreak

Event

2013 Vietnam measles outbreak

Years

2013–2014

Location

Vietnam

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

142

Western African Ebola virus epidemic

Event

Western African Ebola virus epidemic

Years

2013–2016

Location

Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone

Disease

Ebola

Death toll (estimate)

11,323+

2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak

Event

2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak

Years

2013–2015

Location

Americas

Disease

Chikungunya

Death toll (estimate)

183

2013–19 avian influenza epidemic

Event

2013–19 avian influenza epidemic

Years

2013–2019

Location

China

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H7N9

Death toll (estimate)

616

21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks

Event

21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks

Years

2014–2017

Location

Madagascar

Disease

Bubonic plague

Death toll (estimate)

292

Flint water crisis

Event

Flint water crisis

Years

2014–2015

Location

Flint, Michigan, United States

Disease

Legionnaires' disease

Death toll (estimate)

2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak

Event

2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak

Years

2014–2015

Location

India

Disease

Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A

Death toll (estimate)

2015 Indian swine flu outbreak

Event

2015 Indian swine flu outbreak

Years

2015

Location

India

Disease

Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

Death toll (estimate)

2,035

2015–16 Zika virus epidemic

Event

2015–16 Zika virus epidemic

Years

2015–2016

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Zika virus

Death toll (estimate)

2016 Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo yellow fever outbreak

Event

2016 Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo yellow fever outbreak

Years

2016

Location

Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

498 (377 in Angola, 121 in Congo)

2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak

Event

2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak

Years

2016–2023

Location

Yemen

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

4,004 (as of June 11, 2023[update])

2017 Nigeria Lassa fever epidemic

Event

2017 Nigeria Lassa fever epidemic

Years

2017–2023

Location

Nigeria

Disease

Lassa fever

Death toll (estimate)

1103 (as of April 2023)

2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar

Event

2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar

Years

2017

Location

Peshawar, Pakistan

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths

Event

2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths

Years

2017

Location

India

Disease

Japanese encephalitis

Death toll (estimate)

1,317

2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka

Event

2017 dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka

Years

2017

Location

Sri Lanka

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

440

2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala

Event

2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala

Years

2018

Location

India

Disease

Nipah virus infection

Death toll (estimate)

Kivu Ebola epidemic

Event

Kivu Ebola epidemic

Years

2018–2020

Location

Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda

Disease

Ebola

Death toll (estimate)

2,280

2018 NDM-CRE outbreak in Italy

Event

2018 NDM-CRE outbreak in Italy

Years

2018–2019

Location

Italy

Disease

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae

Death toll (estimate)

31 (as of September 2019)

2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Event

2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Years

2019–2020

Location

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

7,018+

2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak

Event

2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak

Years

2019–2020

Location

New Zealand

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines

Event

2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines

Years

2019

Location

Philippines

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

415

2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak

Event

2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak

Years

2019

Location

Kuala Koh, Malaysia

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

2019 Samoa measles outbreak

Event

2019 Samoa measles outbreak

Years

2019

Location

Samoa

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic

Event

2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic

Years

2019–2020

Location

Asia-Pacific, Latin America

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

3,931

2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola outbreak

Event

2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola outbreak

Years

2020

Location

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Ebola

Death toll (estimate)

2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore

Event

2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore

Years

2020

Location

Singapore

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

2020 Nigeria yellow fever epidemic

Event

2020 Nigeria yellow fever epidemic

Years

2020

Location

Nigeria

Disease

Yellow fever

Death toll (estimate)

296 (as of 31 December 2020)

2021 South Sudan disease outbreak

Event

2021 South Sudan disease outbreak

Years

2021

Location

South Sudan

Disease

Unknown

Death toll (estimate)

97 (as of December 2021)

2021 India black fungus epidemic

Event

2021 India black fungus epidemic

Years

2021–2022

Location

India

Disease

Black fungus (COVID-19 condition)

Death toll (estimate)

4,332

2022 hepatitis of unknown origin in children

Event

2022 hepatitis of unknown origin in children

Years

2021–2022

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Hepatitis by Adenovirus variant AF41 (Unconfirmed)

Death toll (estimate)

2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak

Event

2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak

Years

2022–2024

Location

Southern Africa

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

11,400+

2022–2023 mpox outbreak

Event

2022–2023 mpox outbreak

Years

2022–2023

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Mpox

Death toll (estimate)

280

2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak

Event

2022 Uganda Ebola outbreak

Years

2022–2023

Location

Uganda

Disease

Sudan ebolavirus

Death toll (estimate)

2023–2024 Zambian cholera outbreak (part of the 2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak)

Event

2023–2024 Zambian cholera outbreak (part of the 2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak)

Years

2023–2024

Location

Zambia

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

685

2023 South Poland Legionellosis outbreak

Event

2023 South Poland Legionellosis outbreak

Years

2023

Location

Poland

Disease

Legionnaires' disease

Death toll (estimate)

2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak

Event

2023–2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak

Years

2023–2024

Location

Bangsamoro, Philippines

Disease

Measles

Death toll (estimate)

2023–2024 Oropouche virus disease outbreak

Event

2023–2024 Oropouche virus disease outbreak

Years

2023–2024

Location

Brazil

Disease

Oropouche fever

Death toll (estimate)

2024 American dengue epidemic

Event

2024 American dengue epidemic

Years

2024

Location

Latin America and the Caribbean

Disease

Dengue fever

Death toll (estimate)

9,875

2024 Kwango province malaria outbreak

Event

2024 Kwango province malaria outbreak

Years

2024

Location

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disease

Malaria

Death toll (estimate)

143

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
2000 Central America dengue epidemic	2000	Central America	Dengue fever	40+
2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic	2001	Nigeria	Cholera	400+
2001 South Africa cholera epidemic	2001	South Africa	Cholera	139
2002–2004 SARS outbreak	2002–2004	Worldwide	Severe acute respiratory syndrome / SARS	774
2003–2019 Asia and Egypt avian influenza epidemic	2003–2019	China, Southeast Asia and Egypt	Influenza A virus subtype H5N1	455
2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic	2004	Indonesia	Dengue fever	658
2004 Sudan Ebola outbreak	2004	Sudan	Ebola	7
2004–2005 Angola Marburg virus outbreak	2004–2005	Angola	Marburg virus	227
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2005	Singapore	Dengue fever	27
2006 Luanda cholera epidemic	2006	Luanda, Angola	Cholera	1,200+
2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic	2006	Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo	Bubonic plague	61
2006 India malaria outbreak	2006	India	Malaria	17
2006 dengue outbreak in India	2006	India	Dengue fever	50+
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	2006	Pakistan	Dengue fever	50+
2006 Philippines dengue epidemic	2006	Philippines	Dengue fever	1,000
2006–2007 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak	2006–2007	East Africa	Rift Valley fever	394
Mweka Ebola epidemic	2007	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ebola	187
2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic	2007	Ethiopia	Cholera	684
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak	2007	Iraq	Cholera	10
2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic	2007	Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico	Dengue fever	183
2007 Uganda Ebola outbreak	2007	Uganda	Ebola	37
2007 Netherlands Q-fever epidemic	2007–2018	Netherlands	Q-fever	95
2008 Brazil dengue epidemic	2008	Brazil	Dengue fever	67
2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic	2008	Cambodia	Dengue fever	407
2008 Chad cholera epidemic	2008	Chad	Cholera	123
2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic	2008–2017	China	Hand, foot, and mouth disease	3,322+
2008 India cholera epidemic	2008	India	Cholera	115
2008 Madagascar plague outbreak	2008	Madagascar	Bubonic plague	18+
2008 Philippines dengue epidemic	2008	Philippines	Dengue fever	172
2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak	2008–2009	Zimbabwe	Cholera	4,293
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic	2009	Bolivia	Dengue fever	18
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak	2009	India	Hepatitis B	49
Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak	2009	Queensland, Australia	Dengue fever	1+ (503 cases)
2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak	2009–2010	West Africa	Meningitis	1,100
2009 swine flu pandemic	2009–2010	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO)
2009 swine flu pandemic	2009–2010	Worldwide	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700–575,400)
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak	2010–2019	Haiti	Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa)	10,075
2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak	2010–2014	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Measles	4,500+
2011 Vietnam hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic	2011	Vietnam	Hand, foot, and mouth disease	170
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	2011	Pakistan	Dengue fever	350+
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan	2012	Darfur, Sudan	Yellow fever	171
2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore	2013	Singapore	Dengue fever	8
2013 Vietnam measles outbreak	2013–2014	Vietnam	Measles	142
Western African Ebola virus epidemic	2013–2016	Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone	Ebola	11,323+
2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak	2013–2015	Americas	Chikungunya	183
2013–19 avian influenza epidemic	2013–2019	China	Influenza A virus subtype H7N9	616
21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks	2014–2017	Madagascar	Bubonic plague	292
Flint water crisis	2014–2015	Flint, Michigan, United States	Legionnaires' disease	12
2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak	2014–2015	India	Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A	36

Chronological table of ongoing epidemic and pandemic events · Chronology › Ongoing

Seventh cholera pandemic

Event

Seventh cholera pandemic

Years

1961–present

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Cholera (El Tor strain)

Death toll (estimate)

36,000[citation needed]

HIV/AIDS pandemic

Event

HIV/AIDS pandemic

Years

1981–present

Location

Worldwide

Disease

HIV/AIDS

Death toll (estimate)

44 million (as of 2025[update])

MERS outbreak

Event

MERS outbreak

Years

2012–present

Location

Worldwide

Disease

Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV

Death toll (estimate)

941 (as of 8 May 2021[update])

COVID-19 pandemic

Event

COVID-19 pandemic

Years

2019–present

Location

Worldwide

Disease

COVID-19

Death toll (estimate)

7.1–36.5 million

2023–2025 mpox epidemic

Event

2023–2025 mpox epidemic

Years

2023–present

Location

Worldwide, primarily Africa

Disease

Mpox

Death toll (estimate)

812

2024–2025 Sudanese cholera epidemic

Event

2024–2025 Sudanese cholera epidemic

Years

2024–present

Location

Sudan, South Sudan, and Chad

Disease

Cholera

Death toll (estimate)

5,869

Event	Years	Location	Disease	Death toll (estimate)	Ref.
Seventh cholera pandemic	1961–present	Worldwide	Cholera (El Tor strain)	36,000[citation needed]
HIV/AIDS pandemic	1981–present	Worldwide	HIV/AIDS	44 million (as of 2025[update])
MERS outbreak	2012–present	Worldwide	Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV	941 (as of 8 May 2021[update])
COVID-19 pandemic	2019–present	Worldwide	COVID-19	million
2023–2025 mpox epidemic	2023–present	Worldwide, primarily Africa	Mpox	812
2024–2025 Sudanese cholera epidemic	2024–present	Sudan, South Sudan, and Chad	Cholera	5,869

References

The COVID-19 pandemic started as a regional outbreak/epidemic of COVID-19 in China in late 2019. The World Health Organi
The disease was a public health emergency of international concern from January 30, 2020 to May 5, 2023.
Isr. Med. Assoc. J
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11802306
Nature
https://www.nature.com/articles/news021001-6
World Population
https://worldpopulationhistory.org/
Our World in Data
https://ourworldindata.org/spanish-flu-largest-influenza-pandemic-in-history
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6926030
Lancet
https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2821%2901167-3
Science
https://www.science.org/content/article/black-death-fatal-flu-past-pandemics-show-why-people-margins-suffer-most
WHO
https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths?n=c
The Economist
https://web.archive.org/web/20240208015904/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-estimates
"Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19"
https://www.who.int/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19
TheMessenger
https://web.archive.org/web/20240102205706/https://themessenger.com/health/covid-pandemic-who-cdc-russia-world-health-organization
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730237
World History Encyclopedia
https://www.worldhistory.org/Antonine_Plague/
www.tacitus.nu
https://web.archive.org/web/20211018005539/https://tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/population/russia.htm
Medical History
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143877
Knowable Magazine
https://knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2020/pandemics-recent-history
New Scientist
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252012
"Malaria"
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria
Journal of Military and Veterans' Health
https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/
PLOS ONE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5051959
World Health Organization
https://www.who.int/health-topics/tuberculosis#tab=tab_1
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-861X
World Health Organization
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
World Journal of Hepatology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321493
World Health Organization
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
Liver International
https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fliv.13647
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5079374
Scientific Reports
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6095915
Amarna Tablet 244 Archived 2023-04-04 at the Wayback Machine.
https://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/amarna244.html
History.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20200303184702/https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/pandemics-timeline
University of Maryland Medical Center
https://web.archive.org/web/20151204030552/http://umm.edu/news-and-events/news-releases/1999/plague-of-athens-another-medical-mystery-solved-at-university-of-maryland
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2005.09.001
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639821
Influenza
World History Encyclopedia
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1534/reactions-to-plague-in-the-ancient--medieval-world/
"Past pandemics that ravaged Europe" , BBC News, 7 November 2005
https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4381924.stm
Studies in Late Antiquity
https://online.ucpress.edu/SLA/article/4/3/353/110917/Review-The-Halberd-at-Red-Cliff-Jian-an-and-the
Plague and Poetry: Rethinking Jian'an
https://brill.com/view/book/9781684170920/BP000003.xml
D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/solving-the-mystery-of-an-ancient-roman-plague/543528/
Time
https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027546,00.html
University of California, Los Angeles
https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/anempiresepidemic.html
Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916
Ph.ucla.edu
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/anempiresepidemic.html
Annual of the British School at Athens
https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS006824540001577X
Past & Present
https://academic.oup.com/past/article/156/1/7/1438455
Plague and the end of Antiquity
Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present
A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective
https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA21
Viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917436
historyofvaccines.org
https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210627/https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/typhus-war-and-vaccines
Lancet
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3180818
New Scientist
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn268-american-plague/
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2000.62.733
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730237
Nature Ecology & Evolution
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatEE...2..520V
Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayba
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/bameric/02582741011358306311291/p0000003.htm#I_34_
A History of Epidemics in Britain
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=kRMLAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA309
"Plague. The fourth horseman – Historic epidemics and their impact in Tenerife"
https://www.museosdetenerife.org/assets/downloads/publication-f11acf7d04.pdf
"American Indian Epidemics"
https://web.archive.org/web/20150214060648/http://www.kporterfield.com/aicttw/articles/disease.html
The Malta Independent
https://web.archive.org/web/20200313042952/https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2007-05-30/local-news/Our-Heritage-Saved:-St-Roque-Chapel-174165
A History of Epidemics in Britain: From A.D 664 to the Extinction of Plague
https://archive.org/stream/historyofepidemi01crei#page/350/mode/2up
"A History of Spain"
http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm
"The Death of Queen Elizabeth I, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft, and the Birth of the Stuart Era"
https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781466864504
"Worst Diseases in Shakespeare's London"
http://www.shakespeare-online.com/biography/londondisease.html
Bell, Walter George (1951). Belinda Hollyer (ed.). The great Plague in London (folio society ed.). Folio society by arra
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957993
"Native intelligence"
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/native-intelligence-109314481/
Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
Annales de Démographie Historique
https://www.persee.fr/doc/adh_0066-2062_1978_num_1978_1_1378
usdeadlyevents.com
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1633-34-smallpox-epidemic-new-england-natives-plymouth-colonists-ma-1000
American Indian Culture: From Counting Coup to Wampum [2 volumes]: From Counting Coup to Wampum
https://books.google.com/books?id=mw-FCgAAQBAJ&q=wyandot+people++smallpox+1630&pg=PA88
Journal of Social History
https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshr114
中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊
http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~bihp/75/75.2/chiu.htm
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
https://books.google.com/books?id=YuMcHWWbXqMC&pg=PA163
Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1, Ch 15 The Seventeenth-Century Decline Archived 2017-03-27 at
http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm
Advances in Parasitology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164798
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310102
"De pest"
https://www.amsterdam.nl/stadsarchief/stukken/rampen/pest
The London Plague of 1665
http://www.britainexpress.com/History/plague.htm
"Great Plague of 1665–1666 – The National Archives"
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/great-plague/
Representations
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2928672
The Malta Independent
https://web.archive.org/web/20171112063500/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2017-06-19/newspaper-lifestyleculture/The-1676-plague-in-Malta-6736175628
Early Modern Spain: A Social History
https://books.google.com/books?id=mZJ8RnDhkgwC&q=plague+spain+1676&pg=PA37
usdeadlyevents
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1677-1678-smallpox-epidemic-massachusetts-bay-colony-esp-boston-vic-750-1000
Encyclopædia Britannica
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Plague
britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/plague/History
History of South Africa 1486–1691, George McCall Theal, London, pub. Swan Sonnenschein, 1888. p. 332 "Towards the beginn
"1693 — June 17 start, Yellow Fever, Boston, British fleet arrival from Martinique—<10?"
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1693-june-17-start-yellow-fever-boston-british-fleet-arrival-from-martinique
"1699 — Yellow Fever Epidemics Charleston, SC(170–311); Philadelphia (220) –390 – 531"
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1699-yellow-fever-epidemics-charleston-sc170-311-philadelphia-220-390-531
"1702 — Summer to late Fall, Yellow Fever Epidemic, New York City, NY −500-570"
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1702-summer-to-late-fall-yellow-fever-epidemic-new-york-city-ny-500-570
Canadian Studies in Population
https://doi.org/10.25336%2FP6459C
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
Die Pest
https://archive.org/details/abhandlungenausd01stic
"Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Neuzeit – Historisches Informationssystem und Analyse von Demografie, Wirtschaft und Baukultur im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. B: Komplexe Historische Informationssysteme. B2: Der letzte Ausbruch der Pest im Ostseeraum zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts. Chronologie des Seuchenzugs und Bestandsaufnahme überlieferter Sterbeziffern. Karte"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070703093729/http://www.phf.uni-rostock.de/imd/Forschung/HomeMare2/Seuchenzug/Karte.html
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480406
Canadian Studies in Population
https://doi.org/10.25336%2FP63P5Q
Infection, Genetics and Evolution
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InfGE..14..169D
"Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation"
http://www.todayinsci.com/B/Boylston_Zabdiel/Boylston_Zabdiel.htm
NPR
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/28/491471697/yellow-fever-timeline-the-history-of-a-long-misunderstood-disease
"Ambrosevideo.com"
http://www.ambrosevideo.com/items.cfm?id=1071
Social Science & Medicine
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2009.02.008
Colonial America To 1763
https://books.google.com/books?id=BZRJSx3uMYEC&q=1687+thirteen+colonies+++measles&pg=PA173
www.genealogy.ro
http://www.genealogy.ro/cont/20c.htm
usdeadlyevents.com
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1738-39-smallpox-catawba-ncsc-and-cherokee-natives-nc-7700-11700
jdc.jefferson.edu
https://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.ecosia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1004&context=yellow_fever_symposium
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3559034
The Black Plague
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118799
Global Pandemic Threats: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook
https://books.google.com/books?id=_UzODAAAQBAJ&q=1759++measles++north++america&pg=PA227
The South Carolina Historical Magazine
https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-3082
usdeadlyevents.com
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1760-smallpox-epidemic-charleston-sc-as-well-as-undocumented-native-deaths-730-940
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4528
Critical Reviews in Microbiology
http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf
usdeadlyevents.com
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1772-measles-epidemics-charleston-sc-800-900-philadelphia-pa-180-980-1080
Epidemiol Health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037359
The Lancet
https://zenodo.org/record/1663344
Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s" Archived 20
http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5100
The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094753
Text-book of Hygiene: A Comprehensive Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Preventive Medicine from an American Standpoint
https://archive.org/details/textbookhygiene00robigoog
Atlas of the North American Indian
https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&q=pueblo+indian+1788+smallpox&pg=PA295
The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788–1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlike
https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14443058.2013.849750
thefreelibrary
https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133246/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+origin+of+the+smallpox+outbreak+in+Sydney+in+1789.-a0180278188
"Epidemics"
http://www.libby-genealogy.com/epidemics.htm
"Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain"
http://www.iberianature.com/material/tigermosquito.htm
Hygiene & diseases of warm climates
https://archive.org/details/b21912245
"The 1802 Saint-Domingue Yellow Fever Epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase (page 78)"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160204181607/http://s2.medicina.uady.mx/observatorio/docs/er/ac/RE2013_Ac_Marr.pdf
Balkanist
https://web.archive.org/web/20200213021356/https://balkanist.net/plague-and-political-tyranny-odessa/
Times of Malta
https://web.archive.org/web/20200312144053/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-islands-devastated-by-a-deadly-epidemic-200-years-ago.470542
Ştefan Ionescu, Bucureştii în vremea fanarioţilor (Bucharest in the time of the Phanariotes), Editura Dacia, Cluj, 1974.
Collectanea Hibernica
https://www.jstor.org/stable/30004680
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
projects.leadr.msu.edu
https://web.archive.org/web/20210224231705/http://projects.leadr.msu.edu/youngamerica/exhibits/show/the-autumnal-fever
Encyclopædia Britannica
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Yellow_Fever
"Yellow fever in Barcelona"
https://iberianature.com/barcelona/tag/yellow-fever-in-spain
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
"Aboriginal Health History"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110927104026/http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arr/arow/hgkr.html
candobetter
https://candobetter.net/node/3720
rtvnoord
https://www.rtvnoord.nl/nieuws/220326/Epidemieen-in-Groningen-De-Groninger-ziekte-1826
raogk
https://raogk.org/encyclopedia/epidemics
oregonencyclopedia
https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/disease_epidemics_1770s-1850s
A History of the Human Plague in Iran Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
http://www.ams.ac.ir/aim/010136/0022.htm
Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayb
http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5t1nb3mq/
www.nlm.nih.gov
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/293.html
usdeadlyevents.com
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1841-yellow-fever-esp-fl-la-esp-new-orleans-also-vicksburg-charleston-3498
Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web Site
http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html
usdeadlyevents.com
https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1847-yellow-fever-esp-new-orleans-also-galveston-mobile-pensacola-vicksburg-3400
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5277660
Hawaiian Journal of History
https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F339
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
Practitioner
https://books.google.com/books?id=cWUCAAAAYAAJ
wayback-01.kb.dk
https://web.archive.org/web/20150103085703/http://wayback-01.kb.dk/wayback/20100504134515/http://www2.kb.dk/udstillinger/medhist/kolera/efterhistorien.html
On the mode of communication of cholera
https://archive.org/details/b28985266
"Norfolk's Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1855"
https://www.historicforrest.com/norfolkHistoricalSociety/insights/2005_summer/epidemic.html
Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881624
Science
https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161496
"La fiebre amarilla en el siglo XIX"
https://fiebreamarillauy.webnode.com.uy/la-fiebre-amarilla-en-el-siglo-xix/
"Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life"
http://www.medicalpioneers.com/colonial.htm
Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)[page needed]
Creating Canada: 1850–1890
https://s3.amazonaws.com/hwdsbcommons/wp-content/uploads/sites/7647/2016/09/ch1_sb_topic4.pdf
macleans.ca
https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/how-a-smallpox-epidemic-forged-modern-british-columbia
The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874
https://books.google.com/books?id=P_FdUPbmwCgC&pg=PA172
news-medical.net
http://www.news-medical.net/health/Typhoid-Fever-History.aspx
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
dictionaryofsydney.org
https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/epidemics
"The Yellow Fever Outbreak of 1871"
https://web.archive.org/web/20190929133709/http://www.greywall.demon.co.uk/genealogy/yfever/index.html
strategypage.com
https://www.strategypage.com/articles/smallpox/6.asp
Les Tribunes de la Santé
https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_SEVE_033_0025--smallpox-and-the-franco-prussian-war-of.htm
"Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles"
http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000081/18750929/038/0007
1902encyclopedia
https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/P/PLA/plague-13.html
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
Plague A Story of Smallpox in Montreal Archived 2023-04-04 at the Wayback Machine Michael Bliss, 1991, accessed 8 May 20
https://www.amazon.com/Plague-Story-Smallpox-Montreal-Michael/dp/0002156938
Journal of Virology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497669
Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board
https://archive.org/details/b21459393
South China Morning Post
https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1899938/lesson-history-hong-kongs-plague-epidemic-points-way-ahead-face
outlookindia
https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-colonial-experiences-from-the-bombay-plague-of-1896-no-lessons-learned/350389/?next
WHO
https://web.archive.org/web/20080323231311/http://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/country/history/en/index5.html
O cerco da peste no Porto: Cidade, imprensa e saúde pública na crise sanitária de 1899
https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/73326/2/28279.pdf
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901
www.dailytelegraph.com.au
https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/bubonic-plague-sydney-how-a-city-survived-the-black-death-in-1900/news-story/f36b9184eba49c72ae9791c574f7b826
Viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466359
Kuru: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220043-overview
Report on the outbreak of plague at Fremantle
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Report_on_the_outbreak_of_plague_at_Fremantle
Frontiers in Public Health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5581355
Disaster History
https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11
Our World in Data
https://ourworldindata.org/polio
World Health Organization
https://www.who.int/influenza/preparedness/pandemic/GIP_PandemicInfluenzaRiskManagementInterimGuidance_Jun2013.pdf?ua=1
American Journal of Epidemiology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314216
Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2001
Med Hist
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1036775
The Lancet
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673682908200
Journal of Neurovirology
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778472
Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444528094501575
Yale J. Biol. Med
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2595158
MNopedia
http://www.mnopedia.org/event/smallpox-epidemic-1924-1925
Typhoid and Enteric Fever: Global Status: 2017 edition
https://books.google.com/books?id=XFEWDgAAQBAJ&q=%221993%22+%22+%09Typhoid+fever%22+%22mpumalanga%22&pg=PA11
The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria and Hubris
https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/23272/1/The%20Pandemic%20Century-ver3.pdf
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1529192
Pursuit
https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/remembering-australia-s-polio-scourge
"Yellow Fever in Sudan"
https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220501/http://regist2.virology-education.com/presentations/2019/2ICREID/31_Magboul.pdf
Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Ame
Bull. World Health Organ
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553924
Fundamental Immunology
https://books.google.com/books?id=oPSG1PGmZUkC
"Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10-en.pdf
BMC Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5432991
anderetijden
https://anderetijden.nl/aflevering/340/Polio-in-Staphorst
Med Klin
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4826683
Schenectady Gazette
https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HwohAAAAIBAJ&pg=2551,1652625
The Lancet
https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2874%2993214-0
www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk
https://web.archive.org/web/20081019023043/http://www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk/
Medical Microbiology and Immunology
https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00430-009-0118-5
University of Montreal
https://web.archive.org/web/20190131183201/https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2018/01/19/you-re-more-likely-to-die-from-the-h1n1-flu-if-you-were-born-in-1957/
Science
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15224942
Lancet
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2888%2991425-0
who.int
https://web.archive.org/web/20050109054957/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2005_01_06/en/
Journal of Viral Hepatitis
https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2893.2000.00021.x
Shanghai Daily
https://archive.shine.cn/Metro/health-and-science/City-getting-tougher-on-blood-clam-ban/shdaily.shtml
The Journal of Infectious Diseases
https://www.jstor.org/stable/30111993
Summary of cholera cases and deaths reported in the literature, by date, country and World Health Organization (WHO) mor
https://web.archive.org/web/20130609154502/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/3/BLT-11-093427-table-T3.html
Risk Analysis
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RiskA..25..495T
Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization
https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-4638
Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
http://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2006_37_4/21-3658.pdf
BBC
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45906585
"Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Current Data (July 2012)"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120721234746/http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/vcjdworld.htm
Wide Epidemic of Meningitis Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa Archived 2023-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Eoward W. French,
https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/08/world/wide-epidemic-of-meningitis-fatal-to-10000-in-west-africa.html
The Malaysian Journal of Pathology
http://www.mjpath.org.my/2007.2/02Nipah_Virus_lessons.pdf
"Outbreak Table | Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC"
https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html
"Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000"
https://www.paho.org/English/sha/be_v21n4-dengue.htm
"Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400"
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1677526.stm
"Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090603003241/http://www.redcross.org/news/in/health/010312cholera.html
2001 – Cholera in South Africa 16 March 2001 www.who.int, accessed 28 April 2020
https://web.archive.org/web/20040710091424/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_03_16/en/
"WHO | Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003"
https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/
"Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003 – 2020"
https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/2020_MAY_tableH5N1.pdf
Dengue fever in Indonesia – update 4 11 May 2004 www.who.int, accessed 16 February 2020
https://web.archive.org/web/20040530112333/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_05_11a/en/
"Ebola virus disease"
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo7Jul2008/V37N7p538.pdf
Worst cholera outbreak in Angola , BBC
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4990960.stm
Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 June 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
https://web.archive.org/web/20141015101105/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_06_14/en/
Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 October 2006 www.who.int, accessed 26 February 2020
https://web.archive.org/web/20140227135856/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_10_13/en/
"Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India"
http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/Malaria-Epidemic-Sweeps-Northeast-India-9507-1/
News-Medical.net
http://www.news-medical.net/?id=20348
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trstmh.2007.06.016
Epidemiology of Dengue Disease in the Philippines (2000–2011): A Systematic Literature Review Archived 2023-07-11 at the
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267872402_Epidemiology_of_Dengue_Disease_in_the_Philippines_2000-2011_A_Systematic_Literature_Review
Rift Valley fever Archived 2021-10-09 at the Wayback Machine 19 February 2018 www.who.int, accessed 26 April 2020
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever
"Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/mourners-die-as-fever-grips-congo/2007/08/30/1188067243698.html
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/22/ethiopia
Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21121516
Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/NA5209573.htm
nu.nl
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/5550881/q-koorts-nog-niet-voorbij-in-totaal-al-95-doden.html
Thousands hit by Brazil outbreak of dengue Archived 2023-07-11 at the Wayback Machine edition.cnn.com, accessed 16 Febru
https://edition.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/04/03/brazil.dengue/index.html
Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead Archived 2009-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/BKK133167.htm
"Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123"
http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=51238
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5823341
Cholera death toll in India rises , BBC News
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6968281.stm
"Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090509210150/http://eldib.wordpress.com/2008/01/10/2175/
"Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government"
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dengue_cases_in_Philippines_rise_by_43_percent_government_999.html
"Cholera Country Profile: Zimbabwe"
https://www.who.int/cholera/countries/ZimbabweCountryProfileOct2009.pdf
Am J Trop Med Hyg
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3516305
"NDTV Report"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090225134231/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090084387
BMJ
https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b967
BMJ
https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b1638
www.cdc.gov
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/pandemic-global-estimates.htm
"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – update 112"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110327194118/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2010_08_06/en/
www.paho.org
https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&Itemid=&gid=43291&lang=pt
MSF USA
https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220605/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=5132&cat=press-release
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International
http://www.msf.org/article/democratic-republic-congo-more-measles-vaccinations-needed
Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. News.yahoo.c
https://news.yahoo.com/vietnam-alert-common-virus-kills-81-children-071532226.html
BMC Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4068316
Surveillance, forecasting and response International conference on dengue control, 27–29 February 2012 Archived 11 July
http://www.emro.who.int/surveillance-forecasting-response/surveillance-events/conference-on-dengue-control.html
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2013.03.009
Sydney Morning Herald
https://www.smh.com.au/world/vietnam-measles-outbreak-kills-more-than-100-people-mostly-children-20140418-zqwkk.html
www.cdc.gov
https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html
"Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organization (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20"
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.ebola-sitrep.ebola-summary-latest?lang=en
Emerging Infectious Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4672419
"Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas – SE 5 (February 6, 2015)"
https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics&view=article&id=343&Itemid=40931&lang=es
www.fao.org
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/H7N9/situation_update.html
WHO
https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001426/https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-november-2014-plague/en/
NPR.org
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/05/582482024/lethal-pneumonia-outbreak-caused-by-low-chlorine-in-flint-water
Deccan Herald
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/460129/odisha-grapples-jaundice-outbreak.html
"Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark"
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/swine-flu-deaths-at-1895-cases-near-32k-mark/
BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31547455
Business Standard
http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swine-flu-claims-5-more-lives-toll-mounts-to-387-in-gujarat-115031500609_1.html
worldwideoutbreak
https://www.worldwideoutbreak.com/blog/cool_timeline/2015-16-zika-virus-epidemic
ProMED-mail
http://www.promedmail.org/post/4123983
reliefweb.int
https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/cholera-situation-yemen-december-2020
"NCDC Lassa fever Situation Report Epi Week 18: 03 – 09 May 2021"
https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/ncdc-lassa-fever-situation-report-epi-week-18-03-09-may-2021
reliefweb.int
https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ep-2017-000133-pak
Encephalitis outbreak: AES is a perennial issue in eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar Archived 2023-07-11 at the Wayb
https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-encephalitis-outbreak-gorakhpur-muzaffarpur-jev-aes-eastern-uttar-pradesh-northern-bihar-527836
www.epid.gov.lk
http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_casesanddeaths&Itemid=448&lang=en
The News Minute
https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nipah-virus-contained-last-two-positive-cases-have-recovered-kerala-health-min-82809
who.maps.arcgis.com
https://who.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/e70c3804f6044652bc37cce7d8fcef6c
WHO | Regional Office for Africa
https://www.afro.who.int/publications/ebola-virus-disease-outbreak-uganda-situation-reports
BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53179323
ndtv.com
https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/superbug-that-surfaced-in-delhi-strikes-in-italys-tuscany-2100068
"DRC: More Ebola and plague cases reported, End of measles epidemic declared"
https://web.archive.org/web/20200830182855/http://outbreaknewstoday.com/drc-more-ebola-and-plague-cases-reported-end-of-measles-epidemic-declared-74655/
Public Health Surveillance
https://web.archive.org/web/20200219000610/https://surv.esr.cri.nz/PDF_surveillance/MeaslesRpt/2020/measlesReport20200210.pdf
Rappler
https://www.rappler.com/nation/223208-doh-report-deaths-due-to-measles-february-2019
"A Measles Outbreak Is The Cause of 15 Orang Asli Deaths In Kelantan"
https://says.com/my/news/mysterious-illness-causing-deaths-of-kampung-kuala-koh-orang-asli-identified-as-measles
Radio New Zealand
https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/406802/two-more-deaths-from-measles-in-samoa-over-new-year-period
World Health Organization (WHO)
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
www.unicef.org
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-welcomes-end-ebola-outbreak-equateur-province-drc
"Dengue surveillance data, Oct – Dec 2020"
https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/q4-2020-dengue-surveillance-data-(112kb).pdf
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
https://ncdc.gov.ng/diseases/sitreps/?cat=10&name=An%20update%20of%20Yellow%20Fever%20outbreak%20in%20Nigeria
Diario AS
https://en.as.com/en/2021/12/24/latest_news/1640353876_492073.html
Asian News International
https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-reports-45374-black-fungus-cases-4332-deaths-so-far-says-health-ministry20210722140700/
CBS News
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hepatitis-children-3-deaths-indonesia/
CNBC
https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/06/cdc-investigating-severe-hepatitis-in-children.html
Euro Weekly News
https://euroweeklynews.com/2022/05/04/who-acute-hepatitis-cases-in-children-rise-to-228-cases-in-mysterious-global-outbreak/
UNICEF
https://www.unicef.org/esa/reports/cholera-outbreak-eastern-and-southern-africa-2023
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/us/texas-reports-first-us-death-person-with-monkeypox-2022-08-30/
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-confirms-first-monkeypox-related-death-country-reports-2022-07-29/
African CDC
https://africacdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/AfricaCDC_MonkeypoxBrief5_11Aug22_EN.docx.pdf
Actualite.cd
https://actualite.cd/2022/08/12/rdc-3-deces-et-69-nouveaux-cas-de-variole-de-singe-enregistres-au-sankuru
BNO News
https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/01/ebola-outbreak-in-uganda-declared-over/
UNICEF
https://www.unicef.org/zambia/stories/cholera-threatens-lives-zambia
www.who.int
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON487
dw.com
https://www.dw.com/en/poland-legionnaires-bacteria-outbreak-kills-19/a-66704372
www.bbc.com
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240829-oropouche-the-mysterious-sloth-virus-with-no-treatment
Nature
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02746-2
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376504
"Dengue Surge Grips Latin America"
https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/14/latin-america-dengue-outbreak-covid-pandemic-brazil/
"Severe Malaria Identified as Cause of Outbreak in DRC's Kwango Province"
https://www.contagionlive.com/view/severe-malaria-identified-as-cause-of-outbreak-in-drc-s-kwango-province
Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history
https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays
UNAIDS
https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/geographical-distribution-confirmed-mers-cov-cases-country-infection-and-year
Outbreak News Today
https://web.archive.org/web/20210605200816/http://outbreaknewstoday.com/saudi-arabia-reports-8th-mers-case-of-2021-2021/
World Health Organization
https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
The Economist
https://web.archive.org/web/20240208015904/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-estimates
www.wsj.com
https://www.wsj.com/world/africa/mpox-africa-who-global-health-emergency-f96d1033
www.msf.org
https://www.msf.org/cholera-latest-peril-sudan