Topzle Topzle

List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur (r. 1526–1530), a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan). He was a direct descendant of both Timur and Genghis Khan. The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Persian princesses. During the reign of 6th Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP, controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from Dhaka in the east to Kabul in the west and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River in the south.

Its population at the time is estimated to be around 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's total population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles). Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj in India.

Infobox

Style
Jahah PanahAlam Panah
Abolition
21 September 1857
Appointer
Hereditary
Formation
21 April 1526
Residence
mw- Agra Fort (1526–1648) Red Fort (1648–1857)
Last monarch
Bahadur Shah II
First monarch
Babur

Tables

· List of Mughal emperors
Baburبابر
1526
1526–1530
Baburبابر
No.
1
Titular Name
Baburبابر
Birth Name
Zahir ud-Din Muhammadظهیر الدین محمد
Birth
14 February 1483Andijan
Reign
21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530(4 years, 8 months and 5 days)
Death
26 December 1530 (aged 47)Agra
Humayunهمایوں
1530
1530–1540
1555–1556
Humayunهمایوں
No.
2
Titular Name
Humayunهمایوں
Birth Name
Nasir ud-Din Muhammadنصیر الدین محمد
Birth
6 March 1508Kabul
Reign
26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540(9 years, 4 months and 21 days)22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556(11 months and 5 days)
Death
27 January 1556 (aged 47)Delhi
Akbar I اکبر
1556
1556–1605
Akbar I اکبر
No.
3
Titular Name
Akbar I اکبر
Birth Name
Jalal ud-Din Muhammadجلال الدین محمد
Birth
15 October 1542Umerkot
Reign
11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605(49 years, 8 months and 16 days)
Death
27 October 1605 (aged 63)Agra
Jahangirجهانگیر
1605
1605–1627
Jahangirجهانگیر
No.
4
Titular Name
Jahangirجهانگیر
Birth Name
Nur ud-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد
Birth
31 August 1569Agra
Reign
3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627(21 years, 11 months and 25 days)
Death
28 October 1627 (aged 58)Bhimber
Shah Jahan Iشاه جهان
1628
1628–1658
Shah Jahan Iشاه جهان
No.
5
Titular Name
Shah Jahan Iشاه جهان
Birth Name
Shihab ud-Din Muhammadشهاب الدین محمد
Birth
5 January 1592Lahore
Reign
19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658(30 years, 6 months and 12 days)
Death
22 January 1666 (aged 74)Agra
Aurangzebاورنگزیب Alamgir Iعالمگیر
1658
1658–1707
Aurangzebاورنگزیب Alamgir Iعالمگیر
No.
6
Titular Name
Aurangzebاورنگزیب Alamgir Iعالمگیر
Birth Name
Muhi al-Din Muhammadمحی الدین محمد
Birth
3 November 1618Dahod, Gujarat
Reign
31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707(48 years, 7 months and 3 days)
Death
3 March 1707 (aged 88)Ahmednagar
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
No.
7
Titular Name
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
Birth Name
Qutb ud-Din Muhammadقطب الدين محمد
Birth
28 June 1653Burhanpur
Reign
14 March – 20 June 1707(3 months and 6 days)
Death
20 June 1707 (aged 53)Agra
Bahadur Shah Iبهادر شاہShah Alam I
1707
1707–1712
Bahadur Shah Iبهادر شاہShah Alam I
No.
8
Titular Name
Bahadur Shah Iبهادر شاہShah Alam I
Birth Name
Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzamمرزا محمد معظم
Birth
14 October 1643Burhanpur
Reign
19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712(4 years, 8 months and 8 days)
Death
27 February 1712 (aged 68)Lahore
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
1712
1712–1713
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
No.
9
Titular Name
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
Birth Name
Muiz ud-Din Muhammadمعز الدین محمد First Puppet emperor
Birth
9 May 1661Deccan
Reign
27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713(11 months and 15 days)
Death
12 February 1713 (aged 51)Delhi
Farrukhsiyarفرخ سیر
1713
1713–1719
Farrukhsiyarفرخ سیر
No.
10
Titular Name
Farrukhsiyarفرخ سیر
Birth Name
Muin al-Din Muhammadمعین الدین محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
Birth
20 August 1685Aurangabad
Reign
11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719(6 years, 1 month and 15 days)
Death
19 April 1719 (aged 33)Delhi
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
1719
1719–1719
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
No.
11
Titular Name
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
Birth Name
Shams al-Din Muhammadشمس الدین محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
Birth
1 December 1699
Reign
28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719(3 months and 9 days)
Death
6 June 1719 (aged 19)Agra
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
1719
1719–1719
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
No.
12
Titular Name
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
Birth Name
Rafi al-Din Muhammadرفع الدين محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
Birth
5 January 1696
Reign
6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719(3 months and 11 days)
Death
18 September 1719 (aged 23)Agra
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
No.
13
Titular Name
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
Birth Name
Nasir al-Din Muhammadنصیر الدین محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
Birth
7 August 1702Ghazni
Reign
(28 years, 6 months and 30 days)
Death
26 April 1748 (aged 45)Delhi
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
1748
1748–1754
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
No.
14
Titular Name
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
Birth Name
Mujahid al-Din Muhammadمجاهد الدین محمد
Birth
23 December 1725Delhi
Reign
29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754(6 years, 1 month and 4 days)
Death
1 January 1775 (aged 49)Delhi
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
1754
1754–1759
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
No.
15
Titular Name
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
Birth Name
Aziz al-Din Muhammadعزیز اُلدین محمد
Birth
6 June 1699Burhanpur
Reign
3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759(5 years, 5 months and 26 days)
Death
29 November 1759 (aged 60)Delhi
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
1759
1759–1760
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
No.
16
Titular Name
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
Birth Name
Muhi al-Millatمحی الملت
Birth
1711
Reign
10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760(10 months)
Death
1772 (aged 60–61)
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
1760
1760–1788
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
No.
17
Titular Name
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Birth Name
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauharجلال الدین علی گوهر
Birth
25 June 1728Delhi
Reign
10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788(27 years, 9 months and 21 days)
Death
19 November 1806 (aged 78)Delhi
Shah Jahan IVجهان شاه چهارم
1788
1788–1788
Shah Jahan IVجهان شاه چهارم
No.
18
Titular Name
Shah Jahan IVجهان شاه چهارم
Birth Name
Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Shah Jahan IV بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ
Birth
1749Delhi
Reign
31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788(2 months and 11 days)
Death
1790 (aged 40–41)Delhi
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
1788
1788–1806
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
No.
17*
Titular Name
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Birth Name
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauharجلال الدین علی گوهرPuppet emperor under the Scindias of Gwalior
Birth
25 June 1728Delhi
Reign
16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806(18 years, 1 month and 3 days)
Death
19 November 1806 (aged 78)Delhi
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
1806
1806–1837
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
No.
19
Titular Name
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
Birth Name
Muin al-Din Muhammadمیرزا اکبرPuppet emperor under the East India Company
Birth
22 April 1760Mukundpur
Reign
19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837(30 years, 10 months and 9 days)
Death
28 September 1837 (aged 77)Delhi
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
1837
1837–1857
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
No.
20
Titular Name
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
Birth Name
Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammadابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد
Birth
24 October 1775Delhi
Reign
28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857(19 years, 11 months and 24 days)
Death
7 November 1862 (aged 87)Rangoon
No.
Portrait
Titular Name
Birth Name
Birth
Reign
Death
1
Baburبابر
Zahir ud-Din Muhammadظهیر الدین محمد
14 February 1483Andijan
21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530(4 years, 8 months and 5 days)
26 December 1530 (aged 47)Agra
2
Humayunهمایوں
Nasir ud-Din Muhammadنصیر الدین محمد
6 March 1508Kabul
26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540(9 years, 4 months and 21 days)22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556(11 months and 5 days)
27 January 1556 (aged 47)Delhi
3
Akbar I اکبر
Jalal ud-Din Muhammadجلال الدین محمد
15 October 1542Umerkot
11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605(49 years, 8 months and 16 days)
27 October 1605 (aged 63)Agra
4
Jahangirجهانگیر
Nur ud-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد
31 August 1569Agra
3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627(21 years, 11 months and 25 days)
28 October 1627 (aged 58)Bhimber
5
Shah Jahan Iشاه جهان
Shihab ud-Din Muhammadشهاب الدین محمد
5 January 1592Lahore
19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658(30 years, 6 months and 12 days)
22 January 1666 (aged 74)Agra
6
Aurangzebاورنگزیب Alamgir Iعالمگیر
Muhi al-Din Muhammadمحی الدین محمد
3 November 1618Dahod, Gujarat
31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707(48 years, 7 months and 3 days)
3 March 1707 (aged 88)Ahmednagar
7
Azam Shahاعظم شاه
Qutb ud-Din Muhammadقطب الدين محمد
28 June 1653Burhanpur
14 March – 20 June 1707(3 months and 6 days)
20 June 1707 (aged 53)Agra
8
Bahadur Shah Iبهادر شاہShah Alam I
Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzamمرزا محمد معظم
14 October 1643Burhanpur
19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712(4 years, 8 months and 8 days)
27 February 1712 (aged 68)Lahore
9
Jahandar Shahجهاندار شاہ
Muiz ud-Din Muhammadمعز الدین محمد First Puppet emperor
9 May 1661Deccan
27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713(11 months and 15 days)
12 February 1713 (aged 51)Delhi
10
Farrukhsiyarفرخ سیر
Muin al-Din Muhammadمعین الدین محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
20 August 1685Aurangabad
11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719(6 years, 1 month and 15 days)
19 April 1719 (aged 33)Delhi
11
Rafi ud-Darajatرفیع الدرجات
Shams al-Din Muhammadشمس الدین محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
1 December 1699
28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719(3 months and 9 days)
6 June 1719 (aged 19)Agra
12
Shah Jahan IIشاہ جهان دوم
Rafi al-Din Muhammadرفع الدين محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
5 January 1696
6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719(3 months and 11 days)
18 September 1719 (aged 23)Agra
13
Muhammad Shahمحمد شاه
Nasir al-Din Muhammadنصیر الدین محمدPuppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha
7 August 1702Ghazni
(28 years, 6 months and 30 days)
26 April 1748 (aged 45)Delhi
14
Ahmad Shah Bahadurاحمد شاہ بهادر
Mujahid al-Din Muhammadمجاهد الدین محمد
23 December 1725Delhi
29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754(6 years, 1 month and 4 days)
1 January 1775 (aged 49)Delhi
15
Alamgir IIعالمگیر دوم
Aziz al-Din Muhammadعزیز اُلدین محمد
6 June 1699Burhanpur
3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759(5 years, 5 months and 26 days)
29 November 1759 (aged 60)Delhi
16
Shah Jahan IIIشاه جهان سوم
Muhi al-Millatمحی الملت
1711
10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760(10 months)
1772 (aged 60–61)
17
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauharجلال الدین علی گوهر
25 June 1728Delhi
10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788(27 years, 9 months and 21 days)
19 November 1806 (aged 78)Delhi
18
Shah Jahan IVجهان شاه چهارم
Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Shah Jahan IV بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ
1749Delhi
31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788(2 months and 11 days)
1790 (aged 40–41)Delhi
17*
Shah Alam IIشاه عالم دوم
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauharجلال الدین علی گوهرPuppet emperor under the Scindias of Gwalior
25 June 1728Delhi
16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806(18 years, 1 month and 3 days)
19 November 1806 (aged 78)Delhi
19
Akbar Shah IIاکبر شاه دوم
Muin al-Din Muhammadمیرزا اکبرPuppet emperor under the East India Company
22 April 1760Mukundpur
19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837(30 years, 10 months and 9 days)
28 September 1837 (aged 77)Delhi
20
Bahadur Shah II Zafarبهادر شاه ظفر
Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammadابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد
24 October 1775Delhi
28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857(19 years, 11 months and 24 days)
7 November 1862 (aged 87)Rangoon

References

  1. Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab Museum, Lahore: Coins of the Mughal Emperors
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mughal_Genealogical_Table.gif
  2. The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC&q=mughals
  3. Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art
    https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/discovering-baburs-gardens/writing-my-truth-the-mughal-emperor-babur/babur-and-his-world/
  4. Jeroen Duindam (2015), Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800, page 105 Archived 6 December 2022 at the Wayback
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105
  5. The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300
  6. The Great Mughals and their India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15
  7. "The World Economy (GDP) : Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison" Archived 5 August 2019 at the Wayback Mach
    http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf
  8. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals
  9. Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwlDgAAQBAJ&q=aurangzeb+gdp
  10. The Mughal Empire
  11. The European Union and Global Social Change
    https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&q=mughal+empire+population+1700&pg=PA21
  12. Spear 1990, pp. 147–148
  13. National Geographic Visual History of the World
  14. Gérard Chaliand, A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century, University of California Press, Cali
  15. The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant
  16. Richards 1995, p. 8.
  17. Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 116.
  18. Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 117.
  19. The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant
  20. Majumdar 1974, pp. 59, 65.
  21. Richards 1995, p. 12.
  22. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar
  23. Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605
    https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n34/mode/1up
  24. The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-Nāma)
    https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich
  25. Stein 2010, p. 162.
  26. Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 128.
  27. The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300
  28. South Asia in World History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79
  29. Preface to The Jahangirnama
  30. The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India
  31. The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719
  32. Robb 2011, pp. 97–98.
  33. Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 267.
  34. BBC
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml
  35. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008395679
  36. A History of the Indian People
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ag4BAAAAMAAJ&q=annexed+tribute
  37. Dara Shikoh Archived 3 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, by Josef W. Mer
    https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&dq=Dara+Shikoh&pg=PA194
  38. Truschke 2017, p. 68.
  39. Encyclopaedia of Islam
    https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-23859.xml
  40. Robb 2011, p. 98.
  41. The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sNQBEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sayyids+Of+Barha&pg=PA160
  42. Encyclopaedia of Islam
    https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-COM_0778
  43. Richards 1995, pp. 220–222.
  44. Richards 1995, p. 252.
  45. Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 225.
  46. A History of State and Religion in India
  47. Truschke 2017, p. 58.
  48. the Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rOcSEAAAQBAJ&dq=sayyid+brothers+figureheads&pg=PT146
  49. A Social History of Islamic India, 1605–1748
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid+barha+brotherhood
  50. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+encouraged+marathas+invade+india&pg=PA285
  51. Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/expanding-frontiers-in-south-asian-and-world-history/6A9546851A81FD60D6641F75F60956DD
  52. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
    https://archive.org/details/maratha-nizam-relations-nizam-ul-mulk-s-letters
  53. A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=Mughal+empire+got+reduced+to+a+small+kingdom
  54. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
    https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose
  55. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8
  56. Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
    https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EMHO/COM-024206.xml?rskey=YrXHKP
  57. The Routledge History of Western Empires
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qFRJAgAAQBAJ
  58. Comparative Studies in Society and History
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500013311
  59. The Caliphate
    https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315443249-20
  60. The Cambridge Shorter History of India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA398
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.