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The deputy chief minister of Bihar is the seniormost cabinet member of the state government who serves as the de facto second head of the state. He is the second highest ranking executive authority of the state's council of ministers. The current deputy chief ministers of Bihar are Samrat Choudhary and Vijay Kumar Sinha serving in office since 28 January 2024.
| # | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Premier | Party | |||
| 1 | | Anugrah Narayan Sinha | 20 July 1937 | 31 October 1939 | 2 years, 103 days | Shri Krishna Sinha | Indian National Congress | |
| # | Portrait | Name | Constituency | Term of office | Chief Minister | Assembly (Election) | Party | |||
| 1 | | Anugrah Narayan Sinha | 2 April 1946 | 5 July 1957 | 11 years, 94 days | Shri Krishna Sinha | 1st (1952) | Indian National Congress | ||
| 2nd (1957) | ||||||||||
| 2 | | Karpoori Thakur | Tajpur | 5 March 1967 | 28 January 1968 | 329 days | Mahamaya Prasad Sinha | 4th (1967) | Socialist Party | |
| 3 | | Jagdeo Prasad | Kurtha | 28 January 1968 | 1 February 1968 | 4 days | Satish Prasad Singh | Shoshit Samaj Dal | ||
| 4 | Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav | Sonpur | 3 June 1971 | 9 January 1972 | 220 days | Bhola Paswan Shastri | 5th (1969) | Indian National Congress | ||
| 5 | | Sushil Kumar Modi | MLC | 24 November 2005 | 16 June 2013 | 7 years, 204 days | Nitish Kumar | 14th (2005) | Bharatiya Janata Party | |
| 15th (2010) | ||||||||||
| 6 | Tejashwi Yadav | Raghopur | 20 November 2015 | 26 July 2017 | 1 year, 248 days | 16th (2015) | Rashtriya Janata Dal | |||
| (5) | | Sushil Kumar Modi | MLC | 27 July 2017 | 16 November 2020 | 3 years, 112 days | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
| 7 | | Tarkishore Prasad | Katihar | 16 November 2020 | 9 August 2022 | 1 year, 266 days | 17th (2020) | |||
| | Renu Devi | Bettiah | ||||||||
| (6) | Tejashwi Yadav | Raghopur | 10 August 2022 | 28 January 2024 | 1 year, 171 days | Rashtriya Janata Dal | ||||
| 8 | | Samrat Choudhary | MLC | 28 January 2024 | Incumbent | 1 year, 281 days | Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
| | Vijay Sinha | Lakhisarai | ||||||||
| # | Deputy Chief Minister | Party | Term of office | ||
| Longest continuous term | Total duration of deputy chief ministership | ||||
| 1 | Anugrah Narayan Sinha | INC | 11 years, 94 days | 11 years, 94 days | |
| 2 | Sushil Kumar Modi | BJP | 7 years, 204 days | 10 years, 316 days | |
| 3 | Tejashwi Yadav | RJD | 1 year, 248 days | 3 years, 54 days | |
| 4 | Tarkishore Prasad | BJP | 1 year, 266 days | 1 year, 266 days | |
| 5 | Renu Devi | BJP | 1 year, 266 days | 1 year, 266 days | |
| 6 | Samrat Choudhary* | BJP* | 1 year, 281 days* | 1 year, 281 days* | |
| 7 | Vijay Kumar Sinha* | BJP* | 1 year, 281 days* | 1 year, 281 days* | |
| 8 | Karpoori Thakur | SCP | 0 year, 329 days | 0 year, 329 days | |
| 9 | Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav | INC | 0 year, 220 days | 0 year, 220 days | |
| 10 | Jagdeo Prasad | SSD | 0 year, 4 days | 0 year, 4 days | |