| Settlement nameAlternative name(s) | Year founded | Location | Description | Historical authenticity |
| Alexandria Troas | 334 BC | The Troad, modern Çanakkale, Turkey | Alexandria Troas is most commonly identified as a 311 BC foundation of Antigonus I, which was refounded a decade later by Lysimachus, another of the Diadochi. The historian W. W. Tarn however theorized that it was a foundation of Alexander; identifying it as Alexander of the Granicus, Tarn asserted that Alexander promised to build a city as a remembrance of his recent victory on the Granicus. This identification is rejected by historians such as Cohen and Fraser. | Disputed |
| Samareia | 332–331 BC | Modern Sebastia, State of Palestine | Curtius Rufus recorded that the inhabitants of Samareia rebelled while Alexander was in Egypt; on his return, he punished the rebels and settled Macedonians in the area. It is probable that Perdiccas was ordered to settle the city; alternatively, Victor Tcherikover speculated that he might have refounded the city after Alexander's death in 323 BC. Josephus noted that the inhabitants regained their ruler's favour and were granted permission to rebuild their temple and defences. | Disputed |
| Alexandria near Egypt | 331 BC | Alexandria, Egypt | The first major foundation of Alexander's reign, Alexandria was established on the western Nile Delta between Lake Mareotis and the Mediterranean Sea in early 331 BC. Whether the city was founded before or after Alexander's visit to the Siwa Oasis is disputed; his motives for founding Alexandria are also controversial, with military, political, economic and trading factors often cited. The settlement would later grow into one of the most important cities in the world, with an estimated population of 500,000–600,000 in 1 AD. | Accepted |
| GerasaAntioch on the Chrysorhoas | 331 BC | Jerash, Jordan | A late tradition mentioned by Iamblichus connecting the name "Gerasa" to Alexander is probably fanciful. Roman coins found at the site, minted under Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Elagabalus, are engraved with imagery and inscriptions relating to Alexander, while a pedestal, dated to the early third century BC, mentions the Diadochus Perdiccas. It is thus considered possible that Perdiccas established the settlement on Alexander's orders. However, the epigraphic, numismatic, and literary evidence is late, and it is very possible that the connection to Alexander was a later fabrication. | Disputed |
| Alexandria Ariana | 330 BC | Near modern Herat, Afghanistan | The existence of Alexandria Ariana is attested to by geographers such as Eratosthenes and Pliny and the Islamic chroniclers al-Tabari and Yaqut al-Hamawi, but not by Greek historians such as Arrian or Diodorus Siculus. It is generally accepted that the city was located close to present-day Herat, which is situated in a fertile oasis and on several trade routes; its precise location is unknown because Herat has not been excavated. Alexandria Ariana has sometimes been identified as a refoundation of the Achaemenid settlement Artacoana, but as the available sources outline a clear distinction between the two localities, this is considered unlikely. | Accepted |
| Alexandria Arachosia | 330 BC | Kandahar, Afghanistan | Various sources attest to the existence of a city called Alexandria in Arachosia, Arachotoi, or Arachosiorum oppidum; however, the biographers Arrian and Justin do not mention such a city. Both Fraser and Cohen emphasise that identifying the above names as the same city is an assumption, albeit strong. If true, Alexandria in Arachosia is traditionally identified with Old Kandahar. There is epigraphic evidence to support this theory, with Greek inscriptions such as the Chehel Zina Edict and the Sophytos dedication found in the area. In addition, the early Islamic polymath al-Khwarizmi identified Kandahar as an "Alexandria of the east". | Accepted |
| Alexandria Eschate | 329 BC | Likely near Khujand, Tajikistan | Arrian records that shortly after besieging Cyropolis, Alexander founded a settlement on the lower Jaxartes to defend the area against Scythian tribesmen. The construction of the city took three weeks, and it was settled with Greek mercenaries, local tribesmen, and injured Macedonian veterans. It has traditionally been identified with Khujand, which controlled the Bukhara-Samarkand trade route and the entrance to the fertile Ferghana Valley. Excavations of the modern city have suggested that the Achaemenids had occupied the site. As the refoundation of Cyropolis, a settlement founded by Cyrus the Great, Alexandria Eschate was culturally and militarily important; Fraser terms it "the most politically significant [foundation] since Alexandria in Egypt". | Accepted |
| Alexandria in the CaucasusAlexandria in Parapamisdai | 329 BC | Near the Hindu Kush | All the major historians and Pliny attest to the existence of this settlement, but none use its primary modern toponym. Alexander settled 7,000 natives here alongside 3,000 retired soldiers after journeying from Prophthasia. Returning the following spring, he dismissed the hyparch he had placed in charge and appointed the Companion Nikanor instead. The existence of Alexandria in the Caucasus is generally accepted, but its location is unknown; most theories place it south of the Hindu Kush near modern Begram. | Accepted |
| Alexandria in Margiana | 328 BC | Gyaur-Kala, Turkmenistan | Pliny was the first to attest to the existence of this settlement; he was followed by Strabo, who added that Antiochus I rebuilt the fortifications and founded a city he called Antioch. This latter name is mentioned in the accounts of Ptolemy and Isidore of Charax. Antiochus' walls have been identified at Gyaur-Kala near Merv, which appears as a foundation of Alexander in Muslim sources such as al-Tabari, al-Dinawari, Hamza al-Isfahani, and Qudama. However, there is considerable debate on whether Alexander founded the settlement, or the later Seleucids. | Disputed |
| Boukephala and Nikaia | 326 BC | On opposite sides of the Hydaspes river, Pakistan | According to Arrian, shortly after defeating the Indian king Porus in battle on the Hydaspes River, Alexander founded two cities facing each other across the river. The battle had taken place on the eastern bank, so Alexander named the eastern city Nikaia; he gave the western city the name Bucephala, after his favourite stallion who had recently died. The location of the cities is unknown: some place them at present-day Jhelum, while others place them thirty miles south at Jalalpur. Considering the marshy nature of the ground and the frequent monsoons, it is unlikely much archaeological evidence could be found. Bucephela survived until the first century AD; much less is known about Nikaia. | Accepted |
| Alexandria in OrietaiAlexandria Rhambakia | 325 BC | Near the mouth of the Indus River in Balochistan, Pakistan | Alexander invaded the territory of the Oritae tribe on his march back from India, taking their headquarters at Rhambakia. Arrian records that he approved of the location and ordered Hephaistion and Leonnatus to construct and settle the city, respectively. Diodorus notes that he named it Alexandria, while Curtius Rufus states that its settlers came from Arachosia. Its purpose was likely to control trade routes, with a harbour for naval trade and access to the strategically important mountain passes of the region. Its location is in doubt, as the coastline has changed significantly since antiquity; one hypothesis places it near present-day Welpat, while another locates the settlement on the Miani Hor lagoon. | Uncertain |
| Charax SpasinuAlexandria in Susiana | 324 BC | Likely Naysan, Iraq | Sometimes given the toponym Alexandria in Susiana by modern historians, Charax Spasinu was the later name of a settlement founded by Alexander on the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates. The foundation of the settlement was attested to by both Arrian and Pliny the Elder. Likely established to serve as an entrepôt for Babylon, it was later refounded as Antioch by an unknown Seleucid king (probably Antiochus IV Epiphanes) after being damaged by floods. It was again refounded c. 141 BC by the Iranian prince Hyspaosines, who renamed it Spasinou Charax after himself. Although probably located at Naysan in modern Iraq, the city's location has been disputed as the region's hydrography has near-continuously changed since antiquity. | Accepted |
| Alexandria near Babylon | Unknown | Unknown | Serious problems surround the identification of this settlement, whose existence was claimed by versions of the Alexander Romance, Yaqut al-Hamawi, and the Cyranides, who located it near Babylon in Lower Mesopotamia. If it existed, it may have been founded by the Seleucid dynasty, although there is no evidence that they named cities after Alexander. Various scholars identify it as identical with other attested Alexandrias, such as Charax Spasinu, Seleucia-on-the-Hedyphon, Alexandria near the Pallakopas, and Alexandria on the Tigris. | Uncertain |
