List of caliphs
Updated: 11/6/2025, 12:27:50 AM Wikipedia source
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and widely recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history. The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the four Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون, lit. 'Rightly Guided Caliphs'), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, who are considered by Sunni Muslims to have been the most virtuous and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation or by a small committee, in contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary. On the other hand, Shiites only recognise Ali and consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers. The Rashidun caliphate ended with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entire Muslim world. The Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbassid Caliphate was initially strong and united, but gradually fractured into several states whose rulers only paid lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. There were also rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as the Isma'ili Shia Fatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own doctrine. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the Abbassid family relocated to Cairo, where they continued to claim caliphal authority, but had no political power, and actual authority was in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate. After the Ottoman conquest of Egypt, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the caliphate to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The caliphate then remained in the House of Osman until after the First World War. The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1922 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The head of the House of Osman, Abdülmecid II, retained the title of caliph for two more years. However, on March 3, 1924, Atatürk and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey officially abolished the Ottoman Caliphate.
Infobox
Style
Amir al-Mu'minin
Residence
Major caliphates Medina, Saudi Arabia (632–656) Kufa, Iraq (656–661, 750–762) Damascus, Syria (661–744) Mecca, Saudi Arabia (683–692) Harran, Turkey (744–750) Baghdad, Iraq (762–836, 892–1258) Samarra, Iraq (836–892) Cairo, Egypt (1261–1517) Constantinople, Turkey (1517–1924) Parallel regional caliphates Cordoba, Spain (929–1031) Cairo, Egypt (969–1171) Marrakesh, Morocco (1147–1269) Sokoto, Nigeria (1804–1903)
Appointer
Elective (632–661)Hereditary (since 661)
Precursor
Muhammad
Formation
8 June 632, Medina
First holder
Abu Bakr
Tables
· Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
| Calligraphic name | Name (in Arabic) | Born (CE) | Reigned from (CE) | Reigned until (CE) | Died | Relationship with Muhammad | House |
| | Abu Bakr(أبو بكر الصديق) | 573 | 8 June 632 | 23 August 634 | Father of Aisha, Muhammad's wife | Banu Taim | |
| | Umar(عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب) | 584 | 23 August 634 | c. 6 November 644(assassinated by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz) | Father of Hafsa, Muhammad's wife | Banu Adi | |
| | Uthman(عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان) | 579 | 6 November 644 | 17 June 656(assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house; see First Fitna) | Husband of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayya and later Umm Kulthum, and grandson of Muhammad's paternal aunt | Banu Umayya | |
| | Ali(عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب) | 601 | 17 June 656 | 28 January 661(assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa; see First Fitna) | Muhammad's cousin, and husband of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, and Umama bint Abi al-As, Muhammad's granddaughter | Banu Hashim | |
· Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya I
Coin
Name
Mu'awiya I
Born
602
Reigned from
January 661
Reigned until
29 April 680
Died
Son of Abu Sufyan
Yazid I
Yazid I
Coin
Name
Yazid I
Born
647
Reigned from
680
Reigned until
11 November 683
Died
Son of Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya II
Mu'awiya II
Coin
Name
Mu'awiya II
Born
664
Reigned from
November 683
Reigned until
684
Died
Son of Yazid I
Marwan I
Marwan I
Coin
Name
Marwan I
Born
623–626
Reigned from
684
Reigned until
7 May 685
Died
Son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Coin
Name
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Born
646
Reigned from
685
Reigned until
8 October 705
Died
Son of Marwan I
Al-Walid I
Al-Walid I
Coin
Name
Al-Walid I
Born
668
Reigned from
October 705
Reigned until
23 February 715
Died
Son of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Coin
Name
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Born
674
Reigned from
February 715
Reigned until
22 September 717
Died
Son of Abd al-Malik
Brother of al-Walid I
Umar II
Umar II
Coin
Name
Umar II
Born
2 November 682
Reigned from
September 717
Reigned until
February 720
Died
Nephew of Abd al-Malik
First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman
Great-grandson of Umar through a maternal line
Yazid II
Yazid II
Coin
Name
Yazid II
Born
687
Reigned from
10 February 720
Reigned until
26 January 724
Died
Son of Abd al-Malik
Brother of al-Walid I and Sulayman
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Coin
Name
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Born
691
Reigned from
26 January 724
Reigned until
6 February 743
Died
Son of Abd al-Malik
Brother of al-Walid I, Sulayman and Yazid II
Al-Walid II
Al-Walid II
Coin
Name
Al-Walid II
Born
709
Reigned from
6 February 743
Reigned until
17 April 744 (assassinated)
Died
Son of Yazid II
Yazid III
Yazid III
Coin
Name
Yazid III
Born
701
Reigned from
17 April 744
Reigned until
3/4 October 744
Died
Son of Al-Walid I
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid
Coin
Name
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid
Reigned from
744 (few weeks)
Reigned until
25 January 750(executed)
Died
Son of Al-Walid I
Marwan II
Marwan II
Coin
Name
Marwan II
Born
691
Reigned from
744
Reigned until
6 August 750(killed)
Died
Nephew of Abd al-Malik
Cousin of Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Umar II, Yazid II and Hisham.
| Coin | Name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Relation with predecessor |
| | Mu'awiya I | 602 | January 661 | 29 April 680 | Son of Abu Sufyan | |
| | Yazid I | 647 | 680 | 11 November 683 | Son of Mu'awiya I | |
| | Mu'awiya II | 664 | November 683 | 684 | Son of Yazid I | |
| | Marwan I | 623–626 | 684 | 7 May 685 | Son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As | |
| | Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | 646 | 685 | 8 October 705 | Son of Marwan I | |
| | Al-Walid I | 668 | October 705 | 23 February 715 | Son of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | |
| | Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik | 674 | February 715 | 22 September 717 | Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I | |
| | Umar II | 2 November 682 | September 717 | February 720 | Nephew of Abd al-Malik First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman Great-grandson of Umar through a maternal line | |
| | Yazid II | 687 | 10 February 720 | 26 January 724 | Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I and Sulayman | |
| | Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik | 691 | 26 January 724 | 6 February 743 | Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I, Sulayman and Yazid II | |
| | Al-Walid II | 709 | 6 February 743 | 17 April 744 (assassinated) | Son of Yazid II | |
| | Yazid III | 701 | 17 April 744 | 3/4 October 744 | Son of Al-Walid I | |
| | Ibrahim ibn al-Walid | 744 (few weeks) | 25 January 750(executed) | Son of Al-Walid I | ||
| | Marwan II | 691 | 744 | 6 August 750(killed) | Nephew of Abd al-Malik Cousin of Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Umar II, Yazid II and Hisham. | |
· Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
Al-Saffāḥ
Al-Saffāḥ
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Saffāḥ
Personal name
Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah
Born
721
Reigned from
25 January 750
Reigned until
10 June 754
Died
Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah
Rayta bint Ubaydallah al-Harsia
Al-Mansur
Al-Mansur
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mansur
Personal name
Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah
Born
714
Reigned from
10 June 754
Reigned until
775
Died
Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah
Sallamah
Al-Mahdi
Al-Mahdi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mahdi
Personal name
Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad
Born
744/745
Reigned from
775
Reigned until
4 August 785
Died
Al-Mansur, Abbasid Caliph
Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari
Al-Hadi
Al-Hadi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Hadi
Personal name
Abu Muhammad Musa
Born
764
Reigned from
August 785
Reigned until
14 September 786
Died
Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph
Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta
Al-Rashid
Al-Rashid
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Rashid
Personal name
Harun
Born
763/766
Reigned from
14 September 786
Reigned until
24 March 809
Died
Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph
Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta
Al-Amin
Al-Amin
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Amin
Personal name
Muhammad
Born
787
Reigned from
March 809
Reigned until
24/25 September 813
Died
Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph
Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur
Al-Ma'mun
Al-Ma'mun
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Ma'mun
Personal name
Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah
Born
13/14 September 786
Reigned from
September 813
Reigned until
9 August 833
Died
Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph
Marajil
Al-Mu'tasim
Al-Mu'tasim
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mu'tasim
Personal name
Abū Ishaq Muhammad
Born
October 796
Reigned from
9 August 833
Reigned until
5 January 842
Died
Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph
Maridah bint Shabib
Al-Wathiq
Al-Wathiq
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Wathiq
Personal name
Abu Ja'far Harun
Born
811–813
Reigned from
5 January 842
Reigned until
10 August 847
Died
Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph
Umm Harun Qaratis
Al-Mutawakkil
Al-Mutawakkil
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mutawakkil
Personal name
Ja'far
Born
February/March 822
Reigned from
10 August 847
Reigned until
11 December 861(assassinated)
Died
Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph
Umm Ja'far Shuja
Al-Muntasir
Al-Muntasir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muntasir
Personal name
Abu Ja'far Muhammad
Born
November 837
Reigned from
861
Reigned until
7 or 8 June 862
Died
Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph
Hubshiya, a Greek concubine
Al-Musta'in
Al-Musta'in
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Musta'in
Personal name
Ahmad
Born
836
Reigned from
862
Reigned until
866 (executed)
Died
Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid prince
Makhariq (concubine)
Al-Mu'tazz
Al-Mu'tazz
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mu'tazz
Personal name
Abū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad
Born
847
Reigned from
866
Reigned until
869
Died
Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph
Qabiha
Al-Muhtadi
Al-Muhtadi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muhtadi
Personal name
Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad
Reigned from
869
Reigned until
21 June 870
Died
Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph
Qurb (greek concubine)
Al-Mu'tamid
Al-Mu'tamid
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mu'tamid
Personal name
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad
Born
842
Reigned from
21 June 870
Reigned until
15 October 892
Died
Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph
Fityan
Al-Mu'tadid
Al-Mu'tadid
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mu'tadid
Personal name
Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad
Born
854/861
Reigned from
October 892
Reigned until
5 April 902
Died
Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief
Dirar
Al-Muktafi
Al-Muktafi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muktafi
Personal name
Abu Muhammad ʿAlî
Born
877/878
Reigned from
5 April 902
Reigned until
13 August 908
Died
Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
Jijak
Al-Muqtadir
Al-Muqtadir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muqtadir
Personal name
Abu al-Fadl Ja'far
Born
895
Reigned from
13 August 908
Reigned until
929
Died
31 October 932(killed)
Parents
Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
Shaghab
Al-Qahir
Al-Qahir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Qahir
Personal name
Abu Mansur Muhammad
Born
899
Reigned from
929
Reigned until
950
Died
Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
Fitnah
Al-Muqtadir
Al-Muqtadir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muqtadir
Personal name
Abu al-Fadl Ja'far
Born
895
Reigned from
929
Reigned until
31 October 932(killed)
Died
Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
Shaghab
Al-Qahir
Al-Qahir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Qahir
Personal name
Abu Mansur Muhammad
Born
899
Reigned from
31 October 932
Reigned until
934
Died
950
Parents
Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph
Fitnah
Al-Radi
Al-Radi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Radi
Personal name
Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad
Born
December 909
Reigned from
934
Reigned until
23 December 940
Died
Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph
Zalum
Al-Muttaqi
Al-Muttaqi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muttaqi
Personal name
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
Born
908
Reigned from
940
Reigned until
944
Died
July 968
Parents
Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph
Khalub also known as Zuhra
Al-Mustakfi
Al-Mustakfi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mustakfi
Personal name
Abu’l-Qasim 'Abdallah
Born
905
Reigned from
September 944
Reigned until
January 946
Died
September/October 949
Parents
Al-Muktafi, Abbasid Caliph
Ghusn, Greek concubine
Al-Muti
Al-Muti
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muti
Personal name
Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl
Born
914
Reigned from
January 946
Reigned until
5 August 974
Died
12 October 974
Parents
Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph
Mash'ala
Al-Ta'i'
Al-Ta'i'
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Ta'i'
Personal name
Abd al-Karīm
Born
932
Reigned from
974
Reigned until
991
Died
3 August 1003
Parents
Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph
Utb (Greek concubine)
Al-Qadir
Al-Qadir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Qadir
Personal name
Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir
Born
947
Reigned from
1 November 991
Reigned until
29 November 1031
Died
Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir, Abbasid prince
Dimna
Al-Qa'im
Al-Qa'im
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Qa'im
Personal name
Abu Ja'far Abdallah
Born
1001
Reigned from
29 November 1031
Reigned until
2 April 1075
Died
Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
Badr al-Dija also known as Qatr al-Nida
Al-Muqtadi
Al-Muqtadi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muqtadi
Personal name
Abū'l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im
Born
1056
Reigned from
2 April 1075
Reigned until
February 1094
Died
Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im Abbasid prince,
Urjuman, (Armenian concubine)
Al-Mustazhir
Al-Mustazhir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mustazhir
Personal name
Abū l-ʿAbbās Ahmad
Born
April/May 1078
Reigned from
February 1094
Reigned until
6 August 1118
Died
Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
Taif al-Afwah (Egyptian)
Al-Mustarshid
Al-Mustarshid
Regnal name
Al-Mustarshid
Personal name
Abū'l-Manṣūr al-Faḍl
Born
April/May 1092
Reigned from
6 August 1118
Reigned until
29 August 1135
Died
Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph
Lubaba
Al-Rashid Billah
Al-Rashid Billah
Regnal name
Al-Rashid Billah
Personal name
Abu Jaʿfar Manṣūr
Born
1109
Reigned from
29 August 1135
Reigned until
1136
Died
6 June 1138(killed by Hashshashins)
Parents
Al-Mustarshid, Abbasid Caliph
Khushf
Al-Muqtafi
Al-Muqtafi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Muqtafi
Personal name
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad
Born
9 March 1096
Reigned from
1136
Reigned until
12 March 1160
Died
Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph
Ashin Umm Muhammad
Al-Mustanjid
Al-Mustanjid
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mustanjid
Personal name
Abū'l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf
Born
1124
Reigned from
12 March 1160
Reigned until
20 December 1170
Died
Al-Muqtafi, Abbasid Caliph
Thawus
Al-Mustadi
Al-Mustadi
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mustadi
Personal name
Hassan
Born
1142
Reigned from
20 December 1170
Reigned until
30 March 1180
Died
Al-Mustanjid, Abbasid Caliph
Ghadha
Al-Nasir
Al-Nasir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Nasir
Personal name
Abu'l-ʿAbbās Ahmad
Born
6 August 1158
Reigned from
2 March 1180
Reigned until
4 October 1225
Died
Al-Mustadi, Abbasid Caliph
Sayyida Zumurrud
Al-Zahir
Al-Zahir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Zahir
Personal name
Abu Nasr Muhammad
Born
1176
Reigned from
5 October 1225
Reigned until
11 July 1226
Died
Al-Nasir, Abbasid Caliph
Asma
Al-Mustansir
Al-Mustansir
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Mustansir
Personal name
Abû Ja`far al-Manṣūr
Born
17 February 1192
Reigned from
11 July 1226
Reigned until
2 December 1242
Died
Az-Zahir, Abbasid Caliph
Zahra
Al-Musta'sim
Al-Musta'sim
Coin
Regnal name
Al-Musta'sim
Personal name
Abu Ahmad Abdallah
Born
1213
Reigned from
2 December 1242
Reigned until
20 February 1258
Died
Al-Mustansir, Abbasid Caliph
Hajir
| Coin | Regnal name | Personal name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Parents |
| | Al-Saffāḥ | Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah | 721 | 25 January 750 | 10 June 754 | Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah Rayta bint Ubaydallah al-Harsia | |
| | Al-Mansur | Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah | 714 | 10 June 754 | 775 | Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah Sallamah | |
| | Al-Mahdi | Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad | 744/745 | 775 | 4 August 785 | Al-Mansur, Abbasid Caliph Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari | |
| | Al-Hadi | Abu Muhammad Musa | 764 | August 785 | 14 September 786 | Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta | |
| | Al-Rashid | Harun | 763/766 | 14 September 786 | 24 March 809 | Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta | |
| | Al-Amin | Muhammad | 787 | March 809 | 24/25 September 813 | Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur | |
| | Al-Ma'mun | Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah | 13/14 September 786 | September 813 | 9 August 833 | Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Marajil | |
| | Al-Mu'tasim | Abū Ishaq Muhammad | October 796 | 9 August 833 | 5 January 842 | Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Maridah bint Shabib | |
| | Al-Wathiq | Abu Ja'far Harun | 811–813 | 5 January 842 | 10 August 847 | Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph Umm Harun Qaratis | |
| | Al-Mutawakkil | Ja'far | February/March 822 | 10 August 847 | 11 December 861(assassinated) | Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph Umm Ja'far Shuja | |
| | Al-Muntasir | Abu Ja'far Muhammad | November 837 | 861 | 7 or 8 June 862 | Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Hubshiya, a Greek concubine | |
| | Al-Musta'in | Ahmad | 836 | 862 | 866 (executed) | Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid prince Makhariq (concubine) | |
| | Al-Mu'tazz | Abū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad | 847 | 866 | 869 | Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Qabiha | |
| | Al-Muhtadi | Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad | 869 | 21 June 870 | Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph Qurb (greek concubine) | ||
| | Al-Mu'tamid | Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad | 842 | 21 June 870 | 15 October 892 | Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Fityan | |
| | Al-Mu'tadid | Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad | 854/861 | October 892 | 5 April 902 | Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief Dirar | |
| | Al-Muktafi | Abu Muhammad ʿAlî | 877/878 | 5 April 902 | 13 August 908 | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Jijak | |
| | Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far | 895 | 13 August 908 | 929 | 31 October 932(killed) | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Shaghab |
| | Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad | 899 | 929 | 950 | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Fitnah | |
| | Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far | 895 | 929 | 31 October 932(killed) | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Shaghab | |
| | Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad | 899 | 31 October 932 | 934 | 950 | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Fitnah |
| | Al-Radi | Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad | December 909 | 934 | 23 December 940 | Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph Zalum | |
| | Al-Muttaqi | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | 908 | 940 | 944 | July 968 | Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph Khalub also known as Zuhra |
| | Al-Mustakfi | Abu’l-Qasim 'Abdallah | 905 | September 944 | January 946 | September/October 949 | Al-Muktafi, Abbasid Caliph Ghusn, Greek concubine |
| | Al-Muti | Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl | 914 | January 946 | 5 August 974 | 12 October 974 | Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph Mash'ala |
| | Al-Ta'i' | Abd al-Karīm | 932 | 974 | 991 | 3 August 1003 | Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph Utb (Greek concubine) |
| | Al-Qadir | Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir | 947 | 1 November 991 | 29 November 1031 | Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir, Abbasid prince Dimna | |
| | Al-Qa'im | Abu Ja'far Abdallah | 1001 | 29 November 1031 | 2 April 1075 | Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph Badr al-Dija also known as Qatr al-Nida | |
| | Al-Muqtadi | Abū'l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im | 1056 | 2 April 1075 | February 1094 | Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im Abbasid prince, Urjuman, (Armenian concubine) | |
| | Al-Mustazhir | Abū l-ʿAbbās Ahmad | April/May 1078 | February 1094 | 6 August 1118 | Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph Taif al-Afwah (Egyptian) | |
| Al-Mustarshid | Abū'l-Manṣūr al-Faḍl | April/May 1092 | 6 August 1118 | 29 August 1135 | Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph Lubaba | ||
| Al-Rashid Billah | Abu Jaʿfar Manṣūr | 1109 | 29 August 1135 | 1136 | 6 June 1138(killed by Hashshashins) | Al-Mustarshid, Abbasid Caliph Khushf | |
| | Al-Muqtafi | Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad | 9 March 1096 | 1136 | 12 March 1160 | Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph Ashin Umm Muhammad | |
| | Al-Mustanjid | Abū'l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf | 1124 | 12 March 1160 | 20 December 1170 | Al-Muqtafi, Abbasid Caliph Thawus | |
| | Al-Mustadi | Hassan | 1142 | 20 December 1170 | 30 March 1180 | Al-Mustanjid, Abbasid Caliph Ghadha | |
| | Al-Nasir | Abu'l-ʿAbbās Ahmad | 6 August 1158 | 2 March 1180 | 4 October 1225 | Al-Mustadi, Abbasid Caliph Sayyida Zumurrud | |
| | Al-Zahir | Abu Nasr Muhammad | 1176 | 5 October 1225 | 11 July 1226 | Al-Nasir, Abbasid Caliph Asma | |
| | Al-Mustansir | Abû Ja`far al-Manṣūr | 17 February 1192 | 11 July 1226 | 2 December 1242 | Az-Zahir, Abbasid Caliph Zahra | |
| | Al-Musta'sim | Abu Ahmad Abdallah | 1213 | 2 December 1242 | 20 February 1258 | Al-Mustansir, Abbasid Caliph Hajir | |
· Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) (Additional)
al-Mahdi Billah
al-Mahdi Billah
Regnal name
al-Mahdi Billah
Personal name
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn
Born
874
Reigned from
27 August 909
Reigned until
4 March 934
Died
Abd Allah al-Radi
al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh
al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh
Regnal name
al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh
Personal name
Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh
Born
893
Reigned from
4 March 934
Reigned until
17 May 946
Died
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah
al-Mansur Billah
al-Mansur Billah
Regnal name
al-Mansur Billah
Personal name
Abu Tahir Isma'il
Born
914
Reigned from
17 May 946
Reigned until
18 March 953
Died
al-Qa'im
Karima
al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
Regnal name
al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
Personal name
Abu Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah
Born
931
Reigned from
19 March 953
Reigned until
21 December 975
Died
al-Mansur Billah
al-Aziz Billah
al-Aziz Billah
Regnal name
al-Aziz Billah
Personal name
Abu al-Mansur Nizar
Born
955
Reigned from
18 December 975
Reigned until
13 October 996
Died
al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Regnal name
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Personal name
Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr
Born
985
Reigned from
14 October 996
Reigned until
13 February 1021
Died
al-Aziz Billah
as-Sayyidah al-'Azīziyyah
al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
Regnal name
al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
Personal name
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim
Born
1005
Reigned from
28 March 1021
Reigned until
13 June 1036
Died
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
al-Mustansir Billah
al-Mustansir Billah
Regnal name
al-Mustansir Billah
Personal name
Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh
Born
1029
Reigned from
13 June 1036
Reigned until
29 December 1094
Died
al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
Rasad
al-Musta'li Billah
al-Musta'li Billah
Regnal name
al-Musta'li Billah
Personal name
Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Mustanṣir
Born
1074
Reigned from
29/30 December 1094
Reigned until
11/12 December 1101
Died
al-Mustansir Billah
al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
Regnal name
al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
Personal name
Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr ibn al-Mustaʿlī
Born
1096
Reigned from
11 December 1101
Reigned until
7 October 1130
Died
al-Musta'li
al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
Regnal name
al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
Personal name
Abūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir
Born
1074/5 or 1075/6
Reigned from
23 January 1132
Reigned until
10 October 1149
Died
Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Mustansir Billah
al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh
al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh
Regnal name
al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh
Personal name
Abū al-Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ
Born
1133
Reigned from
10 October 1149
Reigned until
1 or 15 April 1154
Died
al-Hafiz
al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
Regnal name
al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
Personal name
Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir
Born
1149
Reigned from
16 April 1154
Reigned until
22 July 1160
Died
al-Zafir
al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh
al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh
Regnal name
al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh
Personal name
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf
Born
1151
Reigned from
23 July 1160
Reigned until
13 September 1171
Died
Yusuf ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
| Image/Coin | Regnal name | Personal name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Parents |
| | al-Mahdi Billah | Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn | 874 | 27 August 909 | 4 March 934 | Abd Allah al-Radi | |
| | al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh | Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh | 893 | 4 March 934 | 17 May 946 | Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | |
| | al-Mansur Billah | Abu Tahir Isma'il | 914 | 17 May 946 | 18 March 953 | al-Qa'im Karima | |
| | al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah | Abu Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah | 931 | 19 March 953 | 21 December 975 | al-Mansur Billah | |
| | al-Aziz Billah | Abu al-Mansur Nizar | 955 | 18 December 975 | 13 October 996 | al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya | |
| | al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah | Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr | 985 | 14 October 996 | 13 February 1021 | al-Aziz Billah as-Sayyidah al-'Azīziyyah | |
| | al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah | Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim | 1005 | 28 March 1021 | 13 June 1036 | al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah | |
| | al-Mustansir Billah | Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh | 1029 | 13 June 1036 | 29 December 1094 | al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah Rasad | |
| | al-Musta'li Billah | Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Mustanṣir | 1074 | 29/30 December 1094 | 11/12 December 1101 | al-Mustansir Billah | |
| | al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah | Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr ibn al-Mustaʿlī | 1096 | 11 December 1101 | 7 October 1130 | al-Musta'li | |
| | al-Hafiz li-Din Allah | Abūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir | 1074/5 or 1075/6 | 23 January 1132 | 10 October 1149 | Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Mustansir Billah | |
| al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh | Abū al-Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ | 1133 | 10 October 1149 | 1 or 15 April 1154 | al-Hafiz | ||
| al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah | Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir | 1149 | 16 April 1154 | 22 July 1160 | al-Zafir | ||
| al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh | Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf | 1151 | 23 July 1160 | 13 September 1171 | Yusuf ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah | ||
· Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261–1517)
Al-Mustansir
Al-Mustansir
Regnal name
Al-Mustansir
Personal name
Abu al-Qasim Ahmad
Reign
13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261
Parents
Az-Zahir
Al-Hakim I
Al-Hakim I
Regnal name
Al-Hakim I
Personal name
Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad
Reign
16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302
Parents
Abu 'Ali al-Hasan
Al-Mustakfi I
Al-Mustakfi I
Regnal name
Al-Mustakfi I
Personal name
Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman
Reign
20 January 1302 – February 1340
Parents
Al-Hakim I
Al-Wathiq I
Al-Wathiq I
Regnal name
Al-Wathiq I
Personal name
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
Reign
February 1340 – 17 June 1341
Parents
Muhammad, son of Al-Hakim I
Al-Hakim II
Al-Hakim II
Regnal name
Al-Hakim II
Personal name
Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad
Reign
1341–1352
Parents
Al-Mustakfi I
Al-Mu'tadid I
Al-Mu'tadid I
Regnal name
Al-Mu'tadid I
Personal name
Abu Bakr
Reign
1352–1362
Parents
Al-Mustakfi I
Al-Mutawakkil I
Al-Mutawakkil I
Regnal name
Al-Mutawakkil I
Personal name
Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad
Reign
1362–1377
Parents
Al-Mu'tadid I
Al-Musta’sim
Al-Musta’sim
Regnal name
Al-Musta’sim
Personal name
Abu Yahya Zakariya
Reign
1377
Parents
Al-Wathiq I
Al-Mutawakkil I
Al-Mutawakkil I
Regnal name
Al-Mutawakkil I
Personal name
Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad
Reign
1377–1383
Parents
Al-Mu'tadid I
Al-Wathiq II
Al-Wathiq II
Regnal name
Al-Wathiq II
Personal name
'Umar
Reign
September 1383 – 13 November 1386
Parents
Al-Wathiq I
Al-Musta'sim
Al-Musta'sim
Regnal name
Al-Musta'sim
Personal name
Abu Yahya Zakariya
Reign
1386–1389
Parents
Al-Wathiq I
Al-Mutawakkil I
Al-Mutawakkil I
Regnal name
Al-Mutawakkil I
Personal name
Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad
Reign
1389 – 9 January 1406
Parents
Al-Mu'tadid I
Al-Musta'in
Al-Musta'in
Regnal name
Al-Musta'in
Personal name
Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas
Reign
22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414
Parents
Al-Mutawakkil I
Bay Khatun
Al-Mu'tadid II
Al-Mu'tadid II
Regnal name
Al-Mu'tadid II
Personal name
Abu al-Fath Dawud
Reign
1414–1441
Parents
Al-Mutawakkil I
Kazal
Al-Mustakfi II
Al-Mustakfi II
Regnal name
Al-Mustakfi II
Personal name
Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman
Reign
1441 – 29 January 1451
Parents
Al-Mutawakkil I
Al-Qa'im
Al-Qa'im
Regnal name
Al-Qa'im
Personal name
Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah
Reign
1451–1455
Parents
Al-Mutawakkil I
Al-Mustanjid
Al-Mustanjid
Regnal name
Al-Mustanjid
Personal name
Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf
Reign
1455 – 7 April 1479
Parents
Al-Mutawakkil I
Al-Mutawakkil II
Al-Mutawakkil II
Regnal name
Al-Mutawakkil II
Personal name
Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz
Reign
5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497
Parents
Ya'qub bin Al-Mutawakkil I
Haj al-Malik
Al-Mustamsik
Al-Mustamsik
Regnal name
Al-Mustamsik
Personal name
Abu as-Sabr
Reign
1497–1508
Parents
Al-Mutawakkil II
Al-Mutawakkil III
1508
1508–1516
Al-Mutawakkil III
Regnal name
Al-Mutawakkil III
Personal name
Muhammad
Reign
1508–1516
Parents
Al-Mustamsik
Al-Mustamsik
1516
1516–1517
Al-Mustamsik
Regnal name
Al-Mustamsik
Personal name
Abu as-Sabr
Reign
1516–1517
Parents
Al-Mutawakkil II
Al-Mutawakkil III
Al-Mutawakkil III
Regnal name
Al-Mutawakkil III
Personal name
Muhammad
Reign
1517
Parents
Al-Mustamsik
| Regnal name | Personal name | Reign | Parents |
| Al-Mustansir | Abu al-Qasim Ahmad | 13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261 | Az-Zahir |
| Al-Hakim I | Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad | 16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302 | Abu 'Ali al-Hasan |
| Al-Mustakfi I | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman | 20 January 1302 – February 1340 | Al-Hakim I |
| Al-Wathiq I | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | February 1340 – 17 June 1341 | Muhammad, son of Al-Hakim I |
| Al-Hakim II | Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad | 1341–1352 | Al-Mustakfi I |
| Al-Mu'tadid I | Abu Bakr | 1352–1362 | Al-Mustakfi I |
| Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1362–1377 | Al-Mu'tadid I |
| Al-Musta’sim | Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1377 | Al-Wathiq I |
| Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1377–1383 | Al-Mu'tadid I |
| Al-Wathiq II | 'Umar | September 1383 – 13 November 1386 | Al-Wathiq I |
| Al-Musta'sim | Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1386–1389 | Al-Wathiq I |
| Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1389 – 9 January 1406 | Al-Mu'tadid I |
| Al-Musta'in | Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas | 22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414 | Al-Mutawakkil I Bay Khatun |
| Al-Mu'tadid II | Abu al-Fath Dawud | 1414–1441 | Al-Mutawakkil I Kazal |
| Al-Mustakfi II | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman | 1441 – 29 January 1451 | Al-Mutawakkil I |
| Al-Qa'im | Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah | 1451–1455 | Al-Mutawakkil I |
| Al-Mustanjid | Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf | 1455 – 7 April 1479 | Al-Mutawakkil I |
| Al-Mutawakkil II | Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz | 5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497 | Ya'qub bin Al-Mutawakkil I Haj al-Malik |
| Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr | 1497–1508 | Al-Mutawakkil II |
| Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad | 1508–1516 | Al-Mustamsik |
| Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr | 1516–1517 | Al-Mutawakkil II |
| Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad | 1517 | Al-Mustamsik |
· Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)
Selim I
1517
1517–1520
Selim I
Tughra
Tughra of Selim I
Name
Selim I
Reign
1517 – 21 September 1520
Parents
Bayezid II
Gülbahar Hatun
Suleiman I
1520
1520–1566
Suleiman I
Tughra
Tughra of Suleiman I
Name
Suleiman I
Reign
30 September 1520 – 6 September 1566
Parents
Selim I
Hafsa Sultan
Selim II
1566
1566–1574
Selim II
Tughra
Tughra of Selim II
Name
Selim II
Reign
29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574
Parents
Suleiman I
Hürrem Sultan
Murad III
1574
1574–1595
Murad III
Tughra
Tughra of Murad III
Name
Murad III
Reign
22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595
Parents
Selim II
Nurbanu Sultan
Mehmed III
Mehmed III
Tughra
Tughra of Mehmed III
Name
Mehmed III
Reign
27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603
Parents
Murad III
Safiye Sultan
Ahmed I
1603
1603–1617
Ahmed I
Tughra
Tughra of Ahmed I
Name
Ahmed I
Reign
21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617
Parents
Mehmed III
Handan Sultan
Mustafa I
1617
1617–1618
Mustafa I
Tughra
Tughra of Mustafa I
Name
Mustafa I
Reign
22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618
Parents
Mehmed III
Halime Sultan
Osman II
1618
1618–1622
Osman II
Tughra
Tughra of Osman II
Name
Osman II
Reign
26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622
Parents
Ahmed I
Mahfiruz Hatun
Mustafa I
1622
1622–1623
Mustafa I
Tughra
Tughra of Mustafa I
Name
Mustafa I
Reign
20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623
Parents
Mehmed III
Halime Sultan
Murad IV
Murad IV
Tughra
Tughra of Murad IV
Name
Murad IV
Reign
10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640
Parents
Ahmed I
Kösem Sultan
Ibrahim
1640
1640–1648
Ibrahim
Tughra
Tughra of Ibrahim
Name
Ibrahim
Reign
9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648
Parents
Ahmed I
Kösem Sultan
Mehmed IV
1648
1648–1687
Mehmed IV
Tughra
Tughra of Mehmed IV
Name
Mehmed IV
Reign
8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687
Parents
Ibrahim
Turhan Sultan
Suleiman II
1687
1687–1691
Suleiman II
Tughra
Tughra of Suleiman II
Name
Suleiman II
Reign
8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691
Parents
Ibrahim
Aşub Sultan
Ahmed II
1691
1691–1695
Ahmed II
Tughra
Tughra of Ahmed II
Name
Ahmed II
Reign
22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695
Parents
Ibrahim
Muazzez Sultan
Mustafa II
1695
1695–1703
Mustafa II
Tughra
Tughra of Mustafa II
Name
Mustafa II
Reign
6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703
Parents
Mehmed IV
Gülnuş Sultan
Ahmed III
Ahmed III
Tughra
Tughra of Ahmed III
Name
Ahmed III
Reign
22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730
Parents
Mehmed IV
Gülnuş Sultan
Mahmud I
1730
1730–1754
Mahmud I
Tughra
Tughra of Mahmud I
Name
Mahmud I
Reign
2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754
Parents
Mustafa II
Saliha Sultan
Osman III
Osman III
Tughra
Tughra of Osman III
Name
Osman III
Reign
13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757
Parents
Mustafa II
Şehsuvar Sultan
Mustafa III
1757
1757–1774
Mustafa III
Tughra
Tughra of Mustafa III
Name
Mustafa III
Reign
30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774
Parents
Ahmed III
Mihrişah Kadın
Abdul Hamid I
Abdul Hamid I
Tughra
Tughra of Abdülhamid I
Name
Abdul Hamid I
Reign
21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789
Parents
Son of Ahmed III
Şermi Kadın
Selim III
1789
1789–1807
Selim III
Tughra
Tughra of Selim III
Name
Selim III
Reign
7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
Parents
Mustafa III
Mihrişah Sultan
Mustafa IV
1807
1807–1808
Mustafa IV
Tughra
Tughra of Mustafa IV
Name
Mustafa IV
Reign
29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808
Parents
Abdul Hamid I
Sineperver Sultan
Mahmud II
1808
1808–1839
Mahmud II
Tughra
Tughra of Mahmud II
Name
Mahmud II
Reign
28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839
Parents
Abdul Hamid I
Nakşidil Sultan
Abdulmejid I
1839
1839–1861
Abdulmejid I
Tughra
Tughra of Abdülmecid I
Name
Abdulmejid I
Reign
1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861
Parents
Mahmud II
Bezmiâlem Sultan
Abdulaziz
1861
1861–1876
Abdulaziz
Tughra
Tughra of Abdulaziz
Name
Abdulaziz
Reign
25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876
Parents
Mahmud II
Pertevniyal Sultan
Murad V
1876
1876–1876
Murad V
Tughra
Tughra of Murad V
Name
Murad V
Reign
30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876
Parents
Abdulmejid I
Şevkefza Kadın
Abdul Hamid II
1876
1876–1909
Abdul Hamid II
Tughra
Tughra of Abdülhamid II
Name
Abdul Hamid II
Reign
31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909
Parents
Abdulmejid I
Tirimüjgan Kadın
Mehmed V
1909
1909–1918
Mehmed V
Tughra
Tughra of Mehmed V
Name
Mehmed V
Reign
27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918
Parents
Abdulmejid I
Gülcemal Kadın
Mehmed VI
1918
1918–1922
Mehmed VI
Tughra
Tughra of Mehmed VI
Name
Mehmed VI
Reign
4 July 1918 – 19 November 1922
Parents
Abdulmejid I
Gülüstü Hanım
Abdulmejid II
1922
1922–1924
Abdulmejid II
Tughra
—
Name
Abdulmejid II
Reign
19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924
Parents
Abdulaziz
Hayranidil Kadın;
| Image | Tughra | Name | Reign | Parents |
| | Tughra of Selim I | Selim I | 1517 – 21 September 1520 | Bayezid II Gülbahar Hatun |
| | Tughra of Suleiman I | Suleiman I | 30 September 1520 – 6 September 1566 | Selim I Hafsa Sultan |
| | Tughra of Selim II | Selim II | 29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574 | Suleiman I Hürrem Sultan |
| | Tughra of Murad III | Murad III | 22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595 | Selim II Nurbanu Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mehmed III | Mehmed III | 27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603 | Murad III Safiye Sultan |
| | Tughra of Ahmed I | Ahmed I | 21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617 | Mehmed III Handan Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mustafa I | Mustafa I | 22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618 | Mehmed III Halime Sultan |
| | Tughra of Osman II | Osman II | 26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622 | Ahmed I Mahfiruz Hatun |
| | Tughra of Mustafa I | Mustafa I | 20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623 | Mehmed III Halime Sultan |
| | Tughra of Murad IV | Murad IV | 10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640 | Ahmed I Kösem Sultan |
| | Tughra of Ibrahim | Ibrahim | 9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648 | Ahmed I Kösem Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mehmed IV | Mehmed IV | 8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687 | Ibrahim Turhan Sultan |
| | Tughra of Suleiman II | Suleiman II | 8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691 | Ibrahim Aşub Sultan |
| | Tughra of Ahmed II | Ahmed II | 22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695 | Ibrahim Muazzez Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mustafa II | Mustafa II | 6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703 | Mehmed IV Gülnuş Sultan |
| | Tughra of Ahmed III | Ahmed III | 22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730 | Mehmed IV Gülnuş Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mahmud I | Mahmud I | 2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754 | Mustafa II Saliha Sultan |
| | Tughra of Osman III | Osman III | 13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757 | Mustafa II Şehsuvar Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mustafa III | Mustafa III | 30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774 | Ahmed III Mihrişah Kadın |
| | Tughra of Abdülhamid I | Abdul Hamid I | 21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789 | Son of Ahmed III Şermi Kadın |
| | Tughra of Selim III | Selim III | 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807 | Mustafa III Mihrişah Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mustafa IV | Mustafa IV | 29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808 | Abdul Hamid I Sineperver Sultan |
| | Tughra of Mahmud II | Mahmud II | 28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839 | Abdul Hamid I Nakşidil Sultan |
| | Tughra of Abdülmecid I | Abdulmejid I | 1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861 | Mahmud II Bezmiâlem Sultan |
| | Tughra of Abdulaziz | Abdulaziz | 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876 | Mahmud II Pertevniyal Sultan |
| | Tughra of Murad V | Murad V | 30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876 | Abdulmejid I Şevkefza Kadın |
| | Tughra of Abdülhamid II | Abdul Hamid II | 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 | Abdulmejid I Tirimüjgan Kadın |
| | Tughra of Mehmed V | Mehmed V | 27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918 | Abdulmejid I Gülcemal Kadın |
| | Tughra of Mehmed VI | Mehmed VI | 4 July 1918 – 19 November 1922 | Abdulmejid I Gülüstü Hanım |
| | — | Abdulmejid II | 19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924 | Abdulaziz Hayranidil Kadın; |
· Other caliphates › Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)
Hasan ibn Ali(حسن بن علي)Ahl al-BaytAl-Mujtaba
Hasan ibn Ali(حسن بن علي)Ahl al-BaytAl-Mujtaba
Calligraphic/Coin
Name (and titles)
Hasan ibn Ali(حسن بن علي)Ahl al-BaytAl-Mujtaba
Birth
624
Reigned from
661 (six or seven months)
Reigned until
670
Death
Grandson of Muhammad
Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib
Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph)
'Ali ibn Abi-Talib, fourth Rashidun Caliph and first Imam of Shia Islam
Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad and his first wife Khadijah
Parents
Banu Hashim
| Calligraphic/Coin | Name (and titles) | Birth | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph) | Parents | House |
| | Hasan ibn Ali(حسن بن علي)Ahl al-BaytAl-Mujtaba | 624 | 661 (six or seven months) | 670 | Grandson of Muhammad Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib | 'Ali ibn Abi-Talib, fourth Rashidun Caliph and first Imam of Shia Islam Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad and his first wife Khadijah | Banu Hashim | |
· Other caliphates › Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr(عبد الله ابن الزبير)
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr(عبد الله ابن الزبير)
Coin
Name (and titles)
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr(عبد الله ابن الزبير)
Birth
May, 624
Reigned from
November 683
Reigned until
November 692
Death
November 692
Parents
Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
Asmā' bint Abi Bakr,
House
Banu Asad
| Coin | Name (and titles) | Birth | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Parents | House |
| | Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr(عبد الله ابن الزبير) | May, 624 | November 683 | November 692 | November 692 | Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Asmā' bint Abi Bakr, | Banu Asad |
· Other caliphates › Talib al-Haqq (747–748)
Talib al-Haqq(طالب الحق)
Talib al-Haqq(طالب الحق)
Name (and titles)
Talib al-Haqq(طالب الحق)
Birth
709
Reigned from
745
Reigned until
748
Death
749
| Calligraphic/Coin | Name (and titles) | Birth | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Parents | House |
| Talib al-Haqq(طالب الحق) | 709 | 745 | 748 | 749 |
· Other caliphates › Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
Abd-ar-Rahman III
Abd-ar-Rahman III
Name
Abd-ar-Rahman III
Reign
929–961
Parents
Muhammad ibn Abdullah son of the Emir of Córdoba Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi
Muzna
Al-Hakam II
Al-Hakam II
Name
Al-Hakam II
Reign
961–976
Parents
Abd-ar-Rahman III
Murjan
Hisham II al-Hakam
Hisham II al-Hakam
Name
Hisham II al-Hakam
Reign
976–1009
Parents
Al-Hakam II
Subh
Muhammad II
Muhammad II
Name
Muhammad II
Reign
1009
Parents
Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
Muzna
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Name
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Reign
1009–1010
Parents
Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
Thabiya
Hisham II al-Hakam
Hisham II al-Hakam
Name
Hisham II al-Hakam
Reign
1010–1013
Parents
Al-Hakam II
Subh
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Name
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Reign
1013–1016
Parents
Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
Thabiya
Abd ar-Rahman IV
Abd ar-Rahman IV
Name
Abd ar-Rahman IV
Reign
1021–1022
Parents
Mohammed, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
Abd ar-Rahman V
Abd ar-Rahman V
Name
Abd ar-Rahman V
Reign
1022–1023
Parents
Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
Ghala
Muhammad III
Muhammad III
Name
Muhammad III
Reign
1023–1024
Parents
Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
Hawra
Hisham III
Hisham III
Name
Hisham III
Reign
1027–1031
Parents
Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Malik bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
'Ateb
| Name | Reign | Parents |
| Abd-ar-Rahman III | 929–961 | Muhammad ibn Abdullah son of the Emir of Córdoba Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi Muzna |
| Al-Hakam II | 961–976 | Abd-ar-Rahman III Murjan |
| Hisham II al-Hakam | 976–1009 | Al-Hakam II Subh |
| Muhammad II | 1009 | Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Muzna |
| Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1009–1010 | Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Thabiya |
| Hisham II al-Hakam | 1010–1013 | Al-Hakam II Subh |
| Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1013–1016 | Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Thabiya |
| Abd ar-Rahman IV | 1021–1022 | Mohammed, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III |
| Abd ar-Rahman V | 1022–1023 | Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Ghala |
| Muhammad III | 1023–1024 | Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Hawra |
| Hisham III | 1027–1031 | Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Malik bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III 'Ateb |
· Other caliphates › Hafsid Caliphate (1249–1574)
Muhammad I al-Mustansir
Muhammad I al-Mustansir
Coin
Name
Muhammad I al-Mustansir
Born
c. 1228
Reigned from
c. 1249
Reigned until
c. 1277
Died
Abu Zakariya Yahya
Yahya II al-Wathiq
Yahya II al-Wathiq
Name
Yahya II al-Wathiq
Reigned from
c. 1277
Reigned until
1279
Died
Muhammad I al-Mustansir
Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya
Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya
Name
Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya
Reigned from
1284
Reigned until
1295
Died
Abu Zakariya Yahya
Zabya
Abu Asida Muhammad II
Abu Asida Muhammad II
Name
Abu Asida Muhammad II
Born
1279
Reigned from
1295
Reigned until
1309
Died
Yahya II al-Wathiq (posthumous)
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid
Name
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid
Reigned from
1309
Reigned until
Abu Zakariya Yahya
Zabya
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid
Name
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid
Reigned from
1309
Reigned until
1309
Died
Abu Zakariya Yahya
Zabya
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr
Name
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr
Reigned from
1309
Reigned until
1311
Died
Abu Zakariyya Yahya III, grandson of Abu Zakariya Yahya
Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani
Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani
Name
Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani
Born
1253
Reigned from
1311
Reigned until
1317
Died
1326
Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir
Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir
Name
Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir
Reigned from
1317
Reigned until
1318
Died
1323
Parents
Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Name
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Reigned from
1318
Reigned until
1346
Died
Abu Zakariyya Yahya III, grandson of Abu Zakariya Yahya
Abu Hafs Umar II
Abu Hafs Umar II
Name
Abu Hafs Umar II
Reigned from
1346
Reigned until
1347
Died
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil
Name
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil
Reigned from
1350
Reigned until
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II
Name
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II
Born
1336
Reigned from
1350
Reigned until
1369
Died
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II
Name
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II
Born
c. 1358
Reigned from
1369
Reigned until
1371
Died
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II
Name
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II
Born
1329
Reigned from
1370
Reigned until
1394
Died
Abu Abdullah Muhammad, son of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
Name
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
Born
1361
Reigned from
1394
Reigned until
1434
Died
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II
Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir
Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir
Name
Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir
Reigned from
1434
Reigned until
1435
Died
Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mansour, son of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
Coin
Name
Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
Born
1419
Reigned from
1435
Reigned until
1488
Died
Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mansour, son of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II
Abu-Zakariya Yahya II
Abu-Zakariya Yahya II
Name
Abu-Zakariya Yahya II
Reigned from
1488
Reigned until
1489
Died
Mas'ud, son of Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim
Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim
Name
Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim
Reigned from
1489
Reigned until
1490
Died
Abu Salim Ibrahim, son of Abu 'Amr 'Uthman
Abu Yahya Zakariya
Abu Yahya Zakariya
Name
Abu Yahya Zakariya
Born
1472
Reigned from
1490
Reigned until
1494
Died
son of Abu-Zakariya Yahya II
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil
Name
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil
Reigned from
1494
Reigned until
1526
Died
Abu Muhammad Hasan, son of Mas'ud
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan
Coin
Name
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan
Reigned from
1526
Reigned until
1543
Died
1549
Parents
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III
Coin
Name
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III
Born
1500
Reigned from
1543
Reigned until
1569
Died
1575
Parents
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan
Name
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan
Reigned from
1573
Reigned until
1574
Died
1594
Parents
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan
| Coin | Name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Parents |
| | Muhammad I al-Mustansir | c. 1228 | c. 1249 | c. 1277 | Abu Zakariya Yahya | |
| Yahya II al-Wathiq | c. 1277 | 1279 | Muhammad I al-Mustansir | |||
| Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya | 1284 | 1295 | Abu Zakariya Yahya Zabya | |||
| Abu Asida Muhammad II | 1279 | 1295 | 1309 | Yahya II al-Wathiq (posthumous) | ||
| Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid | 1309 | Abu Zakariya Yahya Zabya | ||||
| Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid | 1309 | 1309 | Abu Zakariya Yahya Zabya | |||
| Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr | 1309 | 1311 | Abu Zakariyya Yahya III, grandson of Abu Zakariya Yahya | |||
| Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani | 1253 | 1311 | 1317 | 1326 | ||
| Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir | 1317 | 1318 | 1323 | Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani | ||
| Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II | 1318 | 1346 | Abu Zakariyya Yahya III, grandson of Abu Zakariya Yahya | |||
| Abu Hafs Umar II | 1346 | 1347 | Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II | |||
| Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil | 1350 | Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II | ||||
| Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II | 1336 | 1350 | 1369 | Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II | ||
| Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II | c. 1358 | 1369 | 1371 | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II | ||
| Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II | 1329 | 1370 | 1394 | Abu Abdullah Muhammad, son of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II | ||
| Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II | 1361 | 1394 | 1434 | Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II | ||
| Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir | 1434 | 1435 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mansour, son of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II | |||
| | Abu 'Amr 'Uthman | 1419 | 1435 | 1488 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mansour, son of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II | |
| Abu-Zakariya Yahya II | 1488 | 1489 | Mas'ud, son of Abu 'Amr 'Uthman | |||
| Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim | 1489 | 1490 | Abu Salim Ibrahim, son of Abu 'Amr 'Uthman | |||
| Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1472 | 1490 | 1494 | son of Abu-Zakariya Yahya II | ||
| Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil | 1494 | 1526 | Abu Muhammad Hasan, son of Mas'ud | |||
| | Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan | 1526 | 1543 | 1549 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil | |
| | Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III | 1500 | 1543 | 1569 | 1575 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan |
| Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan | 1573 | 1574 | 1594 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan | ||
· Other caliphates › Islamic State (2014–present)
2
2019
2019–2022
2
No. → 1
2
Caliph → Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Date of birth → 28 July 1971
1/5 October 1976
Reigned from → 29 June 2014
31 October 2019
Reigned until → 27 October 2019
3 February 2022
3
2022
2022–2022
3
No. → 1
3
Caliph → Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Date of birth → 28 July 1971
Unknown
Reigned from → 29 June 2014
10 March 2022
Reigned until → 27 October 2019
15 October 2022
4
2022
2022–2023
4
No. → 1
4
Caliph → Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi
Date of birth → 28 July 1971
Unknown
Reigned from → 29 June 2014
30 November 2022
Reigned until → 27 October 2019
29 April 2023
5
5
No. → 1
5
Caliph → Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Date of birth → 28 July 1971
Unknown
Reigned from → 29 June 2014
3 August 2023
Reigned until → 27 October 2019
Present
| No. | Image | Caliph | Date of birth | Reigned from | Reigned until |
| 1 | | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | 28 July 1971 | 29 June 2014 | 27 October 2019 |
| 2 | | Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | 1/5 October 1976 | 31 October 2019 | 3 February 2022 |
| 3 | أبي الحسن الهاشمي القرشي | Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | Unknown | 10 March 2022 | 15 October 2022 |
| 4 | | Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi | Unknown | 30 November 2022 | 29 April 2023 |
| 5 | | Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | Unknown | 3 August 2023 | Present |
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- Bosworth 2004, p. 118https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA118
- Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Landhttps://books.google.com/books?id=tdb6F1qVDhkC&pg=PA397
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html
- "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State""https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html
- Reutershttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313
- Power rankings April 2015http://jihadology.net/2015/04/19/aq-is-power-rankings-april-2015/
- "A Jihadi Civil War of Words: The Ghuraba' Media Foundation and Minbar al-Tawhid wa'l-Jihad"https://www.jihadica.com/a-jihadi-civil-war/
- FULL EVENT: President Donald Trump MASSIVE Rally in Elkhart, Indiana – May 10, 2018https://web.archive.org/web/20180510231652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab3wW2sJVKw&gl=US&hl=en
- Office of the 33rd Lead Inspector General of the United States Department of Defense (May 2023) "OPERATION INHERENT RESOhttps://media.defense.gov/2023/May/02/2003213005/-1/-1/1/LEAD%20INSPECTOR%20GENERAL%20FOR%20OIR.PDF
- "After Shekau: Confronting Jihadists in Nigeria's North East"https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/after-shekau-confronting-jihadists-nigerias-north-east
- "5 ISIS Enclaves Remain in Central, Eastern Syria"https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2876741/5-isis-enclaves-remain-central-eastern-syria
- "IS's concern continues to be maintaining control in places like the Muqdadiya and Khanaqin districts, Hawija, and Tarmihttps://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2023/02/violence-drops-in-iraq-in-january-2023.html