List of assassinated American politicians
Updated: 5/20/2026, 8:04:09 PM Wikipedia source
Assassinations carried out against American politicians occurred as early as the 19th century, the earliest of which is believed to have been carried out against David Ramsay in 1815. Since then, several American politicians have been assassinated while being elected or appointed to office, or were candidates for public office. Out of these, four were president of the United States, the earliest of which being Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and the most recent being John F. Kennedy in 1963.
Tables
· Federal offices › Presidents of the United States
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
Politician
Abraham Lincoln
Party
Republican
Year
April 14, 1865 (incident)
April 15, 1865 (death)
Location
Ford's Theatre, Washington, D .
Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
Motive
Revenge for the defeat of the Confederate States of America
Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was attending a play at Ford's Theatre five days after the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee in the American Civil War. Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate sympathizer, was allowed into the president's box where he waited at the back until the audience laughed, hoping it wo
Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was attending a play at Ford's Theatre five days after the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee in the American Civil War. Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate sympathizer, was allowed into the president's box where he waited at the back until the audience laughed, hoping it wo
Politician
Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was attending a play at Ford's Theatre five days after the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee in the American Civil War. Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate sympathizer, was allowed into the president's box where he waited at the back until the audience laughed, hoping it wo
James A. Garfield
James A. Garfield
Politician
James A. Garfield
Party
Republican
Year
July 2, 1881 (incident)
September 19, 1881 (death)
Location
Washington, D .
Assassin
Charles J. Guiteau
Motive
Retribution for perceived failure to reward campaign support
Main article: Assassination of James A. Garfield
Garfield arrived at a railroad station on a visit to his ill wife Lucretia Garfield. Guiteau approached Garfield from behind and shot him two times with a pistol. Several doctors arrived to treat the wound, but their actions worsened and contaminated it. Garfield was brought to the White House to rec
Main article: Assassination of James A. Garfield
Garfield arrived at a railroad station on a visit to his ill wife Lucretia Garfield. Guiteau approached Garfield from behind and shot him two times with a pistol. Several doctors arrived to treat the wound, but their actions worsened and contaminated it. Garfield was brought to the White House to rec
Politician
Main article: Assassination of James A. Garfield
Garfield arrived at a railroad station on a visit to his ill wife Lucretia Garfield. Guiteau approached Garfield from behind and shot him two times with a pistol. Several doctors arrived to treat the wound, but their actions worsened and contaminated it. Garfield was brought to the White House to rec
William McKinley
William McKinley
Politician
William McKinley
Party
Republican
Year
September 6, 1901 (incident)
September 14, 1901 (death)
Location
Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York
Assassin
Leon Czolgosz
Motive
To advance anarchism
Main article: Assassination of William McKinley
McKinley was shaking hands with visitors at the Pan-American Exposition when he was approached by Czolgosz. Czolgosz's hand was bandaged, under which he concealed a revolver. He shot McKinley twice before he was apprehended by guards and members of the crowd. McKinley was brought into surgery at the e
Main article: Assassination of William McKinley
McKinley was shaking hands with visitors at the Pan-American Exposition when he was approached by Czolgosz. Czolgosz's hand was bandaged, under which he concealed a revolver. He shot McKinley twice before he was apprehended by guards and members of the crowd. McKinley was brought into surgery at the e
Politician
Main article: Assassination of William McKinley
McKinley was shaking hands with visitors at the Pan-American Exposition when he was approached by Czolgosz. Czolgosz's hand was bandaged, under which he concealed a revolver. He shot McKinley twice before he was apprehended by guards and members of the crowd. McKinley was brought into surgery at the e
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
Politician
John F. Kennedy
Party
Democratic
Year
November 22, 1963
Location
Dallas, Texas
Assassin
Lee Harvey Oswald
Motive
Unknown
Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Kennedy was riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when Oswald set up a sniper's nest on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. Kennedy was in an open convertible, and Oswald fired at Kennedy three times with a rifle. The third shot struck Kennedy's skull, releasing brain matter from his
Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Kennedy was riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when Oswald set up a sniper's nest on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. Kennedy was in an open convertible, and Oswald fired at Kennedy three times with a rifle. The third shot struck Kennedy's skull, releasing brain matter from his
Politician
Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Kennedy was riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when Oswald set up a sniper's nest on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. Kennedy was in an open convertible, and Oswald fired at Kennedy three times with a rifle. The third shot struck Kennedy's skull, releasing brain matter from his
| Politician | Portrait | Party | Year | Location | Assassin | Motive | Ref |
| Abraham Lincoln | | Republican | April 14, 1865 (incident) April 15, 1865 (death) | Ford's Theatre, Washington, D . | John Wilkes Booth | Revenge for the defeat of the Confederate States of America | |
| Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Lincoln was attending a play at Ford's Theatre five days after the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee in the American Civil War. Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate sympathizer, was allowed into the president's box where he waited at the back until the audience laughed, hoping it wo | |||||||
| James A. Garfield | | Republican | July 2, 1881 (incident) September 19, 1881 (death) | Washington, D . | Charles J. Guiteau | Retribution for perceived failure to reward campaign support | |
| Main article: Assassination of James A. Garfield Garfield arrived at a railroad station on a visit to his ill wife Lucretia Garfield. Guiteau approached Garfield from behind and shot him two times with a pistol. Several doctors arrived to treat the wound, but their actions worsened and contaminated it. Garfield was brought to the White House to rec | |||||||
| William McKinley | | Republican | September 6, 1901 (incident) September 14, 1901 (death) | Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York | Leon Czolgosz | To advance anarchism | |
| Main article: Assassination of William McKinley McKinley was shaking hands with visitors at the Pan-American Exposition when he was approached by Czolgosz. Czolgosz's hand was bandaged, under which he concealed a revolver. He shot McKinley twice before he was apprehended by guards and members of the crowd. McKinley was brought into surgery at the e | |||||||
| John F. Kennedy | | Democratic | November 22, 1963 | Dallas, Texas | Lee Harvey Oswald | Unknown | |
| Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy Kennedy was riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when Oswald set up a sniper's nest on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. Kennedy was in an open convertible, and Oswald fired at Kennedy three times with a rifle. The third shot struck Kennedy's skull, releasing brain matter from his | |||||||
· Federal offices › Members of the United States Congress
Robert Potter
Robert Potter
Politician
Robert Potter
Party
Democratic
Date
March 2, 1842
Office
Former U . representative from North Carolina's 6th district
Location
Harrison County, Republic of Texas
Assassin
William Pinckney Rose and a group of Regulators
Motive
Potter's role as a Moderator
Main article: Regulator–Moderator War
Potter participated in the Regulator–Moderator War as a leader of the Harrison County Moderators. Potter's home was surrounded by a group of Regulators led by William Pinckney Rose, causing him to flee and dive into a nearby lake. The Regulators shot and killed him after he jumped in.
Main article: Regulator–Moderator War
Potter participated in the Regulator–Moderator War as a leader of the Harrison County Moderators. Potter's home was surrounded by a group of Regulators led by William Pinckney Rose, causing him to flee and dive into a nearby lake. The Regulators shot and killed him after he jumped in.
Politician
Main article: Regulator–Moderator War
Potter participated in the Regulator–Moderator War as a leader of the Harrison County Moderators. Potter's home was surrounded by a group of Regulators led by William Pinckney Rose, causing him to flee and dive into a nearby lake. The Regulators shot and killed him after he jumped in.
Josiah M. Anderson
Josiah M. Anderson
Politician
Josiah M. Anderson
Party
Whig
Date
November 8, 1861
Office
Former U . representative from Tennessee's 3rd district
Location
Bledsoe County, Tennessee
Assassin
Unknown Unionists
Motive
Having made a secession speech
Delegate to the 1861 peace convention in Washington, D . Stabbed to death after giving a speech in favor of secession.
Delegate to the 1861 peace convention in Washington, D . Stabbed to death after giving a speech in favor of secession.
Politician
Delegate to the 1861 peace convention in Washington, D . Stabbed to death after giving a speech in favor of secession.
Thomas C. Hindman
Thomas C. Hindman
Politician
Thomas C. Hindman
Party
Democratic
Date
27 September 1868 (incident)
28 September 1868 (death)
Office
Former U . representative from Arkansas's 1st district
Location
Helena, Arkansas
Assassin
Unknown assailants
Motive
Disputed motive
Hindman was in his sitting room with his family when a man shot him with a musket through the open window. The Republican Party was accused of assassinating him, but its members suggested non-political motives for the killing.
Hindman was in his sitting room with his family when a man shot him with a musket through the open window. The Republican Party was accused of assassinating him, but its members suggested non-political motives for the killing.
Politician
Hindman was in his sitting room with his family when a man shot him with a musket through the open window. The Republican Party was accused of assassinating him, but its members suggested non-political motives for the killing.
James M. Hinds
James M. Hinds
Politician
James M. Hinds
Party
Republican
Date
October 22, 1868
Office
U . representative from Arkansas's 2nd district
Location
Monroe County, Arkansas
Assassin
George W. Clark
Motive
Hinds' support for Reconstruction policies
Hinds was shot alongside Reverend James Brooks while they were campaigning for Ulysses S. Grant in the heavily-Democratic Monroe County. Clark caught up to the men on horseback shortly after giving them directions, shooting both men with a shotgun before fleeing. Brooks rode to town for help with minor injuries while Hinds laid mortally wounded. Hi
Hinds was shot alongside Reverend James Brooks while they were campaigning for Ulysses S. Grant in the heavily-Democratic Monroe County. Clark caught up to the men on horseback shortly after giving them directions, shooting both men with a shotgun before fleeing. Brooks rode to town for help with minor injuries while Hinds laid mortally wounded. Hi
Politician
Hinds was shot alongside Reverend James Brooks while they were campaigning for Ulysses S. Grant in the heavily-Democratic Monroe County. Clark caught up to the men on horseback shortly after giving them directions, shooting both men with a shotgun before fleeing. Brooks rode to town for help with minor injuries while Hinds laid mortally wounded. Hi
Thomas Haughey
Thomas Haughey
Politician
Thomas Haughey
Party
Republican
Date
July 31, 1869 (incident)
August 5, 1869 (death)
Office
Former U . representative from Alabama's 6th district
Location
Courtland, Alabama
Assassin
Collins (first name unknown)
Motive
Assassin supported Haughey's opponent
Haughey was campaigning for reelection at a courthouse. He got in an argument and then a fistfight with Collins, a supporter of his opponent, who then shot Haughey with a revolver. Haughey died five days later. Collins was broken out of jail and never found.
Haughey was campaigning for reelection at a courthouse. He got in an argument and then a fistfight with Collins, a supporter of his opponent, who then shot Haughey with a revolver. Haughey died five days later. Collins was broken out of jail and never found.
Politician
Haughey was campaigning for reelection at a courthouse. He got in an argument and then a fistfight with Collins, a supporter of his opponent, who then shot Haughey with a revolver. Haughey died five days later. Collins was broken out of jail and never found.
José Francisco Chaves
José Francisco Chaves
Politician
José Francisco Chaves
Party
Republican
Date
November 26, 1904
Office
Former Congressional delegate from the New Mexico Territory's at-large district
Location
Pinos Wells, New Mexico
Assassin
Unknown assailant
Motive
Unknown motive
Chaves was dining at a friend's home when a man shot at him through a window.
Chaves was dining at a friend's home when a man shot at him through a window.
Politician
Chaves was dining at a friend's home when a man shot at him through a window.
John M. Pinckney
John M. Pinckney
Politician
John M. Pinckney
Party
Democratic
Date
April 24, 1905
Office
U . representative from Texas's 8th district
Location
Hempstead, Texas
Assassin
J. N. Brown
Motive
Pinckney's support for Prohibitionism
Pinckney was speaking during a Prohibition League event when a protestor, J. N. Brown, fired his pistol at the prohibitionists. A 30-second gunfight broke out between the groups. Pinckney died trying to stop the fight and his brother died trying to pull him back. Brown and Prohibition League leader John Mills were also killed. Brown's son was also
Pinckney was speaking during a Prohibition League event when a protestor, J. N. Brown, fired his pistol at the prohibitionists. A 30-second gunfight broke out between the groups. Pinckney died trying to stop the fight and his brother died trying to pull him back. Brown and Prohibition League leader John Mills were also killed. Brown's son was also
Politician
Pinckney was speaking during a Prohibition League event when a protestor, J. N. Brown, fired his pistol at the prohibitionists. A 30-second gunfight broke out between the groups. Pinckney died trying to stop the fight and his brother died trying to pull him back. Brown and Prohibition League leader John Mills were also killed. Brown's son was also
Huey Long
Huey Long
Politician
Huey Long
Party
Democratic
Date
September 9, 1935 (incident)
September 10, 1935 (death)
Office
U . senator from Louisiana;
Former Governor of Louisiana
Location
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Assassin
Carl Weiss
Motive
Disputed motive
Main article: Assassination of Huey Long
Long was an influential but polarizing figure in American politics, and previous assassination attempts caused him to hire bodyguards. While at the Louisiana State Capitol to give his thoughts on state legislation, Weiss approached him and shot him with a revolver. Bodyguards tackled Weiss and then returned
Main article: Assassination of Huey Long
Long was an influential but polarizing figure in American politics, and previous assassination attempts caused him to hire bodyguards. While at the Louisiana State Capitol to give his thoughts on state legislation, Weiss approached him and shot him with a revolver. Bodyguards tackled Weiss and then returned
Politician
Main article: Assassination of Huey Long
Long was an influential but polarizing figure in American politics, and previous assassination attempts caused him to hire bodyguards. While at the Louisiana State Capitol to give his thoughts on state legislation, Weiss approached him and shot him with a revolver. Bodyguards tackled Weiss and then returned
Robert F. Kennedy
Robert F. Kennedy
Politician
Robert F. Kennedy
Party
Democratic
Date
June 5, 1968 (incident)
June 6, 1968 (death)
Office
U . senator from New York;
Presidential candidate;
Former attorney general
Location
Los Angeles, California
Assassin
Sirhan Sirhan
Motive
Revenge for Kennedy's support for Israel during the Six-Day War
Main article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Kennedy was staying at the Ambassador Hotel while campaigning for president. While cutting through the kitchen to reach his room after a speech, Sirhan Sirhan fired eight shots from a pistol, hitting Kennedy in the head. Kennedy was taken to Good Samaritan Hospital where he died 26 hours later. Congr
Main article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Kennedy was staying at the Ambassador Hotel while campaigning for president. While cutting through the kitchen to reach his room after a speech, Sirhan Sirhan fired eight shots from a pistol, hitting Kennedy in the head. Kennedy was taken to Good Samaritan Hospital where he died 26 hours later. Congr
Politician
Main article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Kennedy was staying at the Ambassador Hotel while campaigning for president. While cutting through the kitchen to reach his room after a speech, Sirhan Sirhan fired eight shots from a pistol, hitting Kennedy in the head. Kennedy was taken to Good Samaritan Hospital where he died 26 hours later. Congr
Leo Ryan
Leo Ryan
Politician
Leo Ryan
Party
Democratic
Date
November 18, 1978
Office
U . representative from California's 11th district
Location
Port Kaituma, Guyana
Assassin
Members of the People's Temple
Motive
Ryan's investigation of Jonestown
Ryan went to Guyana to investigate allegations of abuse in the Jonestown settlement of the Peoples Temple movement, and he examined the facility. He learned that several members wanted to leave and brought them to the airport as he left. Members of the Peoples Temple ambushed his delegation before he boarded, killing Ryan and four others. Peoples T
Ryan went to Guyana to investigate allegations of abuse in the Jonestown settlement of the Peoples Temple movement, and he examined the facility. He learned that several members wanted to leave and brought them to the airport as he left. Members of the Peoples Temple ambushed his delegation before he boarded, killing Ryan and four others. Peoples T
Politician
Ryan went to Guyana to investigate allegations of abuse in the Jonestown settlement of the Peoples Temple movement, and he examined the facility. He learned that several members wanted to leave and brought them to the airport as he left. Members of the Peoples Temple ambushed his delegation before he boarded, killing Ryan and four others. Peoples T
Allard K. Lowenstein
Allard K. Lowenstein
Politician
Allard K. Lowenstein
Party
Democratic
Date
March 14, 1980
Office
Former U . representative from New York's 5th district
Location
New York City, New York
Assassin
Dennis Sweeney
Motive
Schizophrenia-induced belief that Lowenstein was the leader of an international Jewish conspiracy
Sweeney was a student and political ally of Lowenstein. Believing that Lowenstein led a conspiracy targeting him, Sweeney entered Lowenstein's office and shot him with a pistol. Sweeney then waited in the office for the police to arrest him. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
Sweeney was a student and political ally of Lowenstein. Believing that Lowenstein led a conspiracy targeting him, Sweeney entered Lowenstein's office and shot him with a pistol. Sweeney then waited in the office for the police to arrest him. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
Politician
Sweeney was a student and political ally of Lowenstein. Believing that Lowenstein led a conspiracy targeting him, Sweeney entered Lowenstein's office and shot him with a pistol. Sweeney then waited in the office for the police to arrest him. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
| Politician | Portrait | Party | Date | Office | Location | Assassin | Motive | Ref |
| Robert Potter | | Democratic | March 2, 1842 | Former U . representative from North Carolina's 6th district | Harrison County, Republic of Texas | William Pinckney Rose and a group of Regulators | Potter's role as a Moderator | |
| Main article: Regulator–Moderator War Potter participated in the Regulator–Moderator War as a leader of the Harrison County Moderators. Potter's home was surrounded by a group of Regulators led by William Pinckney Rose, causing him to flee and dive into a nearby lake. The Regulators shot and killed him after he jumped in. | ||||||||
| Josiah M. Anderson | Whig | November 8, 1861 | Former U . representative from Tennessee's 3rd district | Bledsoe County, Tennessee | Unknown Unionists | Having made a secession speech | ||
| Delegate to the 1861 peace convention in Washington, D . Stabbed to death after giving a speech in favor of secession. | ||||||||
| Thomas C. Hindman | | Democratic | 27 September 1868 (incident) 28 September 1868 (death) | Former U . representative from Arkansas's 1st district | Helena, Arkansas | Unknown assailants | Disputed motive | |
| Hindman was in his sitting room with his family when a man shot him with a musket through the open window. The Republican Party was accused of assassinating him, but its members suggested non-political motives for the killing. | ||||||||
| James M. Hinds | | Republican | October 22, 1868 | U . representative from Arkansas's 2nd district | Monroe County, Arkansas | George W. Clark | Hinds' support for Reconstruction policies | |
| Hinds was shot alongside Reverend James Brooks while they were campaigning for Ulysses S. Grant in the heavily-Democratic Monroe County. Clark caught up to the men on horseback shortly after giving them directions, shooting both men with a shotgun before fleeing. Brooks rode to town for help with minor injuries while Hinds laid mortally wounded. Hi | ||||||||
| Thomas Haughey | | Republican | July 31, 1869 (incident) August 5, 1869 (death) | Former U . representative from Alabama's 6th district | Courtland, Alabama | Collins (first name unknown) | Assassin supported Haughey's opponent | |
| Haughey was campaigning for reelection at a courthouse. He got in an argument and then a fistfight with Collins, a supporter of his opponent, who then shot Haughey with a revolver. Haughey died five days later. Collins was broken out of jail and never found. | ||||||||
| José Francisco Chaves | | Republican | November 26, 1904 | Former Congressional delegate from the New Mexico Territory's at-large district | Pinos Wells, New Mexico | Unknown assailant | Unknown motive | |
| Chaves was dining at a friend's home when a man shot at him through a window. | ||||||||
| John M. Pinckney | | Democratic | April 24, 1905 | U . representative from Texas's 8th district | Hempstead, Texas | J. N. Brown | Pinckney's support for Prohibitionism | |
| Pinckney was speaking during a Prohibition League event when a protestor, J. N. Brown, fired his pistol at the prohibitionists. A 30-second gunfight broke out between the groups. Pinckney died trying to stop the fight and his brother died trying to pull him back. Brown and Prohibition League leader John Mills were also killed. Brown's son was also | ||||||||
| Huey Long | | Democratic | September 9, 1935 (incident) September 10, 1935 (death) | U . senator from Louisiana; Former Governor of Louisiana | Baton Rouge, Louisiana | Carl Weiss | Disputed motive | |
| Main article: Assassination of Huey Long Long was an influential but polarizing figure in American politics, and previous assassination attempts caused him to hire bodyguards. While at the Louisiana State Capitol to give his thoughts on state legislation, Weiss approached him and shot him with a revolver. Bodyguards tackled Weiss and then returned | ||||||||
| Robert F. Kennedy | | Democratic | June 5, 1968 (incident) June 6, 1968 (death) | U . senator from New York; Presidential candidate; Former attorney general | Los Angeles, California | Sirhan Sirhan | Revenge for Kennedy's support for Israel during the Six-Day War | |
| Main article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Kennedy was staying at the Ambassador Hotel while campaigning for president. While cutting through the kitchen to reach his room after a speech, Sirhan Sirhan fired eight shots from a pistol, hitting Kennedy in the head. Kennedy was taken to Good Samaritan Hospital where he died 26 hours later. Congr | ||||||||
| Leo Ryan | | Democratic | November 18, 1978 | U . representative from California's 11th district | Port Kaituma, Guyana | Members of the People's Temple | Ryan's investigation of Jonestown | |
| Ryan went to Guyana to investigate allegations of abuse in the Jonestown settlement of the Peoples Temple movement, and he examined the facility. He learned that several members wanted to leave and brought them to the airport as he left. Members of the Peoples Temple ambushed his delegation before he boarded, killing Ryan and four others. Peoples T | ||||||||
| Allard K. Lowenstein | | Democratic | March 14, 1980 | Former U . representative from New York's 5th district | New York City, New York | Dennis Sweeney | Schizophrenia-induced belief that Lowenstein was the leader of an international Jewish conspiracy | |
| Sweeney was a student and political ally of Lowenstein. Believing that Lowenstein led a conspiracy targeting him, Sweeney entered Lowenstein's office and shot him with a pistol. Sweeney then waited in the office for the police to arrest him. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity. | ||||||||
· Federal offices › Federal judges
John H. Wood Jr.
John H. Wood Jr.
Politician
John H. Wood Jr.
Date
May 29, 1979
Office
Judge of the U . District Court, Western District of Texas
Location
San Antonio, Texas
Assassin
Charles Harrelson
Motive
Contract killing ordered by Jamiel Chagra as he was set to be tried by Wood
As a judge, Wood had a reputation for giving severe sentences in drug-related cases. Drug trafficker Jamiel Chagra was set to be tried by Wood, so he hired contract killer Charles Harrelson to kill the judge. On his way to the court, Wood was shot by Harrelson in the back with a rifle, killing him instantly. The Federal Bureau of Investigation laun
As a judge, Wood had a reputation for giving severe sentences in drug-related cases. Drug trafficker Jamiel Chagra was set to be tried by Wood, so he hired contract killer Charles Harrelson to kill the judge. On his way to the court, Wood was shot by Harrelson in the back with a rifle, killing him instantly. The Federal Bureau of Investigation laun
Politician
As a judge, Wood had a reputation for giving severe sentences in drug-related cases. Drug trafficker Jamiel Chagra was set to be tried by Wood, so he hired contract killer Charles Harrelson to kill the judge. On his way to the court, Wood was shot by Harrelson in the back with a rifle, killing him instantly. The Federal Bureau of Investigation laun
Richard J. Daronco
Richard J. Daronco
Politician
Richard J. Daronco
Date
May 21, 1988
Office
Judge of the U . District Court, Southern District of New York
Location
Pelham, New York
Assassin
Charles Koster
Motive
Assailant was the father of a plaintiff whose harassment suit was dismissed by Daronco
Daronco presided over a discrimination and sexual harassment case in 1988, in which Carolee Koster was suing Chase Bank and her boss Allan Ross after she was fired. Carolee and her father Charles dedicated years of their lives and most of their savings to the case. Charles had to be removed from the courtroom during the case because of his emotiona
Daronco presided over a discrimination and sexual harassment case in 1988, in which Carolee Koster was suing Chase Bank and her boss Allan Ross after she was fired. Carolee and her father Charles dedicated years of their lives and most of their savings to the case. Charles had to be removed from the courtroom during the case because of his emotiona
Politician
Daronco presided over a discrimination and sexual harassment case in 1988, in which Carolee Koster was suing Chase Bank and her boss Allan Ross after she was fired. Carolee and her father Charles dedicated years of their lives and most of their savings to the case. Charles had to be removed from the courtroom during the case because of his emotiona
Robert Smith Vance
Robert Smith Vance
Politician
Robert Smith Vance
Party
Democratic
Date
December 16, 1989
Office
Judge of the U . Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Location
Mountain Brook, Alabama
Assassin
Walter Moody
Motive
Killed after the court refused to expunge a previous conviction for explosives possession from the assailant's record
Vance was targeted by Moody because he was a member of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Moody had been convicted of possessing an explosive in 1972 and blamed the court for his failure to get the conviction overturned. Moody mailed a pipe bomb to Vance on December 14. Vance received it two days later and opened the package at his kitchen tabl
Vance was targeted by Moody because he was a member of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Moody had been convicted of possessing an explosive in 1972 and blamed the court for his failure to get the conviction overturned. Moody mailed a pipe bomb to Vance on December 14. Vance received it two days later and opened the package at his kitchen tabl
Politician
Vance was targeted by Moody because he was a member of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Moody had been convicted of possessing an explosive in 1972 and blamed the court for his failure to get the conviction overturned. Moody mailed a pipe bomb to Vance on December 14. Vance received it two days later and opened the package at his kitchen tabl
| Politician | Portrait | Party | Date | Office | Location | Assassin | Motive | Ref |
| John H. Wood Jr. | May 29, 1979 | Judge of the U . District Court, Western District of Texas | San Antonio, Texas | Charles Harrelson | Contract killing ordered by Jamiel Chagra as he was set to be tried by Wood | |||
| As a judge, Wood had a reputation for giving severe sentences in drug-related cases. Drug trafficker Jamiel Chagra was set to be tried by Wood, so he hired contract killer Charles Harrelson to kill the judge. On his way to the court, Wood was shot by Harrelson in the back with a rifle, killing him instantly. The Federal Bureau of Investigation laun | ||||||||
| Richard J. Daronco | May 21, 1988 | Judge of the U . District Court, Southern District of New York | Pelham, New York | Charles Koster | Assailant was the father of a plaintiff whose harassment suit was dismissed by Daronco | |||
| Daronco presided over a discrimination and sexual harassment case in 1988, in which Carolee Koster was suing Chase Bank and her boss Allan Ross after she was fired. Carolee and her father Charles dedicated years of their lives and most of their savings to the case. Charles had to be removed from the courtroom during the case because of his emotiona | ||||||||
| Robert Smith Vance | Democratic | December 16, 1989 | Judge of the U . Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit | Mountain Brook, Alabama | Walter Moody | Killed after the court refused to expunge a previous conviction for explosives possession from the assailant's record | ||
| Vance was targeted by Moody because he was a member of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Moody had been convicted of possessing an explosive in 1972 and blamed the court for his failure to get the conviction overturned. Moody mailed a pipe bomb to Vance on December 14. Vance received it two days later and opened the package at his kitchen tabl | ||||||||
· State offices › Governors
Charles Bent
Charles Bent
Politician
Charles Bent
Party
Independent
Date
January 19, 1847
Office
Governor of the New Mexico Territory
Location
Taos, New Mexico
Assassin
Tomás Romero; Pablo Montoya
Motive
Part of the Taos Revolt; opposition to American presence in New Mexico
Bent was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory, which was part of Mexico until it was occupied by the United States. Several Hispanic and Native American residents of Taos and the nearby settlement Taos Pueblo attacked Bent in his home. He refused to act in his own defense, believing the assailants to be his friends. They shot him with arr
Bent was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory, which was part of Mexico until it was occupied by the United States. Several Hispanic and Native American residents of Taos and the nearby settlement Taos Pueblo attacked Bent in his home. He refused to act in his own defense, believing the assailants to be his friends. They shot him with arr
Politician
Bent was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory, which was part of Mexico until it was occupied by the United States. Several Hispanic and Native American residents of Taos and the nearby settlement Taos Pueblo attacked Bent in his home. He refused to act in his own defense, believing the assailants to be his friends. They shot him with arr
Edwin Stanton McCook
Edwin Stanton McCook
Politician
Edwin Stanton McCook
Party
Republican
Date
September 11, 1873
Office
Acting governor of the Dakota Territory
Location
Yankton, Dakota Territory
Assassin
Peter Wintermute
Motive
Argument
McCook was the Secretary of the Dakota Territory and served as acting governor. In March 1873, he got into an argument with banker Peter Wintermute about the reappointment of Governor John A. Burbank. The men then encountered each other in September during a meeting about the Dakota Southern Railroad where they argued again. Wintermute insulted McC
McCook was the Secretary of the Dakota Territory and served as acting governor. In March 1873, he got into an argument with banker Peter Wintermute about the reappointment of Governor John A. Burbank. The men then encountered each other in September during a meeting about the Dakota Southern Railroad where they argued again. Wintermute insulted McC
Politician
McCook was the Secretary of the Dakota Territory and served as acting governor. In March 1873, he got into an argument with banker Peter Wintermute about the reappointment of Governor John A. Burbank. The men then encountered each other in September during a meeting about the Dakota Southern Railroad where they argued again. Wintermute insulted McC
William Goebel
William Goebel
Politician
William Goebel
Party
Democratic
Date
January 30, 1900 (incident)
February 3, 1900 (death)
Office
Governor of Kentucky
Location
Frankfort, Kentucky
Assassin
Unknown assailant
Motive
Unknown motive
Goebel lost the 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election but challenged it as fraudulent. He arrived at the Old State Capitol on January 30, 1900, to hear a committee's findings on election fraud. As Goebel approached the building, he was shot in the chest with a rifle. Goebel was brought back to his hotel. The committee determined that the election ha
Goebel lost the 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election but challenged it as fraudulent. He arrived at the Old State Capitol on January 30, 1900, to hear a committee's findings on election fraud. As Goebel approached the building, he was shot in the chest with a rifle. Goebel was brought back to his hotel. The committee determined that the election ha
Politician
Goebel lost the 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election but challenged it as fraudulent. He arrived at the Old State Capitol on January 30, 1900, to hear a committee's findings on election fraud. As Goebel approached the building, he was shot in the chest with a rifle. Goebel was brought back to his hotel. The committee determined that the election ha
Frank Steunenberg
Frank Steunenberg
Politician
Frank Steunenberg
Party
Democratic
Date
December 30, 1905
Office
Former Governor of Idaho
Location
Caldwell, Idaho
Assassin
Albert Horsley
Motive
Opposition to Steunenberg's labor policy
Steunenberg was killed by a bomb planted on his front gate by miner Albert Horsley on December 30, 1905. Steunenberg had been elected governor of Idaho in 1896 but became unpopular with the mining union and chose not to run for reelection in 1900. The bomb exploded when Steunenberg opened the gate, and he died shortly after. Horsley was arrested, h
Steunenberg was killed by a bomb planted on his front gate by miner Albert Horsley on December 30, 1905. Steunenberg had been elected governor of Idaho in 1896 but became unpopular with the mining union and chose not to run for reelection in 1900. The bomb exploded when Steunenberg opened the gate, and he died shortly after. Horsley was arrested, h
Politician
Steunenberg was killed by a bomb planted on his front gate by miner Albert Horsley on December 30, 1905. Steunenberg had been elected governor of Idaho in 1896 but became unpopular with the mining union and chose not to run for reelection in 1900. The bomb exploded when Steunenberg opened the gate, and he died shortly after. Horsley was arrested, h
| Politician | Portrait | Party | Date | Office | Location | Assassin | Motive | Ref |
| Charles Bent | | Independent | January 19, 1847 | Governor of the New Mexico Territory | Taos, New Mexico | Tomás Romero; Pablo Montoya | Part of the Taos Revolt; opposition to American presence in New Mexico | |
| Bent was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory, which was part of Mexico until it was occupied by the United States. Several Hispanic and Native American residents of Taos and the nearby settlement Taos Pueblo attacked Bent in his home. He refused to act in his own defense, believing the assailants to be his friends. They shot him with arr | ||||||||
| Edwin Stanton McCook | | Republican | September 11, 1873 | Acting governor of the Dakota Territory | Yankton, Dakota Territory | Peter Wintermute | Argument | |
| McCook was the Secretary of the Dakota Territory and served as acting governor. In March 1873, he got into an argument with banker Peter Wintermute about the reappointment of Governor John A. Burbank. The men then encountered each other in September during a meeting about the Dakota Southern Railroad where they argued again. Wintermute insulted McC | ||||||||
| William Goebel | | Democratic | January 30, 1900 (incident) February 3, 1900 (death) | Governor of Kentucky | Frankfort, Kentucky | Unknown assailant | Unknown motive | |
| Goebel lost the 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election but challenged it as fraudulent. He arrived at the Old State Capitol on January 30, 1900, to hear a committee's findings on election fraud. As Goebel approached the building, he was shot in the chest with a rifle. Goebel was brought back to his hotel. The committee determined that the election ha | ||||||||
| Frank Steunenberg | | Democratic | December 30, 1905 | Former Governor of Idaho | Caldwell, Idaho | Albert Horsley | Opposition to Steunenberg's labor policy | |
| Steunenberg was killed by a bomb planted on his front gate by miner Albert Horsley on December 30, 1905. Steunenberg had been elected governor of Idaho in 1896 but became unpopular with the mining union and chose not to run for reelection in 1900. The bomb exploded when Steunenberg opened the gate, and he died shortly after. Horsley was arrested, h | ||||||||
· State offices › State legislators
Some accounts allege Treulten's home was attacked by a group of men (possibly British) who set his home on fire after he refused to come outside. After fleeing his burning home with his family, Treulten was singled out and killed. Another theory is that Treulten was captured and killed by British forces in South Carolina amidst the ongoing American
Some accounts allege Treulten's home was attacked by a group of men (possibly British) who set his home on fire after he refused to come outside. After fleeing his burning home with his family, Treulten was singled out and killed. Another theory is that Treulten was captured and killed by British forces in South Carolina amidst the ongoing American
Politician
Some accounts allege Treulten's home was attacked by a group of men (possibly British) who set his home on fire after he refused to come outside. After fleeing his burning home with his family, Treulten was singled out and killed. Another theory is that Treulten was captured and killed by British forces in South Carolina amidst the ongoing American
David Ramsay
David Ramsay
Politician
David Ramsay
Year
May 6, 1815 (incident)
May 8, 1815 (death)
Office
Former president of the South Carolina Senate
Location
Charleston, South Carolina
Assassin
William Linnen
Suspected motive
Assailant retaliated after Ramsay deemed him insane
Ramsay had been asked to evaluate Linnen's mental state and determined him insane, sending him to prison. Linnen was eventually released and made threats against Ramsay, who did not take them seriously. On May 6, 1815, Linnen walked past Ramsay holding a handkerchief. He then turned around, drew a pistol from beneath it, and shot Ramsay three times
Ramsay had been asked to evaluate Linnen's mental state and determined him insane, sending him to prison. Linnen was eventually released and made threats against Ramsay, who did not take them seriously. On May 6, 1815, Linnen walked past Ramsay holding a handkerchief. He then turned around, drew a pistol from beneath it, and shot Ramsay three times
Politician
Ramsay had been asked to evaluate Linnen's mental state and determined him insane, sending him to prison. Linnen was eventually released and made threats against Ramsay, who did not take them seriously. On May 6, 1815, Linnen walked past Ramsay holding a handkerchief. He then turned around, drew a pistol from beneath it, and shot Ramsay three times
Strang was the leader of his own sect of Mormonism, proclaiming himself its king. Three men who opposed Strang, each for their own reasons, formed a plot to kill him. They were led by McCulloch, a former friend of Strang's. They allied with Captain Charles H. McBlair of USS Michigan, who docked at Beaver Island and summoned Strang to board the ship
Strang was the leader of his own sect of Mormonism, proclaiming himself its king. Three men who opposed Strang, each for their own reasons, formed a plot to kill him. They were led by McCulloch, a former friend of Strang's. They allied with Captain Charles H. McBlair of USS Michigan, who docked at Beaver Island and summoned Strang to board the ship
Politician
Strang was the leader of his own sect of Mormonism, proclaiming himself its king. Three men who opposed Strang, each for their own reasons, formed a plot to kill him. They were led by McCulloch, a former friend of Strang's. They allied with Captain Charles H. McBlair of USS Michigan, who docked at Beaver Island and summoned Strang to board the ship
Thomas Johnson
Thomas Johnson
Politician
Thomas Johnson
Year
January 2, 1865
Office
Former member of the Kansas Territorial Legislature
Location
Kansas City, Missouri
Assassin
Disputed
Suspected motive
Disputed
A group of men approached Johnson's home after midnight under the guise of asking for directions. The men tried to force their way into Johnson's home and in the process shot him in abdomen, killing him. Johnson had attempted to bring slavery to Kansas, but at the start of the American Civil War had moved to Missouri and declared his support for th
A group of men approached Johnson's home after midnight under the guise of asking for directions. The men tried to force their way into Johnson's home and in the process shot him in abdomen, killing him. Johnson had attempted to bring slavery to Kansas, but at the start of the American Civil War had moved to Missouri and declared his support for th
Politician
A group of men approached Johnson's home after midnight under the guise of asking for directions. The men tried to force their way into Johnson's home and in the process shot him in abdomen, killing him. Johnson had attempted to bring slavery to Kansas, but at the start of the American Civil War had moved to Missouri and declared his support for th
Almon Case
Almon Case
Politician
Almon Case
Party
Republican
Year
January 11, 1867
Office
Member of the Tennessee Senate
Location
Obion County, Tennessee
Assassin
Frank Farris
Suspected motive
Attacks on Republicans
Case was shot and killed outside his home by Farris due to Case's pro-Union stance. Case's son had been shot and killed a year earlier in an attempted assassination.
Case was shot and killed outside his home by Farris due to Case's pro-Union stance. Case's son had been shot and killed a year earlier in an attempted assassination.
Politician
Case was shot and killed outside his home by Farris due to Case's pro-Union stance. Case's son had been shot and killed a year earlier in an attempted assassination.
Dill was at home with his wife, Rebecca, and a freedman named Nestor Ellison who he had befriended. Assailants fired into the home, killing Dill and Ellison and wounding his wife.
Dill was at home with his wife, Rebecca, and a freedman named Nestor Ellison who he had befriended. Assailants fired into the home, killing Dill and Ellison and wounding his wife.
Politician
Dill was at home with his wife, Rebecca, and a freedman named Nestor Ellison who he had befriended. Assailants fired into the home, killing Dill and Ellison and wounding his wife.
Martin was returning home from the Abbeville Court House on a mule and a wagon full of whiskey and was accompanied by three black men. The group was overtaken by a group of armed men on horseback and they demanded that they surrender and hand over the whiskey in order to not be hurt. The group surrendered, but the men began to pursue Martin who beg
Martin was returning home from the Abbeville Court House on a mule and a wagon full of whiskey and was accompanied by three black men. The group was overtaken by a group of armed men on horseback and they demanded that they surrender and hand over the whiskey in order to not be hurt. The group surrendered, but the men began to pursue Martin who beg
Politician
Martin was returning home from the Abbeville Court House on a mule and a wagon full of whiskey and was accompanied by three black men. The group was overtaken by a group of armed men on horseback and they demanded that they surrender and hand over the whiskey in order to not be hurt. The group surrendered, but the men began to pursue Martin who beg
Benjamin F. Randolph
Benjamin F. Randolph
Politician
Benjamin F. Randolph
Party
Republican
Year
October 16, 1868
Office
Member of the South Carolina Senate
Location
Hodges, South Carolina
Assassin
Ku Klux Klan (alleged)
Suspected motive
Attacks on Republicans
Randolph was a black senator who was killed after arriving at Hodges Station by train. The Ku Klux Klan was allegedly responsible for the assassination.
Randolph was a black senator who was killed after arriving at Hodges Station by train. The Ku Klux Klan was allegedly responsible for the assassination.
Politician
Randolph was a black senator who was killed after arriving at Hodges Station by train. The Ku Klux Klan was allegedly responsible for the assassination.
Joseph Adkins
Joseph Adkins
Politician
Joseph Adkins
Party
Republican
Year
May 10, 1869
Office
Member of the Georgia State Senate
Location
Dearing, Georgia
Assassin
Ellis Adams (Ku Klux Klan)
Suspected motive
Attacks on Republicans
Adkins was a politician who supported civil rights for African Americans, becoming an enemy of the Klan shortly after they had murdered George Ashburn. Arrived at Dearing railroad depot on his return from Washington, D ., where he had been leader of a delegation to counter Klan violence and request military support. Adkins was intercepted by a mob
Adkins was a politician who supported civil rights for African Americans, becoming an enemy of the Klan shortly after they had murdered George Ashburn. Arrived at Dearing railroad depot on his return from Washington, D ., where he had been leader of a delegation to counter Klan violence and request military support. Adkins was intercepted by a mob
Politician
Adkins was a politician who supported civil rights for African Americans, becoming an enemy of the Klan shortly after they had murdered George Ashburn. Arrived at Dearing railroad depot on his return from Washington, D ., where he had been leader of a delegation to counter Klan violence and request military support. Adkins was intercepted by a mob
John W. Stephens
John W. Stephens
Politician
John W. Stephens
Party
Republican
Year
May 21, 1870
Office
Member of the North Carolina Senate
Location
Yanceyville, North Carolina
Assassin
Caswell County chapter of the Ku Klux Klan
Suspected motive
Attacks on Republicans
Stephens sat in on a Conservative meeting where he was received with hostility over his support for Reconstruction. He was allowed to sit, but he was accused of being a spy for the Republicans. Former county sheriff Frank Wiley spoke to Stephens, and the two went into the courthouse's basement where he was ambushed and killed by the Ku Klux Klan. A
Stephens sat in on a Conservative meeting where he was received with hostility over his support for Reconstruction. He was allowed to sit, but he was accused of being a spy for the Republicans. Former county sheriff Frank Wiley spoke to Stephens, and the two went into the courthouse's basement where he was ambushed and killed by the Ku Klux Klan. A
Politician
Stephens sat in on a Conservative meeting where he was received with hostility over his support for Reconstruction. He was allowed to sit, but he was accused of being a spy for the Republicans. Former county sheriff Frank Wiley spoke to Stephens, and the two went into the courthouse's basement where he was ambushed and killed by the Ku Klux Klan. A
Burke was shot and killed near his home by Ku Klux Klan members for his work attempting to organize meetings among African Americans.
Burke was shot and killed near his home by Ku Klux Klan members for his work attempting to organize meetings among African Americans.
Politician
Burke was shot and killed near his home by Ku Klux Klan members for his work attempting to organize meetings among African Americans.
Main article: Assassination of Wade Perrin
Perrin was captured by a group of Ku Klux Klan members while walking along the street. The men ordered Perrin to do a series of actions, such as dancing, singing, praying, and finally to run away. When Perrin began to run away he was shot and killed.
Main article: Assassination of Wade Perrin
Perrin was captured by a group of Ku Klux Klan members while walking along the street. The men ordered Perrin to do a series of actions, such as dancing, singing, praying, and finally to run away. When Perrin began to run away he was shot and killed.
Politician
Main article: Assassination of Wade Perrin
Perrin was captured by a group of Ku Klux Klan members while walking along the street. The men ordered Perrin to do a series of actions, such as dancing, singing, praying, and finally to run away. When Perrin began to run away he was shot and killed.
Dupree was killed sometime in 1873 by a group of white men. While not much is known about the circumstances, the men were believed to have been part of the Ku Klux Klan and had killed him due to Dupree's campaigning for Davis.
Dupree was killed sometime in 1873 by a group of white men. While not much is known about the circumstances, the men were believed to have been part of the Ku Klux Klan and had killed him due to Dupree's campaigning for Davis.
Politician
Dupree was killed sometime in 1873 by a group of white men. While not much is known about the circumstances, the men were believed to have been part of the Ku Klux Klan and had killed him due to Dupree's campaigning for Davis.
Elisha G. Johnson
Elisha G. Johnson
Politician
Elisha G. Johnson
Party
Republican
Year
July 21, 1875
Office
Member of the Florida Senate
Location
Lake City, Florida
Assassin
Unknown
Suspected motive
Unknown
Johnson was a member of the Florida Senate at a time when it was evenly split between Democrats and Republicans. While closing his store at night, he was shot and killed with a shotgun. This gave Democrats a majority in the legislature, but they denied involvement. It was one of many attacks against Republicans in Florida during this period.
Johnson was a member of the Florida Senate at a time when it was evenly split between Democrats and Republicans. While closing his store at night, he was shot and killed with a shotgun. This gave Democrats a majority in the legislature, but they denied involvement. It was one of many attacks against Republicans in Florida during this period.
Politician
Johnson was a member of the Florida Senate at a time when it was evenly split between Democrats and Republicans. While closing his store at night, he was shot and killed with a shotgun. This gave Democrats a majority in the legislature, but they denied involvement. It was one of many attacks against Republicans in Florida during this period.
Crews was ambushed by McGann while riding in a buggy across a creek and was struck by five shotgun pellets, one of which pierced his spine and paralyzed him. Crews would succumb to his injuries five days later. McGann alleged he had been hired by Republicans Cullen Lark and John Hamilton to kill Crews, but both were released due to a lack of eviden
Crews was ambushed by McGann while riding in a buggy across a creek and was struck by five shotgun pellets, one of which pierced his spine and paralyzed him. Crews would succumb to his injuries five days later. McGann alleged he had been hired by Republicans Cullen Lark and John Hamilton to kill Crews, but both were released due to a lack of eviden
Politician
Crews was ambushed by McGann while riding in a buggy across a creek and was struck by five shotgun pellets, one of which pierced his spine and paralyzed him. Crews would succumb to his injuries five days later. McGann alleged he had been hired by Republicans Cullen Lark and John Hamilton to kill Crews, but both were released due to a lack of eviden
Charles Caldwell
Charles Caldwell
Politician
Charles Caldwell
Party
Republican
Year
December 30, 1875
Office
Member of the Mississippi State Senate
Location
Clinton, Mississippi
Assassin
Several assailants
Suspected motive
Racism
Caldwell was killed by white vigilantes as one of many attacks on black Mississippians. Some time after his house was vandalized and his neighbors were killed, a friend lured him into an ambush where he was shot by a mob.
Caldwell was killed by white vigilantes as one of many attacks on black Mississippians. Some time after his house was vandalized and his neighbors were killed, a friend lured him into an ambush where he was shot by a mob.
Politician
Caldwell was killed by white vigilantes as one of many attacks on black Mississippians. Some time after his house was vandalized and his neighbors were killed, a friend lured him into an ambush where he was shot by a mob.
Rush and his wife Aggy were returning home from an election campaign picnic at a church near Timmonsville when the couple stopped at a creek to let their horses drink. While stopped, Rush was shot in the heart and instantly killed. A neighbor, William D. Purvis, was tried for Rush's killing, but he was acquitted.
Rush and his wife Aggy were returning home from an election campaign picnic at a church near Timmonsville when the couple stopped at a creek to let their horses drink. While stopped, Rush was shot in the heart and instantly killed. A neighbor, William D. Purvis, was tried for Rush's killing, but he was acquitted.
Politician
Rush and his wife Aggy were returning home from an election campaign picnic at a church near Timmonsville when the couple stopped at a creek to let their horses drink. While stopped, Rush was shot in the heart and instantly killed. A neighbor, William D. Purvis, was tried for Rush's killing, but he was acquitted.
Main article: Ellenton massacre
Coker was among between 25 to 100 African Americans killed by a mob of between 500 to 600 white men from Georgia who spread out in the area of Aiken County to attack and kill freedmen. Coker was allegedly killed while pleading for his life.
Main article: Ellenton massacre
Coker was among between 25 to 100 African Americans killed by a mob of between 500 to 600 white men from Georgia who spread out in the area of Aiken County to attack and kill freedmen. Coker was allegedly killed while pleading for his life.
Politician
Main article: Ellenton massacre
Coker was among between 25 to 100 African Americans killed by a mob of between 500 to 600 white men from Georgia who spread out in the area of Aiken County to attack and kill freedmen. Coker was allegedly killed while pleading for his life.
Cardis was one of several politicians in El Paso who tried to seize control of the Guadalupe Peak salt deposits from local Mexican–Americans. He became enemies with his former friend Howard, a district judge, and they had physical altercations on two separate occasions. Howard tried to claim the deposits for himself, and a mob captured him when he
Cardis was one of several politicians in El Paso who tried to seize control of the Guadalupe Peak salt deposits from local Mexican–Americans. He became enemies with his former friend Howard, a district judge, and they had physical altercations on two separate occasions. Howard tried to claim the deposits for himself, and a mob captured him when he
Politician
Cardis was one of several politicians in El Paso who tried to seize control of the Guadalupe Peak salt deposits from local Mexican–Americans. He became enemies with his former friend Howard, a district judge, and they had physical altercations on two separate occasions. Howard tried to claim the deposits for himself, and a mob captured him when he
Tison was walking in front of Sanders' store when Sanders stood at the door and shot Tison with a shotgun. Tison died instantly. Tison and his brothers had beaten Sanders the previous week following a feud between Sanders and the Tison family. Sanders was arrested shortly after the assassination.
Tison was walking in front of Sanders' store when Sanders stood at the door and shot Tison with a shotgun. Tison died instantly. Tison and his brothers had beaten Sanders the previous week following a feud between Sanders and the Tison family. Sanders was arrested shortly after the assassination.
Politician
Tison was walking in front of Sanders' store when Sanders stood at the door and shot Tison with a shotgun. Tison died instantly. Tison and his brothers had beaten Sanders the previous week following a feud between Sanders and the Tison family. Sanders was arrested shortly after the assassination.
Samuel Newitt Wood
Samuel Newitt Wood
Politician
Samuel Newitt Wood
Party
Republican
Year
June 23, 1891
Office
Member of the Kansas Senate
Location
Hugoton, Kansas
Assassin
James Brennan
Suspected motive
Unknown
Wood's friend-turned-enemy Judge Theodosius Botkin appointed Wood's enemy William O'Connor as county attorney, allowing him to persecute Wood. Wood went to Hugoton for a court appearance on one of O'Connor's charges against him despite fears that his political opponents there may harm him. Wood went into the courtroom to check the docket, and as he
Wood's friend-turned-enemy Judge Theodosius Botkin appointed Wood's enemy William O'Connor as county attorney, allowing him to persecute Wood. Wood went to Hugoton for a court appearance on one of O'Connor's charges against him despite fears that his political opponents there may harm him. Wood went into the courtroom to check the docket, and as he
Politician
Wood's friend-turned-enemy Judge Theodosius Botkin appointed Wood's enemy William O'Connor as county attorney, allowing him to persecute Wood. Wood went to Hugoton for a court appearance on one of O'Connor's charges against him despite fears that his political opponents there may harm him. Wood went into the courtroom to check the docket, and as he
A. J. Rosier
A. J. Rosier
Politician
A. J. Rosier
Party
Republican
Year
April 15, 1932
Office
Member of the Wyoming Senate
Location
Rawlins, Wyoming
Assassin
Thomas Lacey
Suspected motive
Rosier's refusal to represent Lacey in a lawsuit Lacey had filed
Lacey requested that Rosier, who was also an attorney, to represent him in a lawsuit against the authorities who had arrested and convicted him on gambling charges. Rosier refused, and Lacey decided to kill him in retaliation. Lacey followed Rosier into a local bank and shot him once in the back, fatally wounding him, before fleeing and dying by su
Lacey requested that Rosier, who was also an attorney, to represent him in a lawsuit against the authorities who had arrested and convicted him on gambling charges. Rosier refused, and Lacey decided to kill him in retaliation. Lacey followed Rosier into a local bank and shot him once in the back, fatally wounding him, before fleeing and dying by su
Politician
Lacey requested that Rosier, who was also an attorney, to represent him in a lawsuit against the authorities who had arrested and convicted him on gambling charges. Rosier refused, and Lacey decided to kill him in retaliation. Lacey followed Rosier into a local bank and shot him once in the back, fatally wounding him, before fleeing and dying by su
Robbed, then shot by three gunmen on his doorstep after arriving home with his family. Former associate of Al Capone. Various theories for motive.
Robbed, then shot by three gunmen on his doorstep after arriving home with his family. Former associate of Al Capone. Various theories for motive.
Politician
Robbed, then shot by three gunmen on his doorstep after arriving home with his family. Former associate of Al Capone. Various theories for motive.
Shot with shotgun in back of the head following a car chase that ended at Washtenaw Avenue and Harrison Street shortly after midnight. Specific assailants not identified. Possibly killed due to being unsuccessful in assisting certain prisoners in Joliet Penitentiary in getting parole. John's brother was Joseph "Red" Bolton, himself killed two years
Shot with shotgun in back of the head following a car chase that ended at Washtenaw Avenue and Harrison Street shortly after midnight. Specific assailants not identified. Possibly killed due to being unsuccessful in assisting certain prisoners in Joliet Penitentiary in getting parole. John's brother was Joseph "Red" Bolton, himself killed two years
Politician
Shot with shotgun in back of the head following a car chase that ended at Washtenaw Avenue and Harrison Street shortly after midnight. Specific assailants not identified. Possibly killed due to being unsuccessful in assisting certain prisoners in Joliet Penitentiary in getting parole. John's brother was Joseph "Red" Bolton, himself killed two years
Albert Patterson
Albert Patterson
Politician
Albert Patterson
Party
Democratic
Year
June 18, 1954
Office
Member of the Alabama Senate;
Nominee for Attorney General of Alabama
Location
Phenix City, Alabama
Assassin
Unknown
Suspected motive
Patterson's campaign against organized crime
Patterson was the Democratic nominee to be Attorney General of Alabama when he was shot three times as he was leaving his law office and getting in his car. He died minutes later. Governor Gordon Persons declared limited martial law and had state officials replace local prosecutors and investigators. Over the following months, hundreds of people co
Patterson was the Democratic nominee to be Attorney General of Alabama when he was shot three times as he was leaving his law office and getting in his car. He died minutes later. Governor Gordon Persons declared limited martial law and had state officials replace local prosecutors and investigators. Over the following months, hundreds of people co
Politician
Patterson was the Democratic nominee to be Attorney General of Alabama when he was shot three times as he was leaving his law office and getting in his car. He died minutes later. Governor Gordon Persons declared limited martial law and had state officials replace local prosecutors and investigators. Over the following months, hundreds of people co
Jordan was shot three times with a shotgun by multiple assailants while he was leaving his tavern. The Mafia is alleged to have been involved.
Jordan was shot three times with a shotgun by multiple assailants while he was leaving his tavern. The Mafia is alleged to have been involved.
Politician
Jordan was shot three times with a shotgun by multiple assailants while he was leaving his tavern. The Mafia is alleged to have been involved.
Larry Kuriyama
Larry Kuriyama
Politician
Larry Kuriyama
Party
Democratic
Year
October 23, 1970
Office
Member of the Hawaii Senate
Location
ʻAiea, Hawaii
Assassin
Ronald K. Ching
Suspected motive
Unknown
Kuriyama was shot by Ching in the parking garage of his home as he returned from a political rally. Ching was a professional hitman and had been hired to assassinate Kuriyama.
Kuriyama was shot by Ching in the parking garage of his home as he returned from a political rally. Ching was a professional hitman and had been hired to assassinate Kuriyama.
Politician
Kuriyama was shot by Ching in the parking garage of his home as he returned from a political rally. Ching was a professional hitman and had been hired to assassinate Kuriyama.
In April 1973, Scott was indicted on federal charges of having trafficked almost 40 pounds of heroin between New York and Baltimore during 1971 and 1972. On July 13, 1973, Scott was found dead in the parking garage of his apartment, having been killed by two shotgun blasts, shot several times with a small caliber handgun, and cut on the throat. An
In April 1973, Scott was indicted on federal charges of having trafficked almost 40 pounds of heroin between New York and Baltimore during 1971 and 1972. On July 13, 1973, Scott was found dead in the parking garage of his apartment, having been killed by two shotgun blasts, shot several times with a small caliber handgun, and cut on the throat. An
Politician
In April 1973, Scott was indicted on federal charges of having trafficked almost 40 pounds of heroin between New York and Baltimore during 1971 and 1972. On July 13, 1973, Scott was found dead in the parking garage of his apartment, having been killed by two shotgun blasts, shot several times with a small caliber handgun, and cut on the throat. An
Tommy Burks
Tommy Burks
Politician
Tommy Burks
Party
Democratic
Year
October 19, 1998
Office
Member of the Tennessee Senate
Location
Monterey, Tennessee
Assassin
Byron Looper
Suspected motive
Election
Burks was assassinated by his opponent, Byron Looper, in his reelection campaign for the Tennessee Senate. Burks was driving his truck when he was shot. Looper was convicted for the killing. Burks' widow Charlotte Burks took his place as a candidate and was elected to succeed him in the Tennessee Senate.
Burks was assassinated by his opponent, Byron Looper, in his reelection campaign for the Tennessee Senate. Burks was driving his truck when he was shot. Looper was convicted for the killing. Burks' widow Charlotte Burks took his place as a candidate and was elected to succeed him in the Tennessee Senate.
Politician
Burks was assassinated by his opponent, Byron Looper, in his reelection campaign for the Tennessee Senate. Burks was driving his truck when he was shot. Looper was convicted for the killing. Burks' widow Charlotte Burks took his place as a candidate and was elected to succeed him in the Tennessee Senate.
Bill Gwatney
Bill Gwatney
Politician
Bill Gwatney
Party
Democratic
Year
August 13, 2008
Office
Former member of the Arkansas Senate
Chair of the Democratic Party of Arkansas
Location
Little Rock, Arkansas
Assassin
Timothy Dale Johnson
Suspected motive
Unknown
Gwatney was shot by Johnson in the headquarters of the Democratic Party of Arkansas, dying from his wounds four hours later. Johnson had entered the building and shot Gwatney after being fired from his job at Target. Johnson led police in a car chase, and he was killed by police after he began shooting at them.
Gwatney was shot by Johnson in the headquarters of the Democratic Party of Arkansas, dying from his wounds four hours later. Johnson had entered the building and shot Gwatney after being fired from his job at Target. Johnson led police in a car chase, and he was killed by police after he began shooting at them.
Politician
Gwatney was shot by Johnson in the headquarters of the Democratic Party of Arkansas, dying from his wounds four hours later. Johnson had entered the building and shot Gwatney after being fired from his job at Target. Johnson led police in a car chase, and he was killed by police after he began shooting at them.
Clementa C. Pinckney
Clementa C. Pinckney
Politician
Clementa C. Pinckney
Party
Democratic
Year
June 17, 2015
Office
Member of the South Carolina Senate
Location
Charleston, South Carolina
Assassin
Dylann Roof
Suspected motive
White supremacy
Main article: Charleston church shooting
Pinckney was part of a bible study group at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church where he was reverend when Roof entered and asked to join. Roof participated for nearly an hour before he drew a gun and began shooting people in the church. Pinckney and eight others were killed. Roof was captured in
Main article: Charleston church shooting
Pinckney was part of a bible study group at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church where he was reverend when Roof entered and asked to join. Roof participated for nearly an hour before he drew a gun and began shooting people in the church. Pinckney and eight others were killed. Roof was captured in
Politician
Main article: Charleston church shooting
Pinckney was part of a bible study group at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church where he was reverend when Roof entered and asked to join. Roof participated for nearly an hour before he drew a gun and began shooting people in the church. Pinckney and eight others were killed. Roof was captured in
Main article: 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators
Hortman and her husband, Mark were shot and killed in their home by a gunman impersonating a police officer. State Senator John Hoffman and his wife were also shot and injured at their home in nearby Champlin.
Main article: 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators
Hortman and her husband, Mark were shot and killed in their home by a gunman impersonating a police officer. State Senator John Hoffman and his wife were also shot and injured at their home in nearby Champlin.
Politician
Main article: 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators
Hortman and her husband, Mark were shot and killed in their home by a gunman impersonating a police officer. State Senator John Hoffman and his wife were also shot and injured at their home in nearby Champlin.
| Politician | Portrait | Party | Year | Office | Location | Assassin | Suspected motive | Ref |
| John A. Treulten | | Non-partisan | 1782 | Member of the Georgia House of Representatives; former governor of Georgia | Savannah, Georgia (disputed) | Disputed | Disputed | |
| Some accounts allege Treulten's home was attacked by a group of men (possibly British) who set his home on fire after he refused to come outside. After fleeing his burning home with his family, Treulten was singled out and killed. Another theory is that Treulten was captured and killed by British forces in South Carolina amidst the ongoing American | ||||||||
| David Ramsay | | May 6, 1815 (incident) May 8, 1815 (death) | Former president of the South Carolina Senate | Charleston, South Carolina | William Linnen | Assailant retaliated after Ramsay deemed him insane | ||
| Ramsay had been asked to evaluate Linnen's mental state and determined him insane, sending him to prison. Linnen was eventually released and made threats against Ramsay, who did not take them seriously. On May 6, 1815, Linnen walked past Ramsay holding a handkerchief. He then turned around, drew a pistol from beneath it, and shot Ramsay three times | ||||||||
| James Strang | | Democratic | June 16, 1856 (incident) July 9, 1856 (death) | Member of the Michigan House of Representatives | Beaver Island, Michigan | Hezekiah McCulloch, Thomas Bedford, and Alexander Wentworth | Opposition to Strang's religious leadership | |
| Strang was the leader of his own sect of Mormonism, proclaiming himself its king. Three men who opposed Strang, each for their own reasons, formed a plot to kill him. They were led by McCulloch, a former friend of Strang's. They allied with Captain Charles H. McBlair of USS Michigan, who docked at Beaver Island and summoned Strang to board the ship | ||||||||
| Thomas Johnson | | January 2, 1865 | Former member of the Kansas Territorial Legislature | Kansas City, Missouri | Disputed | Disputed | ||
| A group of men approached Johnson's home after midnight under the guise of asking for directions. The men tried to force their way into Johnson's home and in the process shot him in abdomen, killing him. Johnson had attempted to bring slavery to Kansas, but at the start of the American Civil War had moved to Missouri and declared his support for th | ||||||||
| Almon Case | Republican | January 11, 1867 | Member of the Tennessee Senate | Obion County, Tennessee | Frank Farris | Attacks on Republicans | ||
| Case was shot and killed outside his home by Farris due to Case's pro-Union stance. Case's son had been shot and killed a year earlier in an attempted assassination. | ||||||||
| Solomon Dill | Republican | June 4, 1868 | Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives | Kershaw County, South Carolina | Unknown | Attacks on Republicans | ||
| Dill was at home with his wife, Rebecca, and a freedman named Nestor Ellison who he had befriended. Assailants fired into the home, killing Dill and Ellison and wounding his wife. | ||||||||
| James Martin | Republican | October 5, 1868 | Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives | Abbeville County, South Carolina | Ku Klux Klan (alleged) | Attacks on Republicans | ||
| Martin was returning home from the Abbeville Court House on a mule and a wagon full of whiskey and was accompanied by three black men. The group was overtaken by a group of armed men on horseback and they demanded that they surrender and hand over the whiskey in order to not be hurt. The group surrendered, but the men began to pursue Martin who beg | ||||||||
| Benjamin F. Randolph | | Republican | October 16, 1868 | Member of the South Carolina Senate | Hodges, South Carolina | Ku Klux Klan (alleged) | Attacks on Republicans | |
| Randolph was a black senator who was killed after arriving at Hodges Station by train. The Ku Klux Klan was allegedly responsible for the assassination. | ||||||||
| Joseph Adkins | Republican | May 10, 1869 | Member of the Georgia State Senate | Dearing, Georgia | Ellis Adams (Ku Klux Klan) | Attacks on Republicans | ||
| Adkins was a politician who supported civil rights for African Americans, becoming an enemy of the Klan shortly after they had murdered George Ashburn. Arrived at Dearing railroad depot on his return from Washington, D ., where he had been leader of a delegation to counter Klan violence and request military support. Adkins was intercepted by a mob | ||||||||
| John W. Stephens | Republican | May 21, 1870 | Member of the North Carolina Senate | Yanceyville, North Carolina | Caswell County chapter of the Ku Klux Klan | Attacks on Republicans | ||
| Stephens sat in on a Conservative meeting where he was received with hostility over his support for Reconstruction. He was allowed to sit, but he was accused of being a spy for the Republicans. Former county sheriff Frank Wiley spoke to Stephens, and the two went into the courthouse's basement where he was ambushed and killed by the Ku Klux Klan. A | ||||||||
| Richard Burke | August 1870 | Member of the Alabama House of Representatives | Sumter County, Alabama | Ku Klux Klan | Attempting to organize meetings of African Americans | |||
| Burke was shot and killed near his home by Ku Klux Klan members for his work attempting to organize meetings among African Americans. | ||||||||
| Wade Perrin | | Republican | October 20, 1870 | Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives | Joanna, South Carolina | Ku Klux Klan | Racism | |
| Main article: Assassination of Wade Perrin Perrin was captured by a group of Ku Klux Klan members while walking along the street. The men ordered Perrin to do a series of actions, such as dancing, singing, praying, and finally to run away. When Perrin began to run away he was shot and killed. | ||||||||
| J. Goldsteen Dupree | Republican | 1873 | Former member of the Texas House of Representatives | Ku Klux Klan (alleged) | Dupree's campaigning for Edmund J. Davis' re-election (alleged) | |||
| Dupree was killed sometime in 1873 by a group of white men. While not much is known about the circumstances, the men were believed to have been part of the Ku Klux Klan and had killed him due to Dupree's campaigning for Davis. | ||||||||
| Elisha G. Johnson | | Republican | July 21, 1875 | Member of the Florida Senate | Lake City, Florida | Unknown | Unknown | |
| Johnson was a member of the Florida Senate at a time when it was evenly split between Democrats and Republicans. While closing his store at night, he was shot and killed with a shotgun. This gave Democrats a majority in the legislature, but they denied involvement. It was one of many attacks against Republicans in Florida during this period. | ||||||||
| Joseph Crews | Republican | September 8, 1875 (incident) September 13, 1875 (death) | Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives | Laurens County, South Carolina | Francis McGann | Unknown | ||
| Crews was ambushed by McGann while riding in a buggy across a creek and was struck by five shotgun pellets, one of which pierced his spine and paralyzed him. Crews would succumb to his injuries five days later. McGann alleged he had been hired by Republicans Cullen Lark and John Hamilton to kill Crews, but both were released due to a lack of eviden | ||||||||
| Charles Caldwell | | Republican | December 30, 1875 | Member of the Mississippi State Senate | Clinton, Mississippi | Several assailants | Racism | |
| Caldwell was killed by white vigilantes as one of many attacks on black Mississippians. Some time after his house was vandalized and his neighbors were killed, a friend lured him into an ambush where he was shot by a mob. | ||||||||
| Alfred Rush | May 13, 1876 | Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives | Florence County, South Carolina | Unknown | Attacks on Republicans | |||
| Rush and his wife Aggy were returning home from an election campaign picnic at a church near Timmonsville when the couple stopped at a creek to let their horses drink. While stopped, Rush was shot in the heart and instantly killed. A neighbor, William D. Purvis, was tried for Rush's killing, but he was acquitted. | ||||||||
| Simon P. Coker | Republican | September 1876 | Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives | Aiken County, South Carolina | White race rioters | Suppression of African American voters | ||
| Main article: Ellenton massacre Coker was among between 25 to 100 African Americans killed by a mob of between 500 to 600 white men from Georgia who spread out in the area of Aiken County to attack and kill freedmen. Coker was allegedly killed while pleading for his life. | ||||||||
| Louis Cardis | Republican | October 10, 1877 | Member of the Texas House of Representatives | El Paso, Texas | Charles Howard | Argument during the San Elizario Salt War | ||
| Cardis was one of several politicians in El Paso who tried to seize control of the Guadalupe Peak salt deposits from local Mexican–Americans. He became enemies with his former friend Howard, a district judge, and they had physical altercations on two separate occasions. Howard tried to claim the deposits for himself, and a mob captured him when he | ||||||||
| W. H. H. Tison | | Democratic | December 4, 1882 | Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives | Baldwyn, Mississippi | J. Edward Sanders | Retaliation for an attack | |
| Tison was walking in front of Sanders' store when Sanders stood at the door and shot Tison with a shotgun. Tison died instantly. Tison and his brothers had beaten Sanders the previous week following a feud between Sanders and the Tison family. Sanders was arrested shortly after the assassination. | ||||||||
| Harriel G. Geiger | Greenback Party | May 19, 1886 (incident) June 11, 1886 (death) | Former member of the Texas House of Representatives | Hearne, Texas | O . Cannon | Racism | ||
| Geiger was a black man who became a lawyer after leaving the Texas House of Representatives. He was disliked by the racist white citizens of the region. While Geiger was defending a former slave in court, O . Cannon took offense to something Geiger said and shot him five times, fatally wounding him. | ||||||||
| Samuel Newitt Wood | | Republican | June 23, 1891 | Member of the Kansas Senate | Hugoton, Kansas | James Brennan | Unknown | |
| Wood's friend-turned-enemy Judge Theodosius Botkin appointed Wood's enemy William O'Connor as county attorney, allowing him to persecute Wood. Wood went to Hugoton for a court appearance on one of O'Connor's charges against him despite fears that his political opponents there may harm him. Wood went into the courtroom to check the docket, and as he | ||||||||
| A. J. Rosier | | Republican | April 15, 1932 | Member of the Wyoming Senate | Rawlins, Wyoming | Thomas Lacey | Rosier's refusal to represent Lacey in a lawsuit Lacey had filed | |
| Lacey requested that Rosier, who was also an attorney, to represent him in a lawsuit against the authorities who had arrested and convicted him on gambling charges. Rosier refused, and Lacey decided to kill him in retaliation. Lacey followed Rosier into a local bank and shot him once in the back, fatally wounding him, before fleeing and dying by su | ||||||||
| Albert J. Prignano | Democratic | December 29, 1935 | Member of the Illinois House of Representatives | Chicago, Illinois | Organized crime | Unknown | ||
| Robbed, then shot by three gunmen on his doorstep after arriving home with his family. Former associate of Al Capone. Various theories for motive. | ||||||||
| John M. Bolton | Democratic | July 9, 1936 | Member of the Illinois House of Representatives | Chicago, Illinois | Organized crime | Revenge linked to organized crime | ||
References
- Marion & Oliver 2010, pp. 15–34.
- Marion & Oliver 2010, pp. 35–52.
- Marion & Oliver 2010, pp. 53–68.
- Marion & Oliver 2010, pp. 113–130.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congresshttps://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/P000467
- "MURDER OF HON. JOSIAH M. ANDERSON"https://genealogytrails.com/tenn/sequatchie/news_crime.html
- The Lion of the South: General Thomas C. Hindmanhttps://archive.org/details/lionofsouthgener0000neal
- Marion & Oliver 2014, James Hinds (R-AR).
- Marion & Oliver 2014, Thomas Haughey (R-AL).
- POLITICOhttps://www.politico.com/story/2012/11/this-day-in-politics-084194
- Marion & Oliver 2014, John Pinckney (D-TX).
- Marion & Oliver 2014, Huey Long (D-LA).
- Marion & Oliver 2014, Robert Kennedy (D-NY).
- Marion & Oliver 2014, Leo Ryan (D-CA).
- The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/01/nyregion/lowenstein-killer-moves-toward-freedom.html
- Creighton Law Reviewhttps://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/creigh49&div=5
- Revolt at Taos: The New Mexican and Indian Insurrection of 1847https://archive.org/details/revoltattaosnewm0000crut/
- South Dakota Historyhttps://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-31-2/territorial-justice-under-fire-the-trials-of-peter-wintermute-1873-1875/vol-31-no-2-territorial-justice-under-fire.pdf
- William Goebel: The Politics of Wrathhttps://archive.org/details/williamgoebelpol0000klot/
- Reforming America: A Thematic Encyclopedia and Document Collection of the Progressive Erahttps://archive.org/details/isbn_9781440847523_1/