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List of amendments of the Constitution of India

Updated: 11/6/2025, 2:14:47 AM Wikipedia source

As of July 2025, there have been 106 amendments of the Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950. The Indian Constitution is the most amended national constitution in the world. The Constitution spells out governmental powers with so much detail that many matters addressed by statute in other democracies must be addressed via constitutional amendment in India. As a result, the Constitution is amended roughly twice a year. There are three types of amendments to the Constitution of India of which the second and third types of amendments are governed by Article 368.

The first type of amendment must be passed by a "simple majority" in each house of the Parliament of India. The second type of amendment must be passed by a prescribed "special majority" of each house of Parliament; and The third type of amendment must be passed by a "special majority" in each house of Parliament and ratified by at least one half of the State Legislatures. Examples of the third type of amendment include amendments No. 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99, 101 and 104.

Tables

· <span dir="ltr">List</span> of amendments
1st
1st
No.
1st
Amendments
15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376.Insert articles 31A and 31B.Insert schedule 9.
Enforced since
18 June 1951
Objectives
Added special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9, introduced to protect against laws that are contrary to constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law.
Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
President
Rajendra Prasad
2nd
2nd
No.
2nd
Amendments
Amend article 81(1)(b).
Enforced since
1 May 1953
Objectives
Removed the upper limit of 750,000 people, allowing for a single member to represent a larger population in a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b).
3rd
3rd
No.
3rd
Amendments
Amend schedule 7.
Enforced since
22 February 1955
Objectives
Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of four classes of essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.
4th
4th
No.
4th
Amendments
Amend articles 31, 31A, and 305.Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
27 April 1955
Objectives
Primarily dealt with property rights and the state's power of acquisition. The amendment also included provisions to fix limits on the amount of agricultural land that an individual could own or occupy. Aimed to give the state full control over mineral and oil resources.
5th
5th
No.
5th
Amendments
Amend article 3.
Enforced since
24 December 1955
Objectives
Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. Also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit.
6th
6th
No.
6th
Amendments
Amend articles 269 and 286.Amend schedule 7.
Enforced since
11 September 1956
Objectives
Amend the Union List and State List with respect to raising of taxes.
7th
7th
No.
7th
Amendments
Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A.Amend part 8.Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.
Enforced since
1 November 1956
Objectives
Reorganisation of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union territories.
8th
8th
No.
8th
Amendments
Amend article 334.
Enforced since
5 January 1960
Objectives
Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
9th
9th
No.
9th
Amendments
Amend schedule 1.
Enforced since
28 December 1960
Objectives
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
10th
10th
No.
10th
Amendments
Amend article 240.Amend schedule 1.
Enforced since
11 August 1961
Objectives
Incorporation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
11th
11th
No.
11th
Amendments
Amend articles 66 and 71.
Enforced since
19 December 1961
Objectives
Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college.
12th
12th
No.
12th
Amendments
Amend article 240.Amend schedule 1.
Enforced since
20 December 1961
Objectives
Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
13th
13th
No.
13th
Amendments
Amend article 170.Insert new article 371A.
Enforced since
1 December 1962
Objectives
Special protection under Article 371A for newly create State of Nagaland.
Prime Minister
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
14th
14th
No.
14th
Amendments
Amend articles 81 and 240.Insert article 239A.Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Enforced since
28 December 1962
Objectives
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
15th
15th
No.
15th
Amendments
Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316.Insert article 224A.Amend schedule 7.
Enforced since
5 October 1963
Objectives
Raise retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalising interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
16th
16th
No.
16th
Amendments
Amend articles 19, 84 and 173.Amend schedule 3.
Enforced since
5 October 1963
Objectives
Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligatory templates.
17th
17th
No.
17th
Amendments
Amend article 31A.Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
20 June 1964
Objectives
To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
18th
18th
No.
18th
Amendments
Amend article 3.
Enforced since
27 August 1966
Objectives
Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories.
Prime Minister
Lal Bahadur Shastri
19th
19th
No.
19th
Amendments
Amend article 324.
Enforced since
11 December 1966
Objectives
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts.
20th
20th
No.
20th
Amendments
Insert article 233A.
Enforced since
22 December 1966
Objectives
Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
21st
21st
No.
21st
Amendments
Amend schedule 8.
Enforced since
10 April 1967
Objectives
Include Sindhi as an official language.
Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
22nd
22nd
No.
22nd
Amendments
Amend article 275.Insert articles 244A and 371B.
Enforced since
25 September 1969
Objectives
Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam.
Prime Minister
V. V. Giri
23rd
23rd
No.
23rd
Amendments
Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.
Enforced since
23 January 1970
Objectives
Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SCs and STs and Anglo-Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
24th
24th
No.
24th
Amendments
Amend articles 13 and 368.
Enforced since
5 November 1971
Objectives
Article 13(4) added. Enable Parliament to dilute Fundamental Rights through amendments to the Constitution. It was made compulsory for the President to give consent to the Constitution Amendment Bill.
25th
25th
No.
25th
Amendments
Amend article 31.Insert article 31C.
Enforced since
8 December 1971
Objectives
Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property. However, the Supreme Court quashed a part of Article 31C (4) to the extent it took away the power of judicial review. This was done in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the first time enunciated the Basic structure doctrine.
26th
26th
No.
26th
Amendments
Amend article 366.Insert article 363A.Remove articles 291 and 362.
Enforced since
28 December 1971
Objectives
Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic.
27th
27th
No.
27th
Amendments
Amend articles 239A and 240.Insert articles 239B and 371C.
Enforced since
(i) 30 December 1971 & (ii) 15 February 1972
Objectives
Reorganisation of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.
28th
28th
No.
28th
Amendments
Insert article 312A.Remove article 314.
Enforced since
29 August 1972
Objectives
Rationalise Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post Independence.
29th
29th
No.
29th
Amendments
Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
9 June 1972
Objectives
'Kerala land reform acts' and amendments to these act placed under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
30th
30th
No.
30th
Amendments
Amend article 133.
Enforced since
9 June 1972
Objectives
Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law.
31st
31st
No.
31st
Amendments
Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.
Enforced since
17 October 1973
Objectives
Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise.
32nd
32nd
No.
32nd
Amendments
Amend article 371.Insert articles 371D and 371E.Amend schedule 7.
Enforced since
1 July 1974
Objectives
Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh. Supreme Court in P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh 1987 SCC (1) 362 held clause (3) and (5) along with its Proviso of Article 371D as unconstitutional and void. It was found to be violative of basic structure doctrine, against the concept of justice and the principle of the rule of law.
33rd
33rd
No.
33rd
Amendments
Amend articles 101 and 190.
Enforced since
19 May 1974
Objectives
Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker.
34th
34th
No.
34th
Amendments
Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
7 September 1974
Objectives
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
Prime Minister
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
35th
35th
No.
35th
Amendments
Amend articles 80 and 81.Insert article 2A.Insert schedule 10.
Enforced since
1 March 1975
Objectives
Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India.
36th
36th
No.
36th
Amendments
Amend articles 80 and 81.Insert article 371F.Remove article 2A.Amend schedules 1 and 4.Remove schedule 10.
Enforced since
26 April 1975
Objectives
Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union.
37th
37th
No.
37th
Amendments
Amend articles 239A and 240.
Enforced since
3 May 1975
Objectives
Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.
38th
38th
No.
38th
Amendments
Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.
Enforced since
1 August 1975
Objectives
Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.
39th
39th
No.
39th
Amendments
Amend articles 71 and 329.Insert article 329A.Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
10 August 1975
Objectives
Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad HC in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 1975 SCR (3) 333 invalidating PM Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. Irrespective of electoral malpractice, no case can be filed against president, vice president, speaker of lok sabha and prime minister. Later, clauses (4) and (5) of Article 329A were struck down by the Supreme Court in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation of basic structure.
40th
40th
No.
40th
Amendments
Amend article 297.Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
27 May 1976
Objectives
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India. Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
41st
41st
No.
41st
Amendments
Amend article 316.
Enforced since
7 September 1976
Objectives
Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two. No case can be filed against prime minister, governor, president, even after they demit office (which was later struck down by supreme court)
42nd
42nd
No.
42nd
Amendments
Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F.Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A.Insert parts IVA and XIVA.Amend schedule 7.
Enforced since
3 January, 1 February & 1 April 1977
Objectives
Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic". However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India 1980 SCC (3) 625, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.
43rd
43rd
No.
43rd
Amendments
Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366.Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.
Enforced since
13 April 1978
Objectives
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42.
Prime Minister
Morarji Desai
President
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
44th
44th
No.
44th
Amendments
Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.Insert articles 134A and 361A.Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A.Amend part 12.Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
20 June, 1 August & 6 September 1979
Objectives
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Article 19(1)(f) right to property was omitted. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.
45th
45th
No.
45th
Amendments
Amend article 334.
Enforced since
25 January 1980
Objectives
Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990.
Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
46th
46th
No.
46th
Amendments
Amend articles 269, 286 and 366.Amend schedule 7.
Enforced since
2 February 1983
Objectives
Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax.
Prime Minister
Zail Singh
47th
47th
No.
47th
Amendments
Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
26 August 1984
Objectives
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
48th
48th
No.
48th
Amendments
Amend article 356.
Enforced since
1 April 1985
Objectives
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab.
49th
49th
No.
49th
Amendments
Amend article 244.Amend schedules 5 and 6.
Enforced since
11 September 1984
Objectives
Recognise Tripura as a tribal state and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.
50th
50th
No.
50th
Amendments
Amend article 33.
Enforced since
11 September 1984
Objectives
Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure.
51st
51st
No.
51st
Amendments
Amend articles 330 and 332.
Enforced since
16 June 1986
Objectives
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies.
52nd
52nd
No.
52nd
Amendments
Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191.Insert schedule 10.
Enforced since
1 March 1985
Objectives
Anti Defection Law – Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other. However, para 7 of the 10th Schedule was struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention with Article 368 of the Constitution.
Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi
53rd
53rd
No.
53rd
Amendments
Insert article 371G.
Enforced since
20 February 1986
Objectives
Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
54th
54th
No.
54th
Amendments
Amend articles 125 and 221.Amend schedule 2.
Enforced since
1 April 1986
Objectives
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment.
55th
55th
No.
55th
Amendments
Insert article 371H.
Enforced since
20 February 1987
Objectives
Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh.
56th
56th
No.
56th
Amendments
Insert article 371I.
Enforced since
30 May 1987
Objectives
Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa.
57th
57th
No.
57th
Amendments
Amend article 332.
Enforced since
21 September 1987
Objectives
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.
Prime Minister
R. Venkataraman
58th
58th
No.
58th
Amendments
Insert article 394A.Amend part 22.
Enforced since
9 December 1987
Objectives
Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments.
59th
59th
No.
59th
Amendments
Amend article 356.Insert article 359A.
Enforced since
30 March 1988
Objectives
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab.
60th
60th
No.
60th
Amendments
Amend article 276.
Enforced since
20 December 1988
Objectives
Profession Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-.
61st
61st
No.
61st
Amendments
Amend article 326.
Enforced since
28 March 1989
Objectives
Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.
62nd
62nd
No.
62nd
Amendments
Amend article 334.
Enforced since
25 January 1990
Objectives
Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000.
Prime Minister
V. P. Singh
63rd
63rd
No.
63rd
Amendments
Amend article 356.Remove article 359A.
Enforced since
6 January 1990
Objectives
Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed.
64th
64th
No.
64th
Amendments
Amend article 356.
Enforced since
16 April 1990
Objectives
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab.
65th
65th
No.
65th
Amendments
Amend article 338.
Enforced since
12 March 1992
Objectives
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
66th
66th
No.
66th
Amendments
Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
7 June 1990
Objectives
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
67th
67th
No.
67th
Amendments
Amend article 356.
Enforced since
4 October 1990
Objectives
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab.
68th
68th
No.
68th
Amendments
Amend article 356.
Enforced since
12 March 1991
Objectives
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab.
Prime Minister
Chandra Shekhar
69th
69th
No.
69th
Amendments
Insert articles 239AA and 239AB.
Enforced since
1 February 1992
Objectives
To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for National Capital Territory of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory.
Prime Minister
P. V. Narasimha Rao
70th
70th
No.
70th
Amendments
Amend articles 54 and 239AA.
Enforced since
21 December 1991
Objectives
Include National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in Electoral College for presidential election.
71st
71st
No.
71st
Amendments
Amend schedule 8.
Enforced since
31 August 1992
Objectives
Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as official languages.
Prime Minister
Shankar Dayal Sharma
72nd
72nd
No.
72nd
Amendments
Amend article 332.
Enforced since
5 December 1992
Objectives
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.
73rd
73rd
No.
73rd
Amendments
Insert part 9. Insert schedule 11.
Enforced since
24 April 1993
Objectives
Statutory provisions for Panchayati Raj as third level of administration in villages.
74th
74th
No.
74th
Amendments
Insert part 9A, insert schedule 12, amend article 280.
Enforced since
1 June 1993
Objectives
Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities.
75th
75th
No.
75th
Amendments
Amend article 323B.
Enforced since
15 May 1994
Objectives
Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals.
76th
76th
No.
76th
Amendments
Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
31 August 1994
Objectives
Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
77th
77th
No.
77th
Amendments
Amend article 16.
Enforced since
17 June 1995
Objectives
A technical amendment to protect reservation to SCs and STs Employees in promotions.
78th
78th
No.
78th
Amendments
Amend schedule 9.
Enforced since
30 August 1995
Objectives
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
79th
79th
No.
79th
Amendments
Amend article 334.
Enforced since
25 January 2000
Objectives
Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010.
Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
President
K. R. Narayanan
80th
80th
No.
80th
Amendments
Amend articles 269 and 270.Remove article 272.
Enforced since
9 June 2000
Objectives
Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and the centre.
81st
81st
No.
81st
Amendments
Amend article 16.
Enforced since
9 June 2000
Objectives
Protect SCs and STs reservation in filling backlog of vacancies.
82nd
82nd
No.
82nd
Amendments
Amend article 335.
Enforced since
8 September 2000
Objectives
Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SCs and STs candidates.
83rd
83rd
No.
83rd
Amendments
Amend article 243M.
Enforced since
8 September 2000
Objectives
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions.
84th
84th
No.
84th
Amendments
Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.
Enforced since
21 February 2002
Objectives
Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
85th
85th
No.
85th
Amendments
Amend article 16.
Enforced since
4 January 2002
Objectives
A technical amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions of SCs and STs Employees.
86th
86th
No.
86th
Amendments
Amend articles 45 and 51A.Insert article 21A.
Enforced since
12 December 2002
Objectives
Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen.
Prime Minister
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
87th
87th
No.
87th
Amendments
Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.
Enforced since
22 June 2003
Objectives
Extend the usage of 2001 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
88th
88th
No.
88th
Amendments
Amend article 270.Insert article 268A.Amend schedule 7.
Enforced since
15 January 2004
Objectives
To extend statutory cover for levy and utilisation of Service Tax.
89th
89th
No.
89th
Amendments
Amend article 338.Insert article 338A.
Enforced since
28 September 2003
Objectives
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
90th
90th
No.
90th
Amendments
Amend article 332.
Enforced since
28 September 2003
Objectives
Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area.
91st
91st
No.
91st
Amendments
Amend articles 75 and 164.Insert article 361B.Amend schedule 10.
Enforced since
1 January 2004
Objectives
Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws.
92nd
92nd
No.
92nd
Amendments
Amend schedule 8.
Enforced since
7 January 2004
Objectives
Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithili as official languages.
93rd
93rd
No.
93rd
Amendments
Amend article 15.
Enforced since
20 January 2006
Objectives
To enable provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward Class(OBCs) in government as well as private educational institutions.
Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh
94th
94th
No.
94th
Amendments
Amend article 164.
Enforced since
12 June 2006
Objectives
To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
95th
95th
No.
95th
Amendments
Amend article 334.
Enforced since
25 January 2010
Objectives
To extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2020.
Prime Minister
Pratibha Patil
96th
96th
No.
96th
Amendments
Amend schedule 8.
Enforced since
23 September 2011
Objectives
Substituted "Odia" in the place of "Oriya".
97th
97th
No.
97th
Amendments
Amend Art 19 and add Art 43B and Part IXB.
Enforced since
12 January 2012
Objectives
Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies. In July 2021 Supreme Court Struck Part of the amendment as it was not ratified by the states. The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.
98th
98th
No.
98th
Amendments
To insert Article 371J in the Constitution
Enforced since
1 January 2013
Objectives
To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.
Prime Minister
Pranab Mukherjee
99th
99th
No.
99th
Amendments
Insertion of new articles 124A, 124B and 124C. Amendments to Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, 231.
Enforced since
13 April 2015 Struck down on 16 October 2015
Objectives
Formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat and Telangana ratified the Central Legislation, enabling the President of India to give assent to the bill. The amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.
Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
100th
100th
No.
100th
Amendments
Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution
Enforced since
31 July 2015
Objectives
Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
101st
101st
No.
101st
Amendments
Add of articles 246A, 269A, 279A. Deletion of Article 268A. Amend articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368, Sixth Schedule, Seventh Schedule.
Enforced since
1 July 2017
Objectives
Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
102nd
102nd
No.
102nd
Amendments
Add articles 338B, 342A, and add Clause 26C. Modification of articles 338, 366.
Enforced since
11 August 2018
Objectives
Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes
Prime Minister
Ram Nath Kovind
103rd
103rd
No.
103rd
Amendments
Amend Article 15, add Clause , Amend to Article 16, add Clause .
Enforced since
12 January 2019
Objectives
A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Inserted Clause under Article 15 as well as Inserted Clause under Article 16.
104th
104th
No.
104th
Amendments
Amend article 334.
Enforced since
25 January 2020
Objectives
To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies for another 10 years i.e. up to 2030. Removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies by not extending it further.
105th
105th
No.
105th
Amendments
Amend Article 338B, 342A and 366.
Enforced since
10 August 2021
Objectives
To restore the power of the state governments to identify Other Backward Classes (OBCs) that are socially and educationally backward. This amendment annulled the Supreme Court judgement of 11 May 2021, which had empowered only the Central government for such identification.
106th
106th
No.
106th
Amendments
Amend article 239AA. Insert of articles 330A, 332A, 334A.
Enforced since
28 September 2023
Objectives
To reserve one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha (330A), state legislative assemblies (332A) and Delhi Legislative Assembly (239AA) for women for a period of 15 years after coming to effect (334A).
Prime Minister
Droupadi Murmu
No.
Amendments
Enforced since
Objectives
Prime Minister
President
1st
15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376.Insert articles 31A and 31B.Insert schedule 9.
18 June 1951
Added special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9, introduced to protect against laws that are contrary to constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law.
Jawaharlal Nehru
Rajendra Prasad
2nd
Amend article 81(1)(b).
1 May 1953
Removed the upper limit of 750,000 people, allowing for a single member to represent a larger population in a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b).
3rd
Amend schedule 7.
22 February 1955
Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of four classes of essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.
4th
Amend articles 31, 31A, and 305.Amend schedule 9.
27 April 1955
Primarily dealt with property rights and the state's power of acquisition. The amendment also included provisions to fix limits on the amount of agricultural land that an individual could own or occupy. Aimed to give the state full control over mineral and oil resources.
5th
Amend article 3.
24 December 1955
Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. Also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit.
6th
Amend articles 269 and 286.Amend schedule 7.
11 September 1956
Amend the Union List and State List with respect to raising of taxes.
7th
Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A.Amend part 8.Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.
1 November 1956
Reorganisation of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union territories.
8th
Amend article 334.
5 January 1960
Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
9th
Amend schedule 1.
28 December 1960
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
10th
Amend article 240.Amend schedule 1.
11 August 1961
Incorporation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
11th
Amend articles 66 and 71.
19 December 1961
Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college.
12th
Amend article 240.Amend schedule 1.
20 December 1961
Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
13th
Amend article 170.Insert new article 371A.
1 December 1962
Special protection under Article 371A for newly create State of Nagaland.
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
14th
Amend articles 81 and 240.Insert article 239A.Amend schedules 1 and 4.
28 December 1962
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
15th
Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316.Insert article 224A.Amend schedule 7.
5 October 1963
Raise retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalising interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
16th
Amend articles 19, 84 and 173.Amend schedule 3.
5 October 1963
Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligatory templates.
17th
Amend article 31A.Amend schedule 9.
20 June 1964
To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
18th
Amend article 3.
27 August 1966
Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories.
Lal Bahadur Shastri
19th
Amend article 324.
11 December 1966
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts.
20th
Insert article 233A.
22 December 1966
Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
21st
Amend schedule 8.
10 April 1967
Include Sindhi as an official language.
Indira Gandhi
22nd
Amend article 275.Insert articles 244A and 371B.
25 September 1969
Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam.
V. V. Giri
23rd
Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.
23 January 1970
Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SCs and STs and Anglo-Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
24th
Amend articles 13 and 368.
5 November 1971
Article 13(4) added. Enable Parliament to dilute Fundamental Rights through amendments to the Constitution. It was made compulsory for the President to give consent to the Constitution Amendment Bill.
25th
Amend article 31.Insert article 31C.
8 December 1971
Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property. However, the Supreme Court quashed a part of Article 31C (4) to the extent it took away the power of judicial review. This was done in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the first time enunciated the Basic structure doctrine.
26th
Amend article 366.Insert article 363A.Remove articles 291 and 362.
28 December 1971
Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic.
27th
Amend articles 239A and 240.Insert articles 239B and 371C.
(i) 30 December 1971 & (ii) 15 February 1972
Reorganisation of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.
28th
Insert article 312A.Remove article 314.
29 August 1972
Rationalise Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post Independence.
29th
Amend schedule 9.
9 June 1972
'Kerala land reform acts' and amendments to these act placed under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
30th
Amend article 133.
9 June 1972
Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law.
31st
Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.
17 October 1973
Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise.
32nd
Amend article 371.Insert articles 371D and 371E.Amend schedule 7.
1 July 1974
Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh. Supreme Court in P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh 1987 SCC (1) 362 held clause (3) and (5) along with its Proviso of Article 371D as unconstitutional and void. It was found to be violative of basic structure doctrine, against the concept of justice and the principle of the rule of law.
33rd
Amend articles 101 and 190.
19 May 1974
Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker.
34th
Amend schedule 9.
7 September 1974
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
35th
Amend articles 80 and 81.Insert article 2A.Insert schedule 10.
1 March 1975
Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India.
36th
Amend articles 80 and 81.Insert article 371F.Remove article 2A.Amend schedules 1 and 4.Remove schedule 10.
26 April 1975
Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union.
37th
Amend articles 239A and 240.
3 May 1975
Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.
38th
Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.
1 August 1975
Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.
39th
Amend articles 71 and 329.Insert article 329A.Amend schedule 9.
10 August 1975
Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad HC in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 1975 SCR (3) 333 invalidating PM Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. Irrespective of electoral malpractice, no case can be filed against president, vice president, speaker of lok sabha and prime minister. Later, clauses (4) and (5) of Article 329A were struck down by the Supreme Court in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation of basic structure.
40th
Amend article 297.Amend schedule 9.
27 May 1976
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India. Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
41st
Amend article 316.
7 September 1976
Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two. No case can be filed against prime minister, governor, president, even after they demit office (which was later struck down by supreme court)
42nd
Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F.Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A.Insert parts IVA and XIVA.Amend schedule 7.
3 January, 1 February & 1 April 1977
Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic". However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India 1980 SCC (3) 625, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.
43rd
Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366.Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.
13 April 1978
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42.
Morarji Desai
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
44th
Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.Insert articles 134A and 361A.Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A.Amend part 12.Amend schedule 9.
20 June, 1 August & 6 September 1979
Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Article 19(1)(f) right to property was omitted. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.
45th
Amend article 334.
25 January 1980
Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990.
Indira Gandhi
46th
Amend articles 269, 286 and 366.Amend schedule 7.
2 February 1983
Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax.
Zail Singh
47th
Amend schedule 9.
26 August 1984
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
48th
Amend article 356.
1 April 1985
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab.
49th
Amend article 244.Amend schedules 5 and 6.
11 September 1984
Recognise Tripura as a tribal state and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.

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  62. "Fifty Fourth Amendment"
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  63. "Fifty Fifth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181327/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend55.htm
  64. "Fifty Sixth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181332/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend56.htm
  65. "Fifty Seventh Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181337/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend57.htm
  66. "Fifty Eighth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181342/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend58.htm
  67. "Fifty Ninth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181348/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend59.htm
  68. "Sixtieth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181357/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend60.htm
  69. "Sixty First Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181402/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend61.htm
  70. "Sixty Second Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181408/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend62.htm
  71. "Sixty Third Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181413/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend63.htm
  72. "Sixty Fourth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181418/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend64.htm
  73. "Sixty Fifth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181423/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend65.htm
  74. "Sixty Sixth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080412112753/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend66.htm
  75. "Sixty Seventh Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181428/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend67.htm
  76. "Sixty Eighth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181433/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend68.htm
  77. "Sixty Ninth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm
  78. "Seventieth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181449/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend70.htm
  79. "Seventy First Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181454/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend71.htm
  80. "Seventy Second Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181459/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend72.htm
  81. "Seventy Third Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20030505042750/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend73.htm
  82. "Seventy Fourth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080621113745/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm
  83. "Seventy Fifth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181509/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend75.htm
  84. "Seventy Sixth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181515/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend76.htm
  85. "Seventy Seventh Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181519/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend77.htm
  86. "Seventy Eighth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181524/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend78.htm
  87. "Seventy Ninth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181529/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend79.htm
  88. "Eightieth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121164338/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend80.htm
  89. "Eighty First Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080217021050/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend81.htm
  90. "Eighty Second Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181540/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend82.htm
  91. "Eighty Third Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181546/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend83.htm
  92. "Eighty Fourth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181551/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm
  93. "Eighty Fifth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181555/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend85.htm
  94. "Eighty Sixth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111209092059/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend86.htm
  95. "Eighty Seventh Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080913211803/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend87.htm
  96. "Eighty Eighth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080915093245/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend88.htm
  97. "Eighty Ninth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080915093253/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend89.htm
  98. "Ninetieth Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080421235120/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend90.htm
  99. "Ninety First Amendment (pdf)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080626223433/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend91.pdf
  100. Lok Sabha Secretariat
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf
  101. "Ninety Third Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080621112914/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend93.htm
  102. "Ninety Fourth Amendment (pdf)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090205233954/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend94.pdf
  103. "Ninety Fifth Amendment (pdf)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120130230833/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend95.pdf
  104. "Ninety Sixth Amendment (pdf)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120130194222/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend96.pdf
  105. "Ninety Seventh Amendment (pdf)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120522144037/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf
  106. "SC quashes part of UPA-era constitutional amendment"
    https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-quashes-part-of-upa-era-constitutional-amendment-101626804819445.html
  107. "Ninety Seventh Amendment (PIB)"
    http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=81715
  108. "Ninety Eighth Third Amendment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111610/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/actc/Consti.98amend.PDF
  109. "The Constitutions (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Bill, 2014"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083558/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/constitution%20121st/121st%20(A)%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf
  110. 1, Law Street
    http://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Gazette-Constitution-Ninety-ninth-Amendment-Act-2014.pdf
  111. Jagranjosh.com
    https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/16-states-ratified-national-judicial-appointments-commission-bill-2014-1419859039-1
  112. "One Hundredth Amendment"
    http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/164169.pdf
  113. "One Hundred and First Amendment"
    http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171639.pdf
  114. "One Hundred and Second Amendment"
    http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/188471.pdf
  115. "One Hundred and Third Amendment"
    http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/195175.pdf
  116. "One Hundred and Fourth Amendment"
    http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215637.pdf
  117. www.livelaw.in
    https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919
  118. "The Constitution (One Hundred and fifth amendment) Act 2021"
    https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/CONSTITUTION%20%28ONE%20HUNDRED%20AND%20FIFTH%20AMENDMENT%29%20ACT%2C%202021_1.pdf
  119. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-clears-bill-restoring-right-of-states-to-specify-obc-groups/article61431520.ece
  120. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/india/womens-reservation-bill-gets-presidents-assent-8962038/
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