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List of World Chess Championships

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of World Chess Championships

The World Chess Championship has taken various forms over time, including both match and tournament play. While the concept of a world champion of chess had already existed for decades, with several events considered by some to have established the world's foremost player, an event explicitly held to decide a world champion did not take place until 1886. World Championships were initially privately organized matches, with each requiring the consent of the incumbent champion to take place. After 1948, the International Chess Federation (FIDE) began organizing the Championship under its auspices. The championship was fixed to a three-year cycle, with each challenger decided by a Candidates Tournament. In 1993, the short-lived Professional Chess Association (PCA) split from FIDE, and as a result there were two competing World Championship titles between 1993 and 2006.

Tables

mw- Key to symbols and headers · Key
†
†
Date
†
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
Event was a tournament, as opposed to a match.
‡
‡
Date
‡
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
Event resulted in a draw, with the champion retaining the title.
#
#
Date
#
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
Scheduled event did not take place.
✻
✻
Date
✻
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
Event began, but was abandoned without any result.
Winner
Winner
Date
Winner
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
The winner of the event, or the champion otherwise retaining the title. Numerals denote the updated number of event wins or title defences by the champion.
Score
Score
Date
Score
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
The performance of the eventual champion. Segments such as tiebreaks are listed sequentially. Head-to-head tournament results are given in a footnote.
Runner-up
Runner-up
Date
Runner-up
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
The second-place finisher of the event, or the challenger for a match without a winner
Ref
Ref
Date
Ref
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
References and footnotes corresponding to the event
Date
The year the event took place, further disambiguated as needed
†
Event was a tournament, as opposed to a match.
‡
Event resulted in a draw, with the champion retaining the title.
#
Scheduled event did not take place.
✻
Event began, but was abandoned without any result.
Winner
The winner of the event, or the champion otherwise retaining the title. Numerals denote the updated number of event wins or title defences by the champion.
Score
The performance of the eventual champion. Segments such as tiebreaks are listed sequentially. Head-to-head tournament results are given in a footnote.
Runner-up
The second-place finisher of the event, or the challenger for a match without a winner
Ref
References and footnotes corresponding to the event
Predecessor events prior to 1886 · Predecessor events (before 1886)
1834
1834
Date
1834
Location
London
Winner
Louis de La Bourdonnais
Score
18‍–‍74‍–‍56½‍–‍5½11½‍–‍6½7½‍–‍4½4‍–‍5
Runner-up
Alexander McDonnell
Format
Casual play
1843
1843
Date
1843
Location
Paris
Winner
Howard Staunton
Score
13‍–‍8
Runner-up
Pierre Saint-Amant
Format
First to 11 wins
1851†
1851†
Date
1851†
Location
London
Winner
Adolf Anderssen
Score
15‍–‍6
Runner-up
Marmaduke Wyvill
Format
Single-elimination tournament with 16 players
1858
1858
Date
1858
Location
Paris
Winner
Paul Morphy
Score
8‍–‍3
Runner-up
Adolf Anderssen
Format
First to 7 wins
1862†
1862†
Date
1862†
Location
London
Winner
Adolf Anderssen
Score
11½‍–‍1½
Runner-up
Louis Paulsen
Format
Round-robin tournament with 14 players
1866
1866
Date
1866
Location
London
Winner
Wilhelm Steinitz
Score
8‍–‍6
Runner-up
Adolf Anderssen
Format
Best of 15
1883†
1883†
Date
1883†
Location
London
Winner
Johannes Zukertort
Score
22‍–‍4
Runner-up
Wilhelm Steinitz
Format
Double round-robin tournament with 14 players
Date
Location
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Format
Ref
1834
London
Louis de La Bourdonnais
18–74–56½–5½11½–6½7½–4½4–5
Alexander McDonnell
Casual play
1843
Paris
Howard Staunton
13–8
Pierre Saint-Amant
First to 11 wins
1851†
London
Adolf Anderssen
15–6
Marmaduke Wyvill
Single-elimination tournament with 16 players
1858
Paris
Paul Morphy
8–3
Adolf Anderssen
First to 7 wins
1862†
London
Adolf Anderssen
11½–1½
Louis Paulsen
Round-robin tournament with 14 players
1866
London
Wilhelm Steinitz
8–6
Adolf Anderssen
Best of 15
1883†
London
Johannes Zukertort
22–4
Wilhelm Steinitz
Double round-robin tournament with 14 players
Privately organized matches (1886–1946) · Privately organized matches (1886–1946)
1886
1886
Date
1886
Location
New York City (1–5)St. Louis (6–9)New Orleans (10–15)
Winner
Wilhelm Steinitz
Score
12½‍–‍7½
Runner-up
Johannes Zukertort
Format
First to 10 wins
1889
1889
Date
1889
Location
Havana
Winner
Wilhelm Steinitz (2)
Score
10½‍–‍6½
Runner-up
Mikhail Chigorin
Format
Best of 20, tiebreak if required
1890–1891
1890–1891
Date
1890–1891
Location
New York City
Winner
Wilhelm Steinitz (3)
Score
10½‍–‍8½
Runner-up
Isidor Gunsberg
1892
1892
Date
1892
Location
Havana
Winner
Wilhelm Steinitz (4)
Score
10‍–‍102½‍–‍½
Runner-up
Mikhail Chigorin
1894
1894
Date
1894
Location
New York City (1–8)Philadelphia (9–11) Montréal (12–19)
Winner
Emanuel Lasker
Score
12‍–‍7
Runner-up
Wilhelm Steinitz
Format
First to 10 wins
1896–1897
1896–1897
Date
1896–1897
Location
Moscow
Winner
Emanuel Lasker (2)
Score
12½‍–‍4½
Runner-up
Wilhelm Steinitz
1907
1907
Date
1907
Location
New York City (1–6, 15)Philadelphia (7–8)Washington, D.C. (9)Baltimore (10)Chicago (11)Memphis (12–14)
Winner
Emanuel Lasker (3)
Score
11½‍–‍3½
Runner-up
Frank Marshall
Format
First to 8 wins
1908
1908
Date
1908
Location
Düsseldorf (1–4)Munich (5–16)
Winner
Emanuel Lasker (4)
Score
10½‍–‍5½
Runner-up
Siegbert Tarrasch
Jan–Feb 1910‡
Jan–Feb 1910‡
Date
Jan–Feb 1910‡
Location
Vienna (1–5) Berlin (6–10)
Winner
Emanuel Lasker (5)
Score
5‍–‍5
Runner-up
Carl Schlechter
Format
Best of 10
Nov–Dec 1910
Nov–Dec 1910
Date
Nov–Dec 1910
Location
Berlin
Winner
Emanuel Lasker (6)
Score
9½‍–‍1½
Runner-up
Dawid Janowski
Format
First to 8 wins
1921
1921
Date
1921
Location
Havana
Winner
José Raúl Capablanca
Score
9‍–‍5
Runner-up
Emanuel Lasker
Format
Best of 24
1927
1927
Date
1927
Location
Buenos Aires
Winner
Alexander Alekhine
Score
18½‍–‍15½
Runner-up
José Raúl Capablanca
Format
First to 6 wins
1929
1929
Date
1929
Location
Wiesbaden (1–8, 24–25)Heidelberg (9–11)Berlin (12–17) The Hague (18–19, 23)Rotterdam (20)Amsterdam (21–22)
Winner
Alexander Alekhine (2)
Score
15½‍–‍9½
Runner-up
Efim Bogoljubow
Format
First to both 6 wins and 15 points
1934
1934
Date
1934
Location
12 cities
Winner
Alexander Alekhine (3)
Score
15½‍–‍10½
Runner-up
Efim Bogoljubow
1935
1935
Date
1935
Location
12 cities
Winner
Max Euwe
Score
15½‍–‍14½
Runner-up
Alexander Alekhine
1937
1937
Date
1937
Location
9 cities
Winner
Alexander Alekhine (4)
Score
15½‍–‍9½
Runner-up
Max Euwe
Title vacant from 1946 to 1948, following the death of Alekhine.
Title vacant from 1946 to 1948, following the death of Alekhine.
Date
Title vacant from 1946 to 1948, following the death of Alekhine.
Date
Location
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Format
Ref
1886
New York City (1–5)St. Louis (6–9)New Orleans (10–15)
Wilhelm Steinitz
12½–7½
Johannes Zukertort
First to 10 wins
1889
Havana
Wilhelm Steinitz (2)
10½–6½
Mikhail Chigorin
Best of 20, tiebreak if required
1890–1891
New York City
Wilhelm Steinitz (3)
10½–8½
Isidor Gunsberg
1892
Havana
Wilhelm Steinitz (4)
10–102½–½
Mikhail Chigorin
1894
New York City (1–8)Philadelphia (9–11) Montréal (12–19)
Emanuel Lasker
12–7
Wilhelm Steinitz
First to 10 wins
1896–1897
Moscow
Emanuel Lasker (2)
12½–4½
Wilhelm Steinitz
1907
New York City (1–6, 15)Philadelphia (7–8)Washington, D.C. (9)Baltimore (10)Chicago (11)Memphis (12–14)
Emanuel Lasker (3)
11½–3½
Frank Marshall
First to 8 wins
1908
Düsseldorf (1–4)Munich (5–16)
Emanuel Lasker (4)
10½–5½
Siegbert Tarrasch
Jan–Feb 1910‡
Vienna (1–5) Berlin (6–10)
Emanuel Lasker (5)
5–5
Carl Schlechter
Best of 10
Nov–Dec 1910
Berlin
Emanuel Lasker (6)
9½–1½
Dawid Janowski
First to 8 wins
1921
Havana
José Raúl Capablanca
9–5
Emanuel Lasker
Best of 24
1927
Buenos Aires
Alexander Alekhine
18½–15½
José Raúl Capablanca
First to 6 wins
1929
Wiesbaden (1–8, 24–25)Heidelberg (9–11)Berlin (12–17) The Hague (18–19, 23)Rotterdam (20)Amsterdam (21–22)
Alexander Alekhine (2)
15½–9½
Efim Bogoljubow
First to both 6 wins and 15 points
1934
12 cities
Alexander Alekhine (3)
15½–10½
Efim Bogoljubow
1935
12 cities
Max Euwe
15½–14½
Alexander Alekhine
1937
9 cities
Alexander Alekhine (4)
15½–9½
Max Euwe
Title vacant from 1946 to 1948, following the death of Alekhine.
FIDE World Championships (1948–1990) · FIDE World Championships (1948–1990)
1948†
1948†
Date
1948†
Location
The Hague (1–10) Moscow (11–20)
Winner
Mikhail Botvinnik
Score
14‍–‍6
Runner-up
Vasily Smyslov
Format
Quintuple round-robin tournament with 5 players
1951‡
1951‡
Date
1951‡
Location
Moscow
Winner
Mikhail Botvinnik (2)
Score
12‍–‍12
Runner-up
David Bronstein
Format
Best of 24
1954‡
1954‡
Date
1954‡
Location
Mikhail Botvinnik (3)
Winner
12‍–‍12
Score
Vasily Smyslov
1957
1957
Date
1957
Location
Vasily Smyslov
Winner
12½‍–‍9½
Score
Mikhail Botvinnik
1958
1958
Date
1958
Location
Mikhail Botvinnik (4)
Winner
12½‍–‍10½
Score
Vasily Smyslov
1960
1960
Date
1960
Location
Mikhail Tal
Winner
12½‍–‍8½
Score
Mikhail Botvinnik
1961
1961
Date
1961
Location
Mikhail Botvinnik (5)
Winner
13‍–‍8
Score
Mikhail Tal
1963
1963
Date
1963
Location
Tigran Petrosian
Winner
12½‍–‍9½
Score
Mikhail Botvinnik
1966
1966
Date
1966
Location
Tigran Petrosian (2)
Winner
12½‍–‍11½
Score
Boris Spassky
1969
1969
Date
1969
Location
Boris Spassky
Winner
12½‍–‍10½
Score
Tigran Petrosian
1972
1972
Date
1972
Location
Reykjavík
Winner
Bobby Fischer
Score
12½‍–‍8½
Runner-up
Boris Spassky
1975#
1975#
Date
1975#
Location
Manila
Winner
Anatoly Karpov
Score
—
Runner-up
Bobby Fischer
1978
1978
Date
1978
Location
Baguio
Winner
Anatoly Karpov (2)
Score
16½‍–‍15½
Runner-up
Viktor Korchnoi
Format
First to 6 wins
1981
1981
Date
1981
Location
Merano
Winner
Anatoly Karpov (3)
Score
11‍–‍7
Runner-up
Viktor Korchnoi
1984–1985✻
1984–1985✻
Date
1984–1985✻
Location
Moscow
Winner
Anatoly Karpov
Score
25‍–‍23
Runner-up
Garry Kasparov
1985
1985
Date
1985
Location
Garry Kasparov
Winner
13‍–‍11
Score
Anatoly Karpov
Runner-up
Best of 24
1986
1986
Date
1986
Location
London (1–12) Leningrad (13–24)
Winner
Garry Kasparov (2)
Score
12½‍–‍11½
Runner-up
Anatoly Karpov
1987‡
1987‡
Date
1987‡
Location
Seville
Winner
Garry Kasparov (3)
Score
12‍–‍12
Runner-up
Anatoly Karpov
1990
1990
Date
1990
Location
New York City (1–12) Lyon (13–24)
Winner
Garry Kasparov (4)
Score
12½‍–‍11½
Runner-up
Anatoly Karpov
Date
Location
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Format
Ref
1948†
The Hague (1–10) Moscow (11–20)
Mikhail Botvinnik
14–6
Vasily Smyslov
Quintuple round-robin tournament with 5 players
1951‡
Moscow
Mikhail Botvinnik (2)
12–12
David Bronstein
Best of 24
1954‡
Mikhail Botvinnik (3)
12–12
Vasily Smyslov
1957
Vasily Smyslov
12½–9½
Mikhail Botvinnik
1958
Mikhail Botvinnik (4)
12½–10½
Vasily Smyslov
1960
Mikhail Tal
12½–8½
Mikhail Botvinnik
1961
Mikhail Botvinnik (5)
13–8
Mikhail Tal
1963
Tigran Petrosian
12½–9½
Mikhail Botvinnik
1966
Tigran Petrosian (2)
12½–11½
Boris Spassky
1969
Boris Spassky
12½–10½
Tigran Petrosian
1972
Reykjavík
Bobby Fischer
12½–8½
Boris Spassky
1975#
Manila
Anatoly Karpov
—
Bobby Fischer
1978
Baguio
Anatoly Karpov (2)
16½–15½
Viktor Korchnoi
First to 6 wins
1981
Merano
Anatoly Karpov (3)
11–7
Viktor Korchnoi
1984–1985✻
Moscow
Anatoly Karpov
25–23
Garry Kasparov
1985
Garry Kasparov
13–11
Anatoly Karpov
Best of 24
1986
London (1–12) Leningrad (13–24)
Garry Kasparov (2)
12½–11½
Anatoly Karpov
1987‡
Seville
Garry Kasparov (3)
12–12
Anatoly Karpov
1990
New York City (1–12) Lyon (13–24)
Garry Kasparov (4)
12½–11½
Anatoly Karpov
Classical World Chess Championships (1993–2006) · Split title (1993–2006)
1993
1993
Date
1993
Location
London
Winner
Garry Kasparov (5)
Score
12½‍–‍7½
Runner-up
Nigel Short
Format
Best of 24
1995
1995
Date
1995
Location
New York City
Winner
Garry Kasparov (6)
Score
10½‍–‍7½
Runner-up
Viswanathan Anand
Format
Best of 20
2000
2000
Date
2000
Location
London
Winner
Vladimir Kramnik
Score
8½‍–‍6½
Runner-up
Garry Kasparov
Format
Best of 16
2004‡
2004‡
Date
2004‡
Location
Brissago
Winner
Vladimir Kramnik (2)
Score
7‍–‍7
Runner-up
Peter Leko
Format
Best of 14
Date
Location
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Format
Ref
1993
London
Garry Kasparov (5)
12½–7½
Nigel Short
Best of 24
1995
New York City
Garry Kasparov (6)
10½–7½
Viswanathan Anand
Best of 20
2000
London
Vladimir Kramnik
8½–6½
Garry Kasparov
Best of 16
2004‡
Brissago
Vladimir Kramnik (2)
7–7
Peter Leko
Best of 14
FIDE World Chess Championships (1993–2006) · Split title (1993–2006)
1993
1993
Date
1993
Location
Zwolle (1–3)Arnhem (4–6)Amsterdam (7–12) Jakarta (13–24)
Winner
Anatoly Karpov (4)
Score
12½‍–‍8½
Runner-up
Jan Timman
Format
Best of 24
1996
1996
Date
1996
Location
Elista
Winner
Anatoly Karpov (5)
Score
10½‍–‍7½
Runner-up
Gata Kamsky
Format
Best of 20
1998†
1998†
Date
1998†
Location
Lausanne
Winner
Anatoly Karpov (6)
Score
3‍–‍32‍–‍0
Runner-up
Viswanathan Anand
Format
Single-elimination tournament with 100 players
1999†
1999†
Date
1999†
Location
Las Vegas
Winner
Alexander Khalifman
Score
18½‍–‍11½
Runner-up
Vladimir Akopian
2000†
2000†
Date
2000†
Location
New Delhi (rounds 1–6) Tehran (round 7)
Winner
Viswanathan Anand
Score
14‍–‍6
Runner-up
Alexei Shirov
2002†
2002†
Date
2002†
Location
Moscow
Winner
Ruslan Ponomariov
Score
19‍–‍9
Runner-up
Vasyl Ivanchuk
Format
Single-elimination tournament with 128 players
2004†
2004†
Date
2004†
Location
Tripoli
Winner
Rustam Kasimdzhanov
Score
20‍–‍10
Runner-up
Michael Adams
2005†
2005†
Date
2005†
Location
Potrero de los Funes
Winner
Veselin Topalov
Score
10‍–‍4
Runner-up
Viswanathan Anand
Format
Double round-robin tournament with 8 players
Date
Location
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Format
Ref
1993
Zwolle (1–3)Arnhem (4–6)Amsterdam (7–12) Jakarta (13–24)
Anatoly Karpov (4)
12½–8½
Jan Timman
Best of 24
1996
Elista
Anatoly Karpov (5)
10½–7½
Gata Kamsky
Best of 20
1998†
Lausanne
Anatoly Karpov (6)
3–32–0
Viswanathan Anand
Single-elimination tournament with 100 players
1999†
Las Vegas
Alexander Khalifman
18½–11½
Vladimir Akopian
2000†
New Delhi (rounds 1–6) Tehran (round 7)
Viswanathan Anand
14–6
Alexei Shirov
2002†
Moscow
Ruslan Ponomariov
19–9
Vasyl Ivanchuk
Single-elimination tournament with 128 players
2004†
Tripoli
Rustam Kasimdzhanov
20–10
Michael Adams
2005†
Potrero de los Funes
Veselin Topalov
10–4
Viswanathan Anand
Double round-robin tournament with 8 players
FIDE World Championships (2006–present) · FIDE World Championships (2006–present)
2006
2006
Date
2006
Location
Elista
Winner
Vladimir Kramnik (3)
Score
6‍–‍62½‍–‍1½
Runner-up
Veselin Topalov
Format
Best of 12, tiebreaks if necessary
2007†
2007†
Date
2007†
Location
Mexico City
Winner
Viswanathan Anand (2)
Score
9‍–‍5
Runner-up
Vladimir Kramnik
Format
Double round-robin tournament with 8 players
2008
2008
Date
2008
Location
Bonn
Winner
Viswanathan Anand (3)
Score
6½‍–‍4½
Runner-up
Vladimir Kramnik
Format
Best of 12, tiebreaks if necessary
2010
2010
Date
2010
Location
Sofia
Winner
Viswanathan Anand (4)
Score
6½‍–‍5½
Runner-up
Veselin Topalov
2012
2012
Date
2012
Location
Moscow
Winner
Viswanathan Anand (5)
Score
6‍–‍62½‍–‍1½
Runner-up
Boris Gelfand
2013
2013
Date
2013
Location
Chennai
Winner
Magnus Carlsen
Score
6½‍–‍3½
Runner-up
Viswanathan Anand
2014
2014
Date
2014
Location
Sochi
Winner
Magnus Carlsen (2)
Score
6½‍–‍4½
Runner-up
Viswanathan Anand
2016
2016
Date
2016
Location
New York City
Winner
Magnus Carlsen (3)
Score
6‍–‍63‍–‍1
Runner-up
Sergey Karjakin
2018
2018
Date
2018
Location
London
Winner
Magnus Carlsen (4)
Score
6‍–‍63‍–‍0
Runner-up
Fabiano Caruana
2021
2021
Date
2021
Location
Dubai
Winner
Magnus Carlsen (5)
Score
7½‍–‍3½
Runner-up
Ian Nepomniachtchi
Format
Best of 14, tiebreaks if necessary
2023
2023
Date
2023
Location
Astana
Winner
Ding Liren
Score
7‍–‍72½‍–‍1½
Runner-up
Ian Nepomniachtchi
2024
2024
Date
2024
Location
Singapore
Winner
Gukesh Dommaraju
Score
7½‍–‍6½
Runner-up
Ding Liren
Date
Location
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Format
Ref
2006
Elista
Vladimir Kramnik (3)
6–62½–1½
Veselin Topalov
Best of 12, tiebreaks if necessary
2007†
Mexico City
Viswanathan Anand (2)
9–5
Vladimir Kramnik
Double round-robin tournament with 8 players
2008
Bonn
Viswanathan Anand (3)
6½–4½
Vladimir Kramnik
Best of 12, tiebreaks if necessary
2010
Sofia
Viswanathan Anand (4)
6½–5½
Veselin Topalov
2012
Moscow
Viswanathan Anand (5)
6–62½–1½
Boris Gelfand
2013
Chennai
Magnus Carlsen
6½–3½
Viswanathan Anand
2014
Sochi
Magnus Carlsen (2)
6½–4½
Viswanathan Anand
2016
New York City
Magnus Carlsen (3)
6–63–1
Sergey Karjakin
2018
London
Magnus Carlsen (4)
6–63–0
Fabiano Caruana
2021
Dubai
Magnus Carlsen (5)
7½–3½
Ian Nepomniachtchi
Best of 14, tiebreaks if necessary
2023
Astana
Ding Liren
7–72½–1½
Ian Nepomniachtchi
2024
Singapore
Gukesh Dommaraju
7½–6½
Ding Liren
Unrecognized championship events · Unrecognized championship events
1909
1909
Date
1909
Location
Paris
Winner
Emanuel Lasker
Score
8‍–‍2
Runner-up
Dawid Janowski
Format
Best of 10, casual play
Date
Location
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Format
1909
Paris
Emanuel Lasker
8–2
Dawid Janowski
Best of 10, casual play

References

  1. mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-
  2. Baden-Baden (1–3)Villingen (4–5)Freiburg (6–8)Pforzheim (9–10)Stuttgart (11–12)Munich (13–15)Bayreuth (16)Kissingen (17–
  3. Amsterdam (1–3, 8–9, 12–13, 18, 20, 23, 25–26, 28–30)The Hague (4, 6, 11, 22, 27)Delft (5, 24)Utrecht (7)Gouda (10)Groni
  4. The Hague (1, 5, 9–10, 17–18, 25)Rotterdam (2, 7, 15–16, 23–24)Amsterdam (3–4, 12–13, 20–21)Haarlem (6)Leiden (8)Groning
  5. 3‍–‍2 Smyslov4‍–‍1 Keres3½‍–‍1½ Reshevsky3½‍–‍1½ Euwe
  6. Karpov was automatically seeded into the final round: a best of 6, with tiebreaks as needed.
  7. 3½‍–‍2½ Barua2½‍–‍1½ Kamsky1½‍–‍½ Asrian2½‍–‍1½ Gelfand1½‍–‍½ Polgár3½‍–‍2½ Nisipeanu3½‍–‍2½ Akopian
  8. Anand had a bye in the first round. 1½‍–‍½ Bologan1½‍–‍½ Lputian1½‍–‍½ Macieja3½‍–‍2½ Khalifman2½‍–‍1½ Adams3½‍–‍½ Shiro
  9. 1½‍–‍½ Li3‍–‍1 Tiviakov2‍–‍0 Georgiev2½‍–‍1½ Morozevich3‍–‍1 Bareev2½‍–‍1½ Svidler4½‍–‍2½ Ivanchuk
  10. 2½‍–‍1½ Ramírez1½‍–‍½ Ghaem Maghami2½‍–‍1½ Ivanchuk2‍–‍0 Almási3‍–‍1 Grischuk4‍–‍2 Topalov4½‍–‍3½ Adams
  11. 1‍–‍1 Anand1½‍–‍½ Svidler1½‍–‍½ Morozevich1½‍–‍½ Leko1½‍–‍½ Kasimdzhanov1½‍–‍½ Adams1½‍–‍½ Polgár
  12. 1‍–‍1 Kramnik1‍–‍1 Gelfand1‍–‍1 Leko1½‍–‍½ Svidler1½‍–‍½ Morozevich1½‍–‍½ Aronian1½‍–‍½ Grischuk
  13. Murray 1913, p. 405.
  14. Murray 1913, pp. 774–779.
  15. Murray 1913, p. 845.
  16. Murray 1913, p. 883.
  17. "1834 La Bourdonnais–Macdonnell Matches"
    https://www.chessarch.com/archive/1834_La_Bourdonnais-Macdonnell_Matches/index.shtml
  18. Chess.com
    https://www.chess.com/article/view/staunton-beats-a-saint
  19. The Chess Tournament: A Collection of the Games Played at this Celebrated Assemblage, Illustrated by Copious Diagrams, and Notes, Critical and Explanatory
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_SUCAAAAYAAJ
  20. Paul Morphy, The Pride and Sorrow of Chess
  21. The Chess Congress of 1862
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vO0IAAAAQAAJ
  22. Capablanca 1977, p. 47Murray 1913, p. 888, "But after 1860 the opinion that the Tournament was not the best way of disco
  23. Chess Player's Chronicle
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  24. Winter 2023a.
  25. Winter 1954, pp. 9–10.
  26. Murray 1913, p. 889.
  27. Kažić 1974, pp. 208–210.
  28. "1890 Gunsberg-Steinitz World Championship Match"
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  29. Kažić 1974, pp. 208–211.
  30. "1894 Lasker-Steinitz World Championship Match"
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  31. Kažić 1974, p. 213.
  32. Free Press Prairie Farmer
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  33. Der Schachwettkampf Lasker-Tarrasch um die Weltmeisterschaft im August-September 1908
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  34. Kažić 1974, p. 216.
  35. Kažić 1974, p. 217; Wilson 1975, p. 151.
  36. Kažić 1974, pp. 217–218.
  37. Kažić 1974, pp. 219–220.
  38. Verhoeven & Skinner 1998, pp. 364–371.
  39. Verhoeven & Skinner 1998, pp. 489–491.
  40. Euwe vs. Alekhine Match 1935
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3146006
  41. Alekhine vs. Euwe Return Match 1937
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  42. chesshistory.com
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  43. Plisetsky & Voronkov 1994, pp. 363–366.
  44. Plisetsky & Voronkov 1994, p. 365.
  45. Winter 1988.
  46. Horowitz 1973, pp. 120–136; Kažić 1974, p. 224.
  47. Kažić 1974, p. 225.
  48. Kažić 1974, p. 226.
  49. Kažić 1974, p. 227.
  50. Kažić 1974, p. 228.
  51. Kažić 1974, p. 229.
  52. Kažić 1974, p. 230.
  53. Kažić 1974, pp. 230–231.
  54. Kažić 1974, p. 231.
  55. Kažić 1974, pp. 232–241.
  56. Plisetsky & Voronkov 1994, pp. 361–366.
  57. Winter 1981, p. 169.
  58. Merano 1981 Karpov–Korchnoi: Lucha por el Campeonato del mundo de ajedrez
  59. Kasparov 2008, pp. 54–254; Winter 1988.
  60. Kasparov 2008, pp. 277–419.
  61. Kasparov 2009, pp. 21–237.
  62. Kasparov 2009, pp. 238–428.
  63. Kasparov 2010, pp. 81–282.
  64. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/27/arts/kasparov-breaks-with-world-chess-body.html
  65. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/24/arts/a-chess-title-match-is-to-start-on-sept-7.html
  66. The New York Times
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  67. The New York Times
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  68. Kasparov v. Short 1993: The Official Book of the Match
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  69. World Chess Championship: Kasparov v. Anand
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  70. Bareev & Levitov 2007, pp. 29–172.
  71. Bareev & Levitov 2007, pp. 173–300.
  72. Schachweltmeisterschaft 1993: Anatoli Karpow–Jan Timman; Garri Kasparow–Nigel Short
  73. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/12/arts/draw-and-match-karpov-triumphs.html
  74. Chessbase
    https://en.chessbase.com/post/20-years-ago-anand-vs-karpov
  75. "Las Vegas 1999"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20010425154838/http://lasvegas.fide.com:80/chess/result7.html
  76. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/07/nyregion/chess-anand-s-devious-strategy-defeats-shirov-in-a-match.html
  77. "WCC 2001 Results"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20020806223517/http://wcc2001.fide.com/read.cgi?html=result
  78. "WCC 2004 Results"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20040812125700/http://wcclibya2004.com/results.asp
  79. San Luis 2005
  80. Bareev & Levitov 2007, pp. 176, 324–327.
  81. Chessbase
    https://en.chessbase.com/post/levon-aronian-wins-fide-world-cup
  82. "Rules & regulations for the Candidates Tournament of the FIDE World Championship cycle 2014–2016"
    https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/regscandidates2016.pdf
  83. Chess.com
    https://www.chess.com/news/view/world-chess-championship-match-regulations
  84. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/sports/chess-magnus-carlsen-world-championship.html
  85. Chess.com
    https://www.chess.com/news/view/carlsen-on-his-future-personal-life-motivation-and-more
  86. Bareev & Levitov 2007, pp. 301–398.
  87. Chessbase
    https://en.chessbase.com/post/mexico-2007-vishy-anand-is-world-champion-
  88. Gambit Blog
    https://archive.nytimes.com/gambit.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/anand-is-world-champion-again/
  89. Chessbase
    https://en.chessbase.com/post/robert-ris-anand-beats-topalov-2010
  90. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/30/viswanathan-anand-crowned-chess-champion
  91. Time
    https://time100.time.com/2013/11/25/a-new-king-for-a-new-era-in-chess/
  92. The Week in Chess
    https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/world-chess-championship-2014/carlsen-retains-world-chess-championship-title-after-beating-anand-in-game-11
  93. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/01/magnus-carlsen-retains-world-chess-title-after-quickfire-tie-breaker
  94. Chessbase
    https://en.chessbase.com/post/magnus-carlsen-world-champion-2018
  95. Chess.com
    https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-world-chess-championship-2021-game-11
  96. Chessbase
    https://en.chessbase.com/post/world-championship-2023-playoff
  97. Chess.com
    https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-world-chess-championship-2024-game-14
  98. Horowitz 1973, p. 64; Keene & Goodman 1986, p. 6.
  99. chesshistory.com
    https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter38.html#5199._Lasker_v_Janowsky_Paris_1909
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