List of Palmyrene monarchs
Updated: 11/6/2025, 1:45:40 AM Wikipedia source
Below is a list of Palmyrene monarchs, the monarchs that ruled and presided over the city of Palmyra and the subsequent Palmyrene Empire in the 3rd century AD, and the later vassal princes of the Al Fadl dynasty which ruled over the city in the 14th century.
Tables
· House of Odaenathus
Odaenathus
Odaenathus
Name
Odaenathus
Ruler From
260
Ruler Until
267
Title
KingKing of Kings
Notes
Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263
Hairan I
Hairan I
Name
Hairan I
Ruler From
263
Ruler Until
267
Relationship with Predecessor(s)
• Son of Odaenathus
Title
King of Kings
Notes
Made co-King of Kings by his father.
Maeonius
Maeonius
Name
Maeonius
Ruler From
267
Ruler Until
267
Relationship with Predecessor(s)
• Odaenathus' cousin.
Title
Emperor
Notes
No evidence exists for his reign, but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation
Vaballathus
Vaballathus
Name
Vaballathus
Ruler From
267
Ruler Until
272
Relationship with Predecessor(s)
• Son of Odaenathus
Title
King of KingsKingEmperor
Notes
Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271. Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.
Zenobia
Zenobia
Name
Zenobia
Ruler From
267
Ruler Until
272
Relationship with Predecessor(s)
• Mother of Vaballathus
Title
QueenEmpress
Notes
Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.
Antiochus
Antiochus
Name
Antiochus
Ruler From
273
Ruler Until
273
Relationship with Predecessor(s)
• Possibly a son of Zenobia.
Title
Emperor
| Portrait | Name | Ruler From | Ruler Until | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Title | Notes |
| | Odaenathus | 260 | 267 | KingKing of Kings | Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263 | |
| | Hairan I | 263 | 267 | • Son of Odaenathus | King of Kings | Made co-King of Kings by his father. |
| | Maeonius | 267 | 267 | • Odaenathus' cousin. | Emperor | No evidence exists for his reign, but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation |
| | Vaballathus | 267 | 272 | • Son of Odaenathus | King of KingsKingEmperor | Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271. Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia. |
| | Zenobia | 267 | 272 | • Mother of Vaballathus | QueenEmpress | Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right. |
| Antiochus | 273 | 273 | • Possibly a son of Zenobia. | Emperor |
· Al Fadl dynasty
Sharaf ad-Din Issa
Sharaf ad-Din Issa
Ruler
Sharaf ad-Din Issa
Reigned
1281–1284
Title
Prince
Notes
Appointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks.
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Ruler
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Reigned
1284–1293
Title
Prince
Notes
Imprisoned by the Mamluks.
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Ruler
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Reigned
1295–1312
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign.
Fadl ibn Isa
Fadl ibn Isa
Ruler
Fadl ibn Isa
Reigned
1312–1317
Title
Prince
Notes
Brother of Muhanna.
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Ruler
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Reigned
1317–1320
Title
Prince
Notes
Expelled with his tribe.
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Ruler
Husam ad-Din Muhanna
Reigned
1330–1335
Title
Prince
Notes
Fourth reign.
Muzaffar al-Din Musa
Muzaffar al-Din Musa
Ruler
Muzaffar al-Din Musa
Reigned
1335–1341
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Muhanna.
Alam al-Din Suleiman
Alam al-Din Suleiman
Ruler
Alam al-Din Suleiman
Reigned
1341–1342
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Muhanna.
Sharaf al-Din Issa
Sharaf al-Din Issa
Ruler
Sharaf al-Din Issa
Reigned
1342–1343
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Fadl bin Issa.
Saif
Saif
Ruler
Saif
Reigned
1343–1345
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Fadl bin Issa.
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ruler
Ahmad
Reigned
1345–1347
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Muhanna.
Saif
Saif
Ruler
Saif
Reigned
1347–1348
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign.
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ruler
Ahmad
Reigned
1348
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign.
Fayad
Fayad
Ruler
Fayad
Reigned
1348
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Muhanna.
Hayar
Hayar
Ruler
Hayar
Reigned
1348–1350
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Muhanna.
Fayad
Fayad
Ruler
Fayad
Reigned
1350–1361
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign.
Hayar
Hayar
Ruler
Hayar
Reigned
1361–1364
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
Zamil
Zamil
Ruler
Zamil
Reigned
1364–1366
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Muhanna's brother Musa.
Hayar
Hayar
Ruler
Hayar
Reigned
1366–1368
Title
Prince
Notes
Third reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
Zamil
Zamil
Ruler
Zamil
Reigned
1368
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed.
Mu'ayqil
Mu'ayqil
Ruler
Mu'ayqil
Reigned
1368–1373
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Fadl bin Issa.
Hayar
Hayar
Ruler
Hayar
Reigned
1373–1375
Title
Prince
Notes
Fourth reign.
Malik
Malik
Ruler
Malik
Reigned
1375–1379
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Muhanna.
Zamil
Zamil
Ruler
Zamil
Reigned
1379–1380
Title
Prince
Notes
Third reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil.
Mu'ayqil
Mu'ayqil
Ruler
Mu'ayqil
Reigned
1379–1380
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign; ruled with Zamil.
Nu'air bin Hayar
Nu'air bin Hayar
Ruler
Nu'air bin Hayar
Reigned
1380–0000
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Hayar.
Musa
Musa
Ruler
Musa
Reigned
0000–1396
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Hayar's brother Assaf.
Suleiman II
Suleiman II
Ruler
Suleiman II
Reigned
1396–1398
Title
Prince
Notes
Son of Hayar's brother 'Anqa.
Muhammad
Muhammad
Ruler
Muhammad
Reigned
1398–1399
Title
Prince
Notes
Brother of Suleiman II.
Nu'air bin Hayar
Nu'air bin Hayar
Ruler
Nu'air bin Hayar
Reigned
1399–1406
Title
Prince
Notes
Second reign.
| Ruler | Reigned | Title | Notes |
| Sharaf ad-Din Issa | 1281–1284 | Prince | Appointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks. |
| Husam ad-Din Muhanna | 1284–1293 | Prince | Imprisoned by the Mamluks. |
| Husam ad-Din Muhanna | 1295–1312 | Prince | Second reign. |
| Fadl ibn Isa | 1312–1317 | Prince | Brother of Muhanna. |
| Husam ad-Din Muhanna | 1317–1320 | Prince | Expelled with his tribe. |
| Husam ad-Din Muhanna | 1330–1335 | Prince | Fourth reign. |
| Muzaffar al-Din Musa | 1335–1341 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. |
| Alam al-Din Suleiman | 1341–1342 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. |
| Sharaf al-Din Issa | 1342–1343 | Prince | Son of Fadl bin Issa. |
| Saif | 1343–1345 | Prince | Son of Fadl bin Issa. |
| Ahmad | 1345–1347 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. |
| Saif | 1347–1348 | Prince | Second reign. |
| Ahmad | 1348 | Prince | Second reign. |
| Fayad | 1348 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. |
| Hayar | 1348–1350 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. |
| Fayad | 1350–1361 | Prince | Second reign. |
| Hayar | 1361–1364 | Prince | Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed. |
| Zamil | 1364–1366 | Prince | Son of Muhanna's brother Musa. |
| Hayar | 1366–1368 | Prince | Third reign; rebelled and was dismissed. |
| Zamil | 1368 | Prince | Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed. |
| Mu'ayqil | 1368–1373 | Prince | Son of Fadl bin Issa. |
| Hayar | 1373–1375 | Prince | Fourth reign. |
| Malik | 1375–1379 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. |
| Zamil | 1379–1380 | Prince | Third reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil. |
| Mu'ayqil | 1379–1380 | Prince | Second reign; ruled with Zamil. |
| Nu'air bin Hayar | 1380–0000 | Prince | Son of Hayar. |
| Musa | 0000–1396 | Prince | Son of Hayar's brother Assaf. |
| Suleiman II | 1396–1398 | Prince | Son of Hayar's brother 'Anqa. |
| Muhammad | 1398–1399 | Prince | Brother of Suleiman II. |
| Nu'air bin Hayar | 1399–1406 | Prince | Second reign. |
References
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