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List of Oval Office desks

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of Oval Office desks

Since the construction of the Oval Office in 1909, there have been six different desks used in the office by the president of the United States. The desk usually sits in front of the south wall of the Oval Office. The desk has an executive chair behind and usually has chairs for advisors placed to either side or in front. Each president uses the Oval Office, and the desk in it, differently. The desk is widely used ceremonially for photo opportunities and press announcements. Some presidents, such as Richard Nixon, used the desk only for these ceremonial purposes, while others, including Dwight D. Eisenhower, used it as their main workspace. The first desk used in the Oval Office was the Theodore Roosevelt desk. The desk currently in use by Donald Trump is the Resolute desk. Of the six desks that have occupied the Oval Office, the Resolute has spent the longest time in the room, having been used by eight presidents. The Resolute has been used by John F. Kennedy and by all U.S. presidents since 1977 with the exception of George H. W. Bush. Bush used the C&O desk for his one term, making it the shortest-serving desk to date. Other past presidents used the Hoover desk, the Johnson desk, and the Wilson desk. The process for choosing a desk is not standardized and different presidents have chosen desks for different reasons. A few presidents have made public through interviews or papers in their presidential libraries how their choice was made. A 1974 memo explaining the desk options Gerald Ford could choose from is held at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Jimmy Carter wrote about choosing a desk as his first official presidential decision in his 1982 memoir Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. In an interview with Chris Wallace, Donald Trump described that there are seven desks to choose from and that he chose the Resolute desk due to its history and beauty. Joe Biden explained in a 2023 interview with Architectural Digest that there is a suburban Maryland facility with a replica Oval Office where interior decorators can test the placement of furnishings before they are moved into the actual Oval Office on Inauguration Day.

Tables

· Desks by president
Theodore Roosevelt desk
Theodore Roosevelt desk
Desk
Theodore Roosevelt desk
Oval Office tenant
William Howard Taft
Workspace dimensions
90 by 53.5 inches (229 by 136 cm)
Notes
This desk was created in 1903 for then President Theodore Roosevelt. It was first used in the Oval Office by William Howard Taft and remained there until the West Wing fire in 1929. It remained in storage until 1945 when Harry S. Truman placed it in the modern Oval Office. Richard Nixon used this desk in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building where Stephen Hess of the Brookings Institution presumes, "the Watergate tapes were made by an apparatus concealed in its drawer".
Current location
Vice President's Ceremonial Office, Eisenhower Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C.
Picture
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Desk
Woodrow Wilson
Warren G. Harding
Warren G. Harding
Desk
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge
Desk
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Desk
Herbert Hoover
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
Desk
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Desk
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Hoover desk
Hoover desk
Desk
Hoover desk
Oval Office tenant
Herbert Hoover
Workspace dimensions
82.5 by 45.5 inches (210 by 116 cm)
Notes
A December 24, 1929 fire severely damaged the West Wing, including the Oval Office. President Herbert Hoover accepted the donation of a new desk from a group of Grand Rapids, Michigan, furniture-makers and used it as his Oval Office desk after the new office was completed.
Current location
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, New York
Picture
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Desk
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Resolute desk
Resolute desk
Desk
Resolute desk
Oval Office tenant
John F. Kennedy
Workspace dimensions
72 by 48 inches (180 by 120 cm)
Notes
This desk was created from wood salvaged from HMS Resolute and given to President Rutherford B. Hayes by Queen Victoria in 1879. It had a hinged front panel added to it by Franklin D. Roosevelt. The desk resided in the White House in various rooms, until Jacqueline Kennedy found it languishing in the "White House broadcast room". She had it restored and moved into the Oval Office. After Kennedy's death, the desk was removed for a traveling exhibition, returning to the Oval Office under Jimmy Carter in 1977. It has been the Oval Office desk ever since with the exception of the George H.W. Bush presidential years.
Current location
Oval Office, The White House, Washington, D.C.
Picture
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter
Desk
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan
Desk
Ronald Reagan
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
Desk
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
George W. Bush
Desk
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
Desk
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Desk
Donald Trump
Joe Biden
Joe Biden
Desk
Joe Biden
Johnson desk
Johnson desk
Desk
Johnson desk
Oval Office tenant
Lyndon B. Johnson
Workspace dimensions
75.5 by 45.5 inches (192 by 116 cm)
Notes
This desk was used by Johnson from the time he was in the United States Senate up through his tenure in the Oval Office.
Current location
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum,Austin, Texas
Picture
Wilson desk
Wilson desk
Desk
Wilson desk
Oval Office tenant
Richard Nixon
Workspace dimensions
80.75 by 58.25 inches (205.1 by 148.0 cm)
Notes
Nixon used this desk both as vice president and president, because he believed that it had been used by President Woodrow Wilson. Actually, the desk had not been used by Woodrow Wilson or by Vice President Henry Wilson.
Current location
Vice President's Room, United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Picture
Gerald Ford
Gerald Ford
Desk
Gerald Ford
C&O desk
C&O desk
Desk
C&O desk
Oval Office tenant
George H. W. Bush
Workspace dimensions
Unknown
Notes
George H. W. Bush used this desk during his tenure as both vice president and president of the United States. It was created for the owners of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway around 1920 and subsequently donated to the White House. Previously, Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan had used it in the West Wing Study.
Current location
White House collection
Picture
Desk
Oval Office tenant
Workspace dimensions
Notes
Current location
Picture
Theodore Roosevelt desk
William Howard Taft
inches (229 by 136 cm)
This desk was created in 1903 for then President Theodore Roosevelt. It was first used in the Oval Office by William Howard Taft and remained there until the West Wing fire in 1929. It remained in storage until 1945 when Harry S. Truman placed it in the modern Oval Office. Richard Nixon used this desk in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building where Stephen Hess of the Brookings Institution presumes, "the Watergate tapes were made by an apparatus concealed in its drawer".
Vice President's Ceremonial Office, Eisenhower Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C.
Woodrow Wilson
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Hoover desk
Herbert Hoover
inches (210 by 116 cm)
A December 24, 1929 fire severely damaged the West Wing, including the Oval Office. President Herbert Hoover accepted the donation of a new desk from a group of Grand Rapids, Michigan, furniture-makers and used it as his Oval Office desk after the new office was completed.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, New York
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Resolute desk
John F. Kennedy
72 by 48 inches (180 by 120 cm)
This desk was created from wood salvaged from HMS Resolute and given to President Rutherford B. Hayes by Queen Victoria in 1879. It had a hinged front panel added to it by Franklin D. Roosevelt. The desk resided in the White House in various rooms, until Jacqueline Kennedy found it languishing in the "White House broadcast room". She had it restored and moved into the Oval Office. After Kennedy's death, the desk was removed for a traveling exhibition, returning to the Oval Office under Jimmy Carter in 1977. It has been the Oval Office desk ever since with the exception of the George H.W. Bush presidential years.
Oval Office, The White House, Washington, D.C.
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Joe Biden
Johnson desk
Lyndon B. Johnson
inches (192 by 116 cm)
This desk was used by Johnson from the time he was in the United States Senate up through his tenure in the Oval Office.
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum,Austin, Texas
Wilson desk
Richard Nixon
inches (205.1 by 148.0 cm)
Nixon used this desk both as vice president and president, because he believed that it had been used by President Woodrow Wilson. Actually, the desk had not been used by Woodrow Wilson or by Vice President Henry Wilson.
Vice President's Room, United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Gerald Ford
C&O desk
George H. W. Bush
Unknown
George H. W. Bush used this desk during his tenure as both vice president and president of the United States. It was created for the owners of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway around 1920 and subsequently donated to the White House. Previously, Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan had used it in the West Wing Study.
White House collection
Chronology of Oval Office desks[3] · Desks by president › Chronology
27
27
Presidency
27
President
William Howard Taft
Desk
Theodore Roosevelt desk
28
28
Presidency
28
President
Woodrow Wilson
29
29
Presidency
29
President
Warren G. Harding
30
30
Presidency
30
President
Calvin Coolidge
31
31
Presidency
31
President
Herbert Hoover
Hoover desk
Hoover desk
Presidency
Hoover desk
32
32
Presidency
32
President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
33
33
Presidency
33
President
Harry S. Truman
Desk
Theodore Roosevelt desk
34
34
Presidency
34
President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
35
35
Presidency
35
President
John F. Kennedy
Desk
Resolute desk
36
36
Presidency
36
President
Lyndon B. Johnson
Desk
Johnson desk
37
37
Presidency
37
President
Richard Nixon
Desk
Wilson desk
38
38
Presidency
38
President
Gerald Ford
39
39
Presidency
39
President
Jimmy Carter
Desk
Resolute desk
40
40
Presidency
40
President
Ronald Reagan
41
41
Presidency
41
President
George H. W. Bush
Desk
C&O desk
42
42
Presidency
42
President
Bill Clinton
Desk
Resolute desk
43
43
Presidency
43
President
George W. Bush
44
44
Presidency
44
President
Barack Obama
45/47
45/47
Presidency
45/47
President
Donald Trump
46
46
Presidency
46
President
Joe Biden
Presidency
President
Desk
27
William Howard Taft
Theodore Roosevelt desk
28
Woodrow Wilson
29
Warren G. Harding
30
Calvin Coolidge
31
Herbert Hoover
Hoover desk
32
Franklin D. Roosevelt
33
Harry S. Truman
Theodore Roosevelt desk
34
Dwight D. Eisenhower
35
John F. Kennedy
Resolute desk
36
Lyndon B. Johnson
Johnson desk
37
Richard Nixon
Wilson desk
38
Gerald Ford
39
Jimmy Carter
Resolute desk
40
Ronald Reagan
41
George H. W. Bush
C&O desk
42
Bill Clinton
Resolute desk
43
George W. Bush
44
Barack Obama
45/47
Donald Trump
46
Joe Biden
· Pre-Oval Office executive desks
Washington's writing desk
Washington's writing desk
Desk
Washington's writing desk
Presidential tenant(s)
George Washington
Notes
Used by Washington in Federal Hall. After Federal Hall was demolished in 1812, the desk found its way to Bellevue Almshouse. This "horrified" the City Council who had it moved to the Governor's Room in 1844 where it has remained since.
Current location
Governor's Room, New York City Hall, New York
Picture
Washington's presidential desk
Washington's presidential desk
Desk
Washington's presidential desk
Presidential tenant(s)
George Washington
Notes
Used by Washington in his office in the President's House, the executive mansion at the time. This desk is now in the collection of the Philadelphia History Museum, which has been closed to the public since 2018.
Current location
Philadelphia History Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Picture
mw- .mw- .mw- } } }External image George Washington desk
Declaration of Independence Desk
Declaration of Independence Desk
Desk
Declaration of Independence Desk
Presidential tenant(s)
Thomas Jefferson
Notes
This portable desk made by Benjamin Randolph was used by Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the United States Declaration of Independence. Jefferson continued to use this desk through his time as president.
Current location
American Democracy exhibition, National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.
Picture
Monroe Doctrine desk
Monroe Doctrine desk
Desk
Monroe Doctrine desk
Presidential tenant(s)
James Monroe
Notes
All of the White House's furniture was destroyed during the 1814 Burning of Washington. When Monroe moved into the rebuilt presidential mansion he brought many of his own personal furnishings to use in the building. This fall-front desk is one of several pieces of furniture purchased by Monroe when he was in France between 1794 and 1796. While there are no documents proving this, family legend holds that the president wrote the Monroe Doctrine sitting at this desk. A secret compartment within the desk containing correspondences was discovered in the early 20th century. First Lady Lou Henry Hoover saw the desk in the 1930s and was so taken with the desk she had a replica created and placed in the White House.
Current location
James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, Fredericksburg, Virginia
Picture
External image The Monroe Doctrine desk
Desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room
Desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room
Desk
Desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room
Presidential tenant(s)
John Quincy Adams
Notes
John Quincy Adams had an inventory made of the White House after he became president. This inventory notes a desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room which is assumed to be where his office was.
Andrew Jackson's stand-up desk
Andrew Jackson's stand-up desk
Desk
Andrew Jackson's stand-up desk
Presidential tenant(s)
Andrew Jackson
Notes
"A tall awkward desk" with pigeonholes was used by Andrew Jackson in the White House. During the rearrangement of the presidential office rooms in 1865, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the desk was removed from the building and sent off to auction. Andrew Johnson ordered it be returned saying "What ever was Old Hickory's I revere". The desk was still in use in the presidential office during Rutherford B. Hayes's term. It was auctioned off in 1882 with other White House furnishings, under Chester A. Arthur's watch, to make way for new design elements in the building.
Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce
Desk
Franklin Pierce
Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes
Desk
Rutherford B. Hayes
Buchanan’s Teakwood Desk
Buchanan’s Teakwood Desk
Desk
Buchanan’s Teakwood Desk
Presidential tenant(s)
James Buchanan
Notes
This intricately carved pedestal desk was given to Buchanan, upon winning the presidential nomination in 1856, from friends that lived in India he had met while he was Minister to Russia in the 1830s. Buchanan had the desk shipped to the White House so it would be there when he arrived on his first day as President.
Current location
Sitting Room, Wheatland, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Picture
Table
Table
Desk
Table
Presidential tenant(s)
Abraham Lincoln
Notes
Lincoln's office was located in the southeastern upstairs corner of the White House. While a large "council table" was the centerpiece of the room, a second table was located at the southern end which Lincoln used as his desk.
Picture
Patent Revolving Secretary
Patent Revolving Secretary
Desk
Patent Revolving Secretary
Presidential tenant(s)
Ulysses S. Grant
Notes
Julia Dent Grant, unhappy with the furnishings of the White House, received a $25,000 (equivalent to $590,563 in 2024) appropriation from congress to update the interiors. While redecorating the cabinet room she purchased a "Patent Revolving Secretary", from Pottier & Stymus. This secretary was a patent Wooton desk with a carved eagle and shield on its cornice. The secretary was later sold to Webb Hayes for $10 who used it when he was the personal secretary to his father, Rutherford B. Hayes. In 1969, the secretary was back in the White House collection and was loaned to the Smithsonian.
Current location
White House collection
Picture
Resolute desk
Resolute desk
Desk
Resolute desk
Presidential tenant(s)
Rutherford B. Hayes
Notes
After receiving the desk in 1880, Hayes placed it in the Green Room on exhibition until it was taken upstairs to his office on the second floor. Grover Cleveland used the desk in his office and library in what is now the Yellow Oval Room for both of his non-consecutive terms. William McKinley used the desk often in the Presidential Office and had a bouquet of flowers placed upon it every day. Theodore Roosevelt used it in the President's Room, today's Lincoln Bedroom.
Current location
Oval Office, The White House, Washington, D.C.
Picture
Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
Desk
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley
William McKinley
Desk
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Desk
Theodore Roosevelt
Secretary desk
Secretary desk
Desk
Secretary desk
Presidential tenant(s)
Chester A. Arthur
Notes
The design of the White House was not to Arthur's taste. He had unfashionable and damaged furniture removed, selling off twenty-four wagon loads of furniture and thirty barrels of china. He commissioned Associated Artists, where Louis Comfort Tiffany was a partner, to redesign several rooms. The White House Historical Association claims no furniture was commissioned at this time, but an 1881 news article in the Richmond Item noted that a new desk had been created for the president. An 1882 ad notes this desk is a Wooton Desk in the secretary style, in use by President Arthur, and includes a quote from colonel Almon F. Rockwell, noting a carved coronet in the top guard.
Picture
Desk
Presidential tenant(s)
Notes
Current location
Picture
Washington's writing desk
George Washington
Used by Washington in Federal Hall. After Federal Hall was demolished in 1812, the desk found its way to Bellevue Almshouse. This "horrified" the City Council who had it moved to the Governor's Room in 1844 where it has remained since.
Governor's Room, New York City Hall, New York
Washington's presidential desk
George Washington
Used by Washington in his office in the President's House, the executive mansion at the time. This desk is now in the collection of the Philadelphia History Museum, which has been closed to the public since 2018.
Philadelphia History Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
External image George Washington desk
Declaration of Independence Desk
Thomas Jefferson
This portable desk made by Benjamin Randolph was used by Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the United States Declaration of Independence. Jefferson continued to use this desk through his time as president.
American Democracy exhibition, National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.
Monroe Doctrine desk
James Monroe
All of the White House's furniture was destroyed during the 1814 Burning of Washington. When Monroe moved into the rebuilt presidential mansion he brought many of his own personal furnishings to use in the building. This fall-front desk is one of several pieces of furniture purchased by Monroe when he was in France between 1794 and 1796. While there are no documents proving this, family legend holds that the president wrote the Monroe Doctrine sitting at this desk. A secret compartment within the desk containing correspondences was discovered in the early 20th century. First Lady Lou Henry Hoover saw the desk in the 1930s and was so taken with the desk she had a replica created and placed in the White House.
James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, Fredericksburg, Virginia
External image The Monroe Doctrine desk
Desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams had an inventory made of the White House after he became president. This inventory notes a desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room which is assumed to be where his office was.
Andrew Jackson's stand-up desk
Andrew Jackson
"A tall awkward desk" with pigeonholes was used by Andrew Jackson in the White House. During the rearrangement of the presidential office rooms in 1865, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the desk was removed from the building and sent off to auction. Andrew Johnson ordered it be returned saying "What ever was Old Hickory's I revere". The desk was still in use in the presidential office during Rutherford B. Hayes's term. It was auctioned off in 1882 with other White House furnishings, under Chester A. Arthur's watch, to make way for new design elements in the building.
Franklin Pierce
Rutherford B. Hayes
Buchanan’s Teakwood Desk
James Buchanan
This intricately carved pedestal desk was given to Buchanan, upon winning the presidential nomination in 1856, from friends that lived in India he had met while he was Minister to Russia in the 1830s. Buchanan had the desk shipped to the White House so it would be there when he arrived on his first day as President.
Sitting Room, Wheatland, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Table
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln's office was located in the southeastern upstairs corner of the White House. While a large "council table" was the centerpiece of the room, a second table was located at the southern end which Lincoln used as his desk.
Patent Revolving Secretary
Ulysses S. Grant
Julia Dent Grant, unhappy with the furnishings of the White House, received a $25,000 (equivalent to $590,563 in 2024) appropriation from congress to update the interiors. While redecorating the cabinet room she purchased a "Patent Revolving Secretary", from Pottier & Stymus. This secretary was a patent Wooton desk with a carved eagle and shield on its cornice. The secretary was later sold to Webb Hayes for $10 who used it when he was the personal secretary to his father, Rutherford B. Hayes. In 1969, the secretary was back in the White House collection and was loaned to the Smithsonian.
White House collection
Resolute desk
Rutherford B. Hayes
After receiving the desk in 1880, Hayes placed it in the Green Room on exhibition until it was taken upstairs to his office on the second floor. Grover Cleveland used the desk in his office and library in what is now the Yellow Oval Room for both of his non-consecutive terms. William McKinley used the desk often in the Presidential Office and had a bouquet of flowers placed upon it every day. Theodore Roosevelt used it in the President's Room, today's Lincoln Bedroom.
Oval Office, The White House, Washington, D.C.
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
Secretary desk
Chester A. Arthur
The design of the White House was not to Arthur's taste. He had unfashionable and damaged furniture removed, selling off twenty-four wagon loads of furniture and thirty barrels of china. He commissioned Associated Artists, where Louis Comfort Tiffany was a partner, to redesign several rooms. The White House Historical Association claims no furniture was commissioned at this time, but an 1881 news article in the Richmond Item noted that a new desk had been created for the president. An 1882 ad notes this desk is a Wooton Desk in the secretary style, in use by President Arthur, and includes a quote from colonel Almon F. Rockwell, noting a carved coronet in the top guard.

References

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  41. National Park Service
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  42. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093505
  43. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093505
  44. White House Historical Association
    https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/pdfs/Resource-Packet_Presidents-Office.pdf
  45. Untapped New York
    https://untappedcities.com/2017/05/17/the-desk-of-george-washington-inside-nyc-city-halls-governor-room/
  46. WHYY
    https://whyy.org/articles/historical-society-pushes-back-on-plan-to-transfer-philly-history-museum-to-drexel-university/
  47. Philadelphia History Museum
    http://www.philadelphiahistory.org/collections/special-collections/
  48. National Museum of American History
    https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_513641
  49. Smithsonian
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/history-writ-large-this-desk-belonging-thomas-jefferson-180963919/
  50. Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire. Real Life at the White House. p. 43. [ISBN missing]
  51. White House Historical Association
    https://www.whitehousehistory.org/articles-of-the-best-kind
  52. James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library
    https://jamesmonroemuseum.umw.edu/explore/collections/
  53. Seale, William. The President's House. p. 183.
  54. Seale, William. The President's House. p. 339.
  55. White House Historical Association
    https://www.whitehousehistory.org/lincoln-in-his-shop
  56. Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire. Real Life at the White House. p. 149.
  57. The first President Johnson; the three lives of the seventeenth President of the United States of America
    https://archive.org/details/firstpresidentjo0000unse/page/530/mode/2up?q=desk
  58. Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire. Real Life at the White House. p.119.
  59. Seale, William. The President's House. p. 426.
  60. Seale, William. The President's House. p. 493.
  61. Seale, William. The President's House. p. 538.
  62. Lancaster History
    https://www.lancasterhistory.org/journey-of-the-presidential-desk/
  63. Lancaster History
    https://collections.lancasterhistory.org/en/list?q=Teak+desk&p=1&ps=20
  64. White House Historical Association
    https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/lincoln-at-his-desk
  65. Monkman. The White House: Its Historic Furnishings and First Families. pp. 144–146.
  66. Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology Number 3
    https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/2403/SSHT-0003_Hi_res.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  67. Seale. pp. 494, 1111.
  68. Monkman. pp. 169-170.
  69. American Memories: Recollections of a Hurried Run Through the United States During the Late Spring of 1896
    https://books.google.com/books?id=w6SeGOiSsEMC&dq=timbers+of+the+HMS+%22resolute%22&pg=PA104
  70. The Augustana Journal
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-GJMAAAAYAAJ&dq=Hayes+desk+Resolute&pg=PP85
  71. Thirty Years in Washington
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QuNBAAAAIAAJ&dq=timbers+of+the+HMS+%22resolute%22&pg=PA172
  72. White House Historical Association
    https://www.whitehousehistory.org/white-house-decorative-arts-in-the-1880s
  73. "Out of Our Past: Richmond provided the desk for President Arthur"
    https://www.pal-item.com/story/news/local/2020/07/05/out-our-past-richmond-provided-desk-president-arthur/3278053001/
  74. McKillop, Walker & Co.'s Mercantile Register of Reliable Banks and Attorneys of the United States and British Provinces
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FQxXAAAAYAAJ&q=chester+a.+arthur+wooton+desk
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