List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English

Updated: 5/20/2026, 8:11:08 PM Wikipedia source

This list contains Germanic elements of the English language which have a close corresponding Latinate form. The correspondence is semantic—in most cases these words are not cognates, but in some cases they are doublets, i ., ultimately derived from the same root, generally Proto-Indo-European, as in cow and beef, both ultimately from PIE *gʷōus. The meanings of these words do not always correspond to Germanic cognates, and occasionally the specific meaning in the list is unique to English. Those Germanic words listed below with a Frankish source mostly came into English through Anglo-Norman, and so despite ultimately deriving from Proto-Germanic, came to English through a Romance language (and many have cognates in modern Romance languages). This results in some Germanic doublets, such as yard and garden, through Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Normans respectively.

Tables

· List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English

Frankish *bannjan, *bandjan PGmc *laibijaną + *af- PGmc *frasakaną PGmc *fralētaną PGmc *gebaną + *ūp PGmc *bilinnaną

Germanic source

Frankish *bannjan, *bandjan PGmc *laibijaną + *af- PGmc *frasakaną PGmc *fralētaną PGmc *gebaną + *ūp PGmc *bilinnaną

Germanic

abandon leave (off) forsake forlet give up blin

Latinate

relinquish abdicate desert renounce

Latin source

relinquere < re- + linquere abdicāre < ab- + dicātus dēserere < dē- + serere renūntiāre < re- + nūntius

PGmc *akiz Frankish *hūrt PGmc *smartōn- PGmc *wai PGmc *sairaz PGmc *þrawō PGmc *warkiz

Germanic source

PGmc *akiz Frankish *hūrt PGmc *smartōn- PGmc *wai PGmc *sairaz PGmc *þrawō PGmc *warkiz

Germanic

ache hurt smart woe sore throe wark

Latinate

pain agony

Latin source

poena < Gk poinē L . agōnia < Gk agōniā

PGmc *lataz, *lētiz (Frankish *lat, *lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō

Germanic source

PGmc *lataz, *lētiz (Frankish *lat, *lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō

Germanic

allegiance troth

Latinate

fidelity loyalty

Latin source

fidēlitās lēgālis

PGmc *ana + *libą PGmc *kwikwaz

Germanic source

PGmc *ana + *libą PGmc *kwikwaz

Germanic

alive quick (living)

Latinate

animate

Latin source

animātus < animāre < anima

Old Norse angr PGmc *wraiþiþo

Germanic source

Old Norse angr PGmc *wraiþiþo

Germanic

anger wrath

Latinate

rage ire

Latin source

rabiēs īra

Frankish *raidjan PGmc *raihwaz PGmc *hrengaz (Frankish *hring) PGmc *līnǭ + *ūp PGmc *sat- PGmc *hlutą PGmc *līstǭ

Germanic source

Frankish *raidjan PGmc *raihwaz PGmc *hrengaz (Frankish *hring) PGmc *līnǭ + *ūp PGmc *sat- PGmc *hlutą PGmc *līstǭ

Germanic

array row range, rank line, lineup set lot list

Latinate

series order sequence

Latin source

seriēs < serere ordō L . sequentia < sequēns < sequī

Old English andswaru

Germanic source

Old English andswaru

Germanic

answer

Latinate

response

Latin source

responsum

WGmc *aiskōn PGmc *frignaną PGmc *besōkijaną Old English bedecian PGmc *sōkijaną

Germanic source

WGmc *aiskōn PGmc *frignaną PGmc *besōkijaną Old English bedecian PGmc *sōkijaną

Germanic

ask frain beseech beg seek

Latinate

inquire request

Latin source

in + quaerere re + quaerere

PGmc *gawaraz PGmc *ana + *breustą PGmc *ūp + *tō + *spōdiz

Germanic source

PGmc *gawaraz PGmc *ana + *breustą PGmc *ūp + *tō + *spōdiz

Germanic

aware abreast up to speed (idiom, compound word)

Latinate

cognizant

Latin source

cognoscere

WGmc *bauknan Frankish *baukan Old Norse *flǫgra, flakka Frankish *hariwald Frankish *heriberga Frankish *witan

Germanic source

WGmc *bauknan Frankish *baukan Old Norse *flǫgra, flakka Frankish *hariwald Frankish *heriberga Frankish *witan

Germanic

beacon buoy flag herald harbinger guide

Latinate

signal indicator

Latin source

M . signāle M . indicātor

PGmc *bi- + *furai PGmc *bi- + *furai + *handuz PGmc *ana + *haubudą + *af PGmc *airiz

Germanic source

PGmc *bi- + *furai PGmc *bi- + *furai + *handuz PGmc *ana + *haubudą + *af PGmc *airiz

Germanic

before beforehand ahead of ere

Latinate

prior previous

Latin source

prior prae- + via

PGmc *bi- + *hafjaną PGmc *beraną + *-unga Frankish *stikkan Frankish *wīsa PGmc *wegaz

Germanic source

PGmc *bi- + *hafjaną PGmc *beraną + *-unga Frankish *stikkan Frankish *wīsa PGmc *wegaz

Germanic

behaviour bearing etiquette guise way

Latinate

action attitude manner conduct

Latin source

āctiō L . aptitūdō V . *manuāria < L manuārius < manus M . conductus < L condūcere

PGmc *bi- + *haitaną PGmc *bidjaną + *-unga

Germanic source

PGmc *bi- + *haitaną PGmc *bidjaną + *-unga

Germanic

behest bidding

Latinate

command order

Latin source

V . commandāre ordō

PGmc *bī- + *hōfą PGmc *gagniz PGmc *fura- + *dailiz PGmc *bōniz PGmc *blōdisōjaną + *-unga PGmc *wela + *farō

Germanic source

PGmc *bī- + *hōfą PGmc *gagniz PGmc *fura- + *dailiz PGmc *bōniz PGmc *blōdisōjaną + *-unga PGmc *wela + *farō

Germanic

behoof gain foredeal boon blessing welfare

Latinate

advantage benefit

Latin source

L .*abantaticum benefactum

WGmc *bī- + *ginnan PGmc *sturtjaną

Germanic source

WGmc *bī- + *ginnan PGmc *sturtjaną

Germanic

begin start

Latinate

commence initiate

Latin source

com + initiāre initiāre

PGmc *galaubją PGmc *gamenþiją + *sat- PGmc *gōdaz + *spellą PGmc *trewwiþō PGmc *hlinunga

Germanic source

PGmc *galaubją PGmc *gamenþiją + *sat- PGmc *gōdaz + *spellą PGmc *trewwiþō PGmc *hlinunga

Germanic

belief mindset gospel truth leaning

Latinate

creed

Latin source

crēdere

PGmc *bilībaną PGmc *uz- + *bīdaną PGmc *terganą PGmc *stadiz

Germanic source

PGmc *bilībaną PGmc *uz- + *bīdaną PGmc *terganą PGmc *stadiz

Germanic

belive, belave abide tarry stay

Latinate

remain rest

Latin source

re- + manere re- + stare

PGmc *balgiz PGmc *medi- + *hrefiz PGmc *wambō

Germanic source

PGmc *balgiz PGmc *medi- + *hrefiz PGmc *wambō

Germanic

belly midriff womb

Latinate

abdomen

Latin source

abdomen

Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?) PGmc *grautaz PGmc *stōraz, stōriz PGmc *mikilaz PGmc *haugaz (Frankish *houg)

Germanic source

Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?) PGmc *grautaz PGmc *stōraz, stōriz PGmc *mikilaz PGmc *haugaz (Frankish *houg)

Germanic

big great stour mickle huge

Latinate

large grand

Latin source

larga < largus grandis

PGmc *gaburþiz + *dagaz PGmc *jērą + *tīdiz

Germanic source

PGmc *gaburþiz + *dagaz PGmc *jērą + *tīdiz

Germanic

birthday yeartide

Latinate

anniversary

Latin source

M . (diēs) anniversāria

PGmc *blīwą PGmc *hiwją PGmc *daugō PGmc *skadwō PGmc *wlitiz

Germanic source

PGmc *blīwą PGmc *hiwją PGmc *daugō PGmc *skadwō PGmc *wlitiz

Germanic

blee hue dye shade lit

Latinate

colour

Latin source

AN colur < OF colour < L color < OL colos

PGmc *blōmô PGmc *blōsmaz PGmc *buddǭ PGmc *burjô (Frankish *burjan)

Germanic source

PGmc *blōmô PGmc *blōsmaz PGmc *buddǭ PGmc *burjô (Frankish *burjan)

Germanic

bloom blossom bud burgeon

Latinate

flower

Latin source

flor- < flos

PGmc *budagą PGmc *framojaną WGmc *makojaną + *ūp PGmc *līką

Germanic source

PGmc *budagą PGmc *framojaną WGmc *makojaną + *ūp PGmc *līką

Germanic

body, embodiment frame makeup lich

Latinate

corpus, corpse carcass cadaver

Latin source

corpus M . carcosium, carcasium < ? cadāver

PGmc *brōþar

Germanic source

PGmc *brōþar

Germanic

brotherly

Latinate

fraternal

Latin source

frāternus

Old English budda Old English bitela

Germanic source

Old English budda Old English bitela

Germanic

bug beetle

Latinate

insect

Latin source

insectum

Old English byldan PGmc *raizijaną Old Norse reisa

Germanic source

Old English byldan PGmc *raizijaną Old Norse reisa

Germanic

build rear raise

Latinate

construct

Latin source

cōnstruere < com + struere

Old English bysig + nisse PGmc *under + *takaną PGmc *nutō

Germanic source

Old English bysig + nisse PGmc *under + *takaną PGmc *nutō

Germanic

business undertaking note

Latinate

affair enterprise

Latin source

ad + facere Fr. entre + prendre

PGmc *bugjaną Old English copian

Germanic source

PGmc *bugjaną Old English copian

Germanic

buy cop

Latinate

purchase

Latin source

pro- + V . *captiare

WGmc *kalbam

Germanic source

WGmc *kalbam

Germanic

calf

Latinate

veal

Latin source

vitellus, vitulus

PGmc *kallōjaną + *-unga Middle English jobbe PGmc *lība- + *werką PGmc *lība- + *laidō PGmc *libēn- + *-unga

Germanic source

PGmc *kallōjaną + *-unga Middle English jobbe PGmc *lība- + *werką PGmc *lība- + *laidō PGmc *libēn- + *-unga

Germanic

calling job lifework livelihood living

Latinate

career profession vocation occupation employment

Latin source

L . carrāria (via) < Celtic M . professiō vocātiō occupātiō implicāre + -mentum

PGmc *kattuz

Germanic source

PGmc *kattuz

Germanic

cat

Latinate

felid, feline

Latin source

fēlis

Frankish *gram, *grinjan PGmc *maganą PGmc *skamō

Germanic source

Frankish *gram, *grinjan PGmc *maganą PGmc *skamō

Germanic

chagrin dismay shame

Latinate

displeasure dissatisfaction

Latin source

dis- + L placēre dis- + L satisfactiō

PGmc *skihaną (Middle High German schicken) PGmc *trandijaną PGmc *wagōną (Old Saxon wogōn) PGmc *dapraz (via Middle Dutch dapper) Middle English dasshen (< Danish daske) PGmc *swankianą PGmc *ūp + *tūnaz, *tūną

Germanic source

Germanic

chic trendy in vogue dapper dashing swanky uptown

Latinate

elegant fashionable stylish

Latin source

ēlegāns < ēlegere factiō < facere stylus, stilus

PGmc *kelþaz PGmc *barną Middle English babe + -y PGmc *kidją (via Old Norse kið) Middle English newborn

Germanic source

PGmc *kelþaz PGmc *barną Middle English babe + -y PGmc *kidją (via Old Norse kið) Middle English newborn

Germanic

child bairn baby kid newborn

Latinate

infant neonate

Latin source

īnfāns neonātus

PGmc *keusaną PGmc *pikkaną PGmc *walą (Old Norse val)

Germanic source

PGmc *keusaną PGmc *pikkaną PGmc *walą (Old Norse val)

Germanic

choose pick wale

Latinate

opt select

Latin source

optare sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere

PGmc *karzjaną

Germanic source

PGmc *karzjaną

Germanic

chore

Latinate

task

Latin source

M . tasca

PGmc *kaldaz PGmc *kaliz + *-igaz PGmc *freusaną

Germanic source

PGmc *kaldaz PGmc *kaliz + *-igaz PGmc *freusaną

Germanic

cold chilly freezing

Latinate

frigid

Latin source

frigidus

PGmc *kwemaną PGmc *landijaną PGmc *raikijaną PGmc *getaną WGmc *makōjan

Germanic source

PGmc *kwemaną PGmc *landijaną PGmc *raikijaną PGmc *getaną WGmc *makōjan

Germanic

come land reach get to make (to a place)

Latinate

arrive

Latin source

ad + ripa

PGmc *kūz PGmc *bulô PGmc *nautą PGmc *uhsô PGmc *steuraz PGmc *wīsundaz (Old High German wisunt) Old High German ūrohso

Germanic source

PGmc *kūz PGmc *bulô PGmc *nautą PGmc *uhsô PGmc *steuraz PGmc *wīsundaz (Old High German wisunt) Old High German ūrohso

Germanic

cow bull neat ox steer bison aurochs

Latinate

beef cattle

Latin source

bōs/bovis V . capitale

PGmc *dagaz + *likaz

Germanic source

PGmc *dagaz + *likaz

Germanic

daily

Latinate

diurnal quotidian

Latin source

diurnalis

PGmc *daudaz + *likaz PGmc *banô + *fullaz

Germanic source

PGmc *daudaz + *likaz PGmc *banô + *fullaz

Germanic

deadly baneful

Latinate

mortal fatal

Latin source

mortālis fatum

PGmc *dōmjaną Frankish *wardōn PGmc *haldaną PGmc *fōlijaną PGmc *bi- + *þankijaną

Germanic source

PGmc *dōmjaną Frankish *wardōn PGmc *haldaną PGmc *fōlijaną PGmc *bi- + *þankijaną

Germanic

deem regard hold feel bethink

Latinate

judge consider esteem

Latin source

iūdicāre consīderāre aestimāre

PGmc *deuzą PGmc *hirutaz PGmc *dajjǭ (Old English dā) PGmc *hindō PGmc *staggijô PGmc *raihą PGmc *bukkaz

Germanic source

PGmc *deuzą PGmc *hirutaz PGmc *dajjǭ (Old English dā) PGmc *hindō PGmc *staggijô PGmc *raihą PGmc *bukkaz

Germanic

deer hart doe hind stag roe buck

Latinate

venison

Latin source

venātiō/nis

PGmc *gamainijaz PGmc *bī- + *lūtilaz PGmc *putōną+ *dūn PGmc *lēgaz

Germanic source

PGmc *gamainijaz PGmc *bī- + *lūtilaz PGmc *putōną+ *dūn PGmc *lēgaz

Germanic

demean, bemean belittle put down lower

Latinate

debase, abase degrade humiliate

Latin source

L . bassus < Oscan or Celtic L . dēgradāre < dē- + gradus L . humiliātus < humiliāre < humilis

PGmc *dōną PGmc *frumjaną, *framjaną PGmc *under + *takaną

Germanic source

PGmc *dōną PGmc *frumjaną, *framjaną PGmc *under + *takaną

Germanic

do perform undertake

Latinate

execute dispatch

Latin source

M . execūtāre < ex(s)equī O . despeechier < des- + L . -pedicāre

Old English docga PGmc *hundaz

Germanic source

Old English docga PGmc *hundaz

Germanic

dog hound

Latinate

canid, canine

Latin source

canis

PGmc *drunkiz PGmc *sweljaną Old High German garo + ūz Old Norse ves + heill PGmc *sūpaną

Germanic source

PGmc *drunkiz PGmc *sweljaną Old High German garo + ūz Old Norse ves + heill PGmc *sūpaną

Germanic

drink swill carouse wassail sup, sip

Latinate

imbibe beverage

Latin source

imbibere < in + bibere

PGmc *dūbǭ

Germanic source

PGmc *dūbǭ

Germanic

dove

Latinate

pigeon culver

Latin source

V . pibionem columbula

PGmc *ernustuz PGmc *grimmaz PGmc *sternijaz

Germanic source

PGmc *ernustuz PGmc *grimmaz PGmc *sternijaz

Germanic

earnest grim stern

Latinate

serious grave sober

Latin source

L . sēriōsus gravis sōbrius

PGmc *dritō PGmc *erþō PGmc *landą PGmc *grunduz PGmc *landą + *skapiz

Germanic source

PGmc *dritō PGmc *erþō PGmc *landą PGmc *grunduz PGmc *landą + *skapiz

Germanic

dirt earth land ground landscape

Latinate

soil terrain

Latin source

partly from Latin solium terrenum < terra

PGmc *austrōnijaz PGmc *austrą + *līkaz PGmc *austrą + *warþaz

Germanic source

PGmc *austrōnijaz PGmc *austrą + *līkaz PGmc *austrą + *warþaz

Germanic

eastern easterly eastward

Latinate

oriental

Latin source

orīri

PGmc *etaną PGmc *suppaną PGmc *brekaną + *brauþą PGmc *bankiz PGmc *fōdijaną Middle Dutch snacken PGmc *swelganą PGmc *hnaskwajaną PGmc *takaną + *in PGmc *bītaną PGmc *skirfaną (Old English sceorfan)

Germanic source

Germanic

eat sup break bread banquet feed snack swallow nosh take in bite scarf

Latinate

dine consume devour ingest

Latin source

V . diseieunare < dis + ieiunare consūmere dēvorāre ingestus < ingerere

PGmc *aldiz, *aldō PGmc *lībą + *tīmô PGmc *lībą + *spannō

Germanic source

PGmc *aldiz, *aldō PGmc *lībą + *tīmô PGmc *lībą + *spannō

Germanic

eld lifetime lifespan

Latinate

age

Latin source

aevitās ( < aevum) + -age

PGmc *andijōną PGmc *fullfuljaną PGmc *haldaną PGmc *wrappaną PGmc *stuppōaną PGmc *bilinnaną

Germanic source

PGmc *andijōną PGmc *fullfuljaną PGmc *haldaną PGmc *wrappaną PGmc *stuppōaną PGmc *bilinnaną

Germanic

end fulfill halt wrap up stop blin

Latinate

finish complete discontinue terminate

Latin source

fīnīre complēre dis- + continuāre

PGmc *ebnaz PGmc *flataz PGmc *smōþijaz PGmc *in + *līnǭ PGmc *līnǭ + *ūp PGmc *stadō + *-igaz

Germanic source

PGmc *ebnaz PGmc *flataz PGmc *smōþijaz PGmc *in + *līnǭ PGmc *līnǭ + *ūp PGmc *stadō + *-igaz

Germanic

even flat smooth in line lined up steady

Latinate

level planar equal

Latin source

V . *lībellum < lībella L . plānāris < plānum aequālis < aequus

PGmc *faraną Middle Dutch trecken PGmc *gēną + *ana + *braiþaz PGmc *takaną + *trap- Old Norse rāfa Frankish *wala

Germanic source

PGmc *faraną Middle Dutch trecken PGmc *gēną + *ana + *braiþaz PGmc *takaną + *trap- Old Norse rāfa Frankish *wala

Germanic

fare trek go abroad take a trip rove gallivant

Latinate

travel journey voyage

Latin source

V . *trepaliāre V . *diurnāta viāticum

PGmc *fastuz PGmc *hraþa PGmc *snellaz PGmc *kwikwaz PGmc *swīpaną PGmc *spōdigaz, *spēdigaz

Germanic source

PGmc *fastuz PGmc *hraþa PGmc *snellaz PGmc *kwikwaz PGmc *swīpaną PGmc *spōdigaz, *spēdigaz

Germanic

fast rathe, rather snell quick swift speedy

Latinate

rapid

Latin source

rapidus

PGmc *fadar + *likaz

Germanic source

PGmc *fadar + *likaz

Germanic

fatherly fatherlike

Latinate

paternal

Latin source

paternus

WGmc *fōlijan PGmc *gawaraz PGmc *tukkaną, *takaną

Germanic source

WGmc *fōlijan PGmc *gawaraz PGmc *tukkaną, *takaną

Germanic

feeling awareness touch

Latinate

sentiment sensation

Latin source

sensus, sentiō

PGmc *fullijaą + *up PGmc *stukkaz PGmc *niwjaną

Germanic source

PGmc *fullijaą + *up PGmc *stukkaz PGmc *niwjaną

Germanic

fill up stock renew

Latinate

replenish

Latin source

re + plēnus

PGmc *furistaz PGmc *frumistaz PGmc *maginą

Germanic source

PGmc *furistaz PGmc *frumistaz PGmc *maginą

Germanic

first foremost main

Latinate

primary

Latin source

prīmus

PGmc *floþuz PGmc *hwelbaną PGmc *ubersatjaną

Germanic source

PGmc *floþuz PGmc *hwelbaną PGmc *ubersatjaną

Germanic

flood overwhelm overset

Latinate

inundate

Latin source

inundāre < in + unda

PGmc *faihaz PGmc *fijandz

Germanic source

PGmc *faihaz PGmc *fijandz

Germanic

foe fiend

Latinate

enemy adversary opponent

Latin source

in + amīcus adversus oppōnēns

PGmc *fulgiją Old Norse traþk

Germanic source

PGmc *fulgiją Old Norse traþk

Germanic

follow track

Latinate

ensue

Latin source

in- + sequi

PGmc *formo- PGmc *airis- + *hwīlo PGmc *fure- + *gēnþjaz Old English hwīlum

Germanic source

PGmc *formo- PGmc *airis- + *hwīlo PGmc *fure- + *gēnþjaz Old English hwīlum

Germanic

former erstwhile foregoing, aforegoing whilom

Latinate

previous preceding

Latin source

praevius < prae- + via praecēdere < prae- + cēdere

PGmc *fur-*biudan PGmc *bannan- PGmc *fura- + *stallaz

Germanic source

PGmc *fur-*biudan PGmc *bannan- PGmc *fura- + *stallaz

Germanic

forbid ban forestall

Latinate

prohibit prevent interdict

Latin source

prohibēre < pro + habēre praevenīre inter + dicere, dictus

PGmc *fura- + Old Norse kasta PGmc *ūt + *lōkōjanan

Germanic source

PGmc *fura- + Old Norse kasta PGmc *ūt + *lōkōjanan

Germanic

forecast outlook

Latinate

projection

Latin source

prōjectiō < prō + iacere

PGmc *fura + *taljanan PGmc *sanþaz + *sagjanan PGmc *fura- +*buþanan PGmc *fura- +*skadwōjanan

Germanic source

PGmc *fura + *taljanan PGmc *sanþaz + *sagjanan PGmc *fura- +*buþanan PGmc *fura- +*skadwōjanan

Germanic

foretell soothsay forebode foreshadow

Latinate

predict

Latin source

praedīcere

PGmc *frijaz

Germanic source

PGmc *frijaz

Germanic

freedom

Latinate

liberty

Latin source

lībertās < līber

PGmc *frijond + *likaz PGmc *gakundan + *līkaz PGmc *warmaz

Germanic source

PGmc *frijond + *likaz PGmc *gakundan + *līkaz PGmc *warmaz

Germanic

friendly kindly warm

Latinate

amicable

Latin source

amīcus

Frankish *gardo, gardin- PGmc *garda WGmc *parruk Old English pund- Old English pearroc

Germanic source

Frankish *gardo, gardin- PGmc *garda WGmc *parruk Old English pund- Old English pearroc

Germanic

garden yard park pound paddock

Latinate

court enclosure

Latin source

co- + hortus in- + claudere

PGmc *gadurojan PGmc *far- + *gadurojan PGmc *gadurojan + *ūp PGmc *kruppaz Old English clyster PGmc *lisanan

Germanic source

PGmc *gadurojan PGmc *far- + *gadurojan PGmc *gadurojan + *ūp PGmc *kruppaz Old English clyster PGmc *lisanan

Germanic

gather forgather gather up group cluster lease

Latinate

assemble

Latin source

ad + simul

PGmc *giftiz PGmc *sali-

Germanic source

PGmc *giftiz PGmc *sali-

Germanic

gift handsel

Latinate

present

Latin source

prae- + essere

PGmc *geban PGmc *gafurþojan WGmc*frumjana

Germanic source

PGmc *geban PGmc *gafurþojan WGmc*frumjana

Germanic

give afford furnish

Latinate

provide

Latin source

pro + vidēre

PGmc *glaþaz PGmc *bliþiz PGmc *fagaraz PGmc *murgijaz PGmc *wunjo-samaz PGmc *hapan PGmc *gliujan PGmc *þurilam (via Old English þyrel) PGmc *kwēmiaz

Germanic source

PGmc *glaþaz PGmc *bliþiz PGmc *fagaraz PGmc *murgijaz PGmc *wunjo-samaz PGmc *hapan PGmc *gliujan PGmc *þurilam (via Old English þyrel) PGmc *kwēmiaz

Germanic

gladness bliss fairness merriment, mirth winsomeness happiness glee thrill queem

Latinate

joy felicity pleasure delight

Latin source

gaudium fēlīcitās placēre dēlēctāre

PGmc *guþan PGmc *guþan + *haiduz

Germanic source

PGmc *guþan PGmc *guþan + *haiduz

Germanic

god, goddess godhead

Latinate

deity divine

Latin source

deus dīvīnus

PGmc *gōdaz PGmc *welō(n) PGmc *hilpō + *fullaz PGmc *gagniz + *fullaz PGmc *hailaz + *samaz PGmc *werþan + *hwīlō

Germanic source

PGmc *gōdaz PGmc *welō(n) PGmc *hilpō + *fullaz PGmc *gagniz + *fullaz PGmc *hailaz + *samaz PGmc *werþan + *hwīlō

Germanic

good well helpful gainful wholesome worthwhile

Latinate

beneficial

Latin source

beneficium

WGmc *gēnan + PGmc *an PGmc *wandjanan

Germanic source

WGmc *gēnan + PGmc *an PGmc *wandjanan

Germanic

go on wend

Latinate

proceed

Latin source

pro- + cedere

WGmc *grōnja- PGmc *laskaz

Germanic source

WGmc *grōnja- PGmc *laskaz

Germanic

green lush

Latinate

verdant

Latin source

viridis

Germanic source	Germanic	Latinate	Latin source
Frankish bannjan, bandjan PGmc laibijaną + af- PGmc frasakaną PGmc fralētaną PGmc gebaną + ūp PGmc *bilinnaną	abandon leave (off) forsake forlet give up blin	relinquish abdicate desert renounce	relinquere < re- + linquere abdicāre < ab- + dicātus dēserere < dē- + serere renūntiāre < re- + nūntius
PGmc akiz Frankish hūrt PGmc smartōn- PGmc wai PGmc sairaz PGmc þrawō PGmc *warkiz	ache hurt smart woe sore throe wark	pain agony	poena < Gk poinē L . agōnia < Gk agōniā
PGmc lataz, lētiz (Frankish lat, lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō	allegiance troth	fidelity loyalty	fidēlitās lēgālis
PGmc ana + libą PGmc *kwikwaz	alive quick (living)	animate	animātus < animāre < anima
Old Norse angr PGmc *wraiþiþo	anger wrath	rage ire	rabiēs īra
Frankish raidjan PGmc raihwaz PGmc hrengaz (Frankish hring) PGmc līnǭ + ūp PGmc sat- PGmc hlutą PGmc *līstǭ	array row range, rank line, lineup set lot list	series order sequence	seriēs < serere ordō L . sequentia < sequēns < sequī
Old English andswaru	answer	response	responsum
WGmc aiskōn PGmc frignaną PGmc besōkijaną Old English bedecian PGmc sōkijaną	ask frain beseech beg seek	inquire request	in + quaerere re + quaerere
PGmc gawaraz PGmc ana + breustą PGmc ūp + tō + spōdiz	aware abreast up to speed (idiom, compound word)	cognizant	cognoscere
WGmc bauknan Frankish baukan Old Norse flǫgra, flakka Frankish hariwald Frankish heriberga Frankish witan	beacon buoy flag herald harbinger guide	signal indicator	M . signāle M . indicātor
PGmc bi- + furai PGmc bi- + furai + handuz PGmc ana + haubudą + af PGmc *airiz	before beforehand ahead of ere	prior previous	prior prae- + via
PGmc bi- + hafjaną PGmc beraną + -unga Frankish stikkan Frankish wīsa PGmc *wegaz	behaviour bearing etiquette guise way	action attitude manner conduct	āctiō L . aptitūdō V . *manuāria < L manuārius < manus M . conductus < L condūcere
PGmc bi- + haitaną PGmc bidjaną + -unga	behest bidding	command order	V . commandāre ordō
PGmc bī- + hōfą PGmc gagniz PGmc fura- + dailiz PGmc bōniz PGmc blōdisōjaną + -unga PGmc wela + farō	behoof gain foredeal boon blessing welfare	advantage benefit	L .*abantaticum benefactum
WGmc bī- + ginnan PGmc *sturtjaną	begin start	commence initiate	com + initiāre initiāre
PGmc galaubją PGmc gamenþiją + sat- PGmc gōdaz + spellą PGmc trewwiþō PGmc *hlinunga	belief mindset gospel truth leaning	creed	crēdere
PGmc bilībaną PGmc uz- + bīdaną PGmc terganą PGmc *stadiz	belive, belave abide tarry stay	remain rest	re- + manere re- + stare
PGmc balgiz PGmc medi- + hrefiz PGmc wambō	belly midriff womb	abdomen	abdomen
Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?) PGmc grautaz PGmc stōraz, stōriz PGmc mikilaz PGmc haugaz (Frankish *houg)	big great stour mickle huge	large grand	larga < largus grandis
PGmc gaburþiz + dagaz PGmc jērą + tīdiz	birthday yeartide	anniversary	M . (diēs) anniversāria
PGmc blīwą PGmc hiwją PGmc daugō PGmc skadwō PGmc *wlitiz	blee hue dye shade lit	colour	AN colur < OF colour < L color < OL colos
PGmc blōmô PGmc blōsmaz PGmc buddǭ PGmc burjô (Frankish *burjan)	bloom blossom bud burgeon	flower	flor- < flos
PGmc budagą PGmc framojaną WGmc makojaną + ūp PGmc *līką	body, embodiment frame makeup lich	corpus, corpse carcass cadaver	corpus M . carcosium, carcasium < ? cadāver
PGmc *brōþar	brotherly	fraternal	frāternus
Old English budda Old English bitela	bug beetle	insect	insectum
Old English byldan PGmc *raizijaną Old Norse reisa	build rear raise	construct	cōnstruere < com + struere
Old English bysig + nisse PGmc under + takaną PGmc *nutō	business undertaking note	affair enterprise	ad + facere Fr. entre + prendre
PGmc *bugjaną Old English copian	buy cop	purchase	pro- + V . *captiare
WGmc *kalbam	calf	veal	vitellus, vitulus
PGmc kallōjaną + -unga Middle English jobbe PGmc lība- + werką PGmc lība- + laidō PGmc libēn- + -unga	calling job lifework livelihood living	career profession vocation occupation employment	L . carrāria (via) < Celtic M . professiō vocātiō occupātiō implicāre + -mentum
PGmc *kattuz	cat	felid, feline	fēlis
Frankish gram, grinjan PGmc maganą PGmc skamō	chagrin dismay shame	displeasure dissatisfaction	dis- + L placēre dis- + L satisfactiō
PGmc skihaną (Middle High German schicken) PGmc trandijaną PGmc wagōną (Old Saxon wogōn) PGmc dapraz (via Middle Dutch dapper) Middle English dasshen (< Danish daske) PGmc swankianą PGmc ūp + tūnaz, tūną	chic trendy in vogue dapper dashing swanky uptown	elegant fashionable stylish	ēlegāns < ēlegere factiō < facere stylus, stilus
PGmc kelþaz PGmc barną Middle English babe + -y PGmc *kidją (via Old Norse kið) Middle English newborn	child bairn baby kid newborn	infant neonate	īnfāns neonātus
PGmc keusaną PGmc pikkaną PGmc *walą (Old Norse val)	choose pick wale	opt select	optare sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere
PGmc *karzjaną	chore	task	M . tasca
PGmc kaldaz PGmc kaliz + -igaz PGmc freusaną	cold chilly freezing	frigid	frigidus
PGmc kwemaną PGmc landijaną PGmc raikijaną PGmc getaną WGmc *makōjan	come land reach get to make (to a place)	arrive	ad + ripa
PGmc kūz PGmc bulô PGmc nautą PGmc uhsô PGmc steuraz PGmc wīsundaz (Old High German wisunt) Old High German ūrohso	cow bull neat ox steer bison aurochs	beef cattle	bōs/bovis V . capitale
PGmc dagaz + likaz	daily	diurnal quotidian	diurnalis
PGmc daudaz + likaz PGmc banô + fullaz	deadly baneful	mortal fatal	mortālis fatum
PGmc dōmjaną Frankish wardōn PGmc haldaną PGmc fōlijaną PGmc bi- + þankijaną	deem regard hold feel bethink	judge consider esteem	iūdicāre consīderāre aestimāre
PGmc deuzą PGmc hirutaz PGmc dajjǭ (Old English dā) PGmc hindō PGmc staggijô PGmc raihą PGmc *bukkaz	deer hart doe hind stag roe buck	venison	venātiō/nis
PGmc gamainijaz PGmc bī- + lūtilaz PGmc putōną+ dūn PGmc lēgaz	demean, bemean belittle put down lower	debase, abase degrade humiliate	L . bassus < Oscan or Celtic L . dēgradāre < dē- + gradus L . humiliātus < humiliāre < humilis
PGmc dōną PGmc frumjaną, framjaną PGmc under + *takaną	do perform undertake	execute dispatch	M . execūtāre < ex(s)equī O . despeechier < des- + L . -pedicāre
Old English docga PGmc *hundaz	dog hound	canid, canine	canis
PGmc drunkiz PGmc sweljaną Old High German garo + ūz Old Norse ves + heill PGmc *sūpaną	drink swill carouse wassail sup, sip	imbibe beverage	imbibere < in + bibere
PGmc *dūbǭ	dove	pigeon culver	V . pibionem columbula
PGmc ernustuz PGmc grimmaz PGmc *sternijaz	earnest grim stern	serious grave sober	L . sēriōsus gravis sōbrius