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List of F5, EF5, and IF5 tornadoes

Updated: Wikipedia source

List of F5, EF5, and IF5 tornadoes

This is a list of tornadoes which have been officially or unofficially labeled as F5, EF5, IF5, T10-T11, the highest possible ratings on the various tornado intensity scales. These scales – the Fujita scale, the Enhanced Fujita scale, the International Fujita scale, and the TORRO tornado intensity scale – attempt to estimate the intensity of a tornado by classifying the damage caused to natural features and man-made structures in the tornado's path. The most recent EF5 tornado was the 2025 Enderlin tornado, ending the record 12-year EF5 drought that began after the 2013 Moore tornado.

Tables

Tornadoes officially rated F5 · List of events › Official F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes › F5 tornadoes
Feb 16
Feb 16
Day
Feb 16
Year
1876
Country
Australia
Sub­division
Queensland
Location
Bowen
Fata­lities
1
Rated by
BoM
1876 Bowen tornado – A tornado struck near the city of Bowen. In the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) database, the tornado is marked as striking present-day Brisbane; however, local papers confirmed the tornado caused "a large amount of damage" to Bowen.
1876 Bowen tornado – A tornado struck near the city of Bowen. In the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) database, the tornado is marked as striking present-day Brisbane; however, local papers confirmed the tornado caused "a large amount of damage" to Bowen.
Day
1876 Bowen tornado – A tornado struck near the city of Bowen. In the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) database, the tornado is marked as striking present-day Brisbane; however, local papers confirmed the tornado caused "a large amount of damage" to Bowen.
Sep 20
Sep 20
Day
Sep 20
Year
1926
Country
Paraguay
Sub­division
Itapúa
Location
Encarnación
Fata­lities
300-500
Rated by
Balbi, Barbieri, Atlinger de Schwarzkopf
1926 Encarnación tornado – A large and deadly tornado moved through Encarnación, causing catastrophic damage to the town and killing more than 300 people, making it the deadliest tornado in South America. Its intensity was estimated at F4 or F5 until it received an official F5 rating in 2017 alongside the San Justo tornado.
1926 Encarnación tornado – A large and deadly tornado moved through Encarnación, causing catastrophic damage to the town and killing more than 300 people, making it the deadliest tornado in South America. Its intensity was estimated at F4 or F5 until it received an official F5 rating in 2017 alongside the San Justo tornado.
Day
1926 Encarnación tornado – A large and deadly tornado moved through Encarnación, causing catastrophic damage to the town and killing more than 300 people, making it the deadliest tornado in South America. Its intensity was estimated at F4 or F5 until it received an official F5 rating in 2017 alongside the San Justo tornado.
May 11
May 11
Day
May 11
Year
1953
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Lorena, Hewitt, Waco, Bellmead
Fata­lities
114
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1953 Waco tornado – This was the first officially-ranked F5 tornado in the United States. Homes outside Waco sustained F5-level damage. Large, multi-story buildings collapsed in downtown Waco but incurred sub-F5-level damage.
1953 Waco tornado – This was the first officially-ranked F5 tornado in the United States. Homes outside Waco sustained F5-level damage. Large, multi-story buildings collapsed in downtown Waco but incurred sub-F5-level damage.
Day
1953 Waco tornado – This was the first officially-ranked F5 tornado in the United States. Homes outside Waco sustained F5-level damage. Large, multi-story buildings collapsed in downtown Waco but incurred sub-F5-level damage.
May 29
May 29
Day
May 29
Year
1953
Country
United States
Sub­division
North Dakota
Location
Fort Rice
Fata­lities
2
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of May 29, 1953 – A large church was leveled and its pews were driven 4 ft (1 m) into the ground. Parts of a car were carried for 1⁄2 mi (0 km). The tornado was initially rated F4 by Grazulis, but he subsequently upgraded it to F5.
Tornado outbreak of May 29, 1953 – A large church was leveled and its pews were driven 4 ft (1 m) into the ground. Parts of a car were carried for 1⁄2 mi (0 km). The tornado was initially rated F4 by Grazulis, but he subsequently upgraded it to F5.
Day
Tornado outbreak of May 29, 1953 – A large church was leveled and its pews were driven 4 ft (1 m) into the ground. Parts of a car were carried for 1⁄2 mi (0 km). The tornado was initially rated F4 by Grazulis, but he subsequently upgraded it to F5.
Jun 8
Jun 8
Day
Jun 8
Year
1953
Country
United States
Sub­division
Michigan
Location
Flushing Township, Mount Morris Township, Beecher, Genesee Township
Fata­lities
116
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1953 Flint-Beecher tornado – Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away, with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining. Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well. Some victims were mutilated or dismembered.
1953 Flint-Beecher tornado – Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away, with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining. Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well. Some victims were mutilated or dismembered.
Day
1953 Flint-Beecher tornado – Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away, with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining. Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well. Some victims were mutilated or dismembered.
Jun 27
Jun 27
Day
Jun 27
Year
1953
Country
United States
Sub­division
Iowa
Location
Anita, Adair
Fata­lities
1
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of June 27, 1953 – One farm was obliterated. Heavy machinery was thrown for more than 100 yd (91 m).
Tornado outbreak of June 27, 1953 – One farm was obliterated. Heavy machinery was thrown for more than 100 yd (91 m).
Day
Tornado outbreak of June 27, 1953 – One farm was obliterated. Heavy machinery was thrown for more than 100 yd (91 m).
Dec 5
Dec 5
Day
Dec 5
Year
1953
Country
United States
Sub­division
Mississippi
Location
Vicksburg
Fata­lities
38
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC
1953 Vicksburg tornado – "Very frail" homes were leveled. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
1953 Vicksburg tornado – "Very frail" homes were leveled. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
Day
1953 Vicksburg tornado – "Very frail" homes were leveled. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
May 25
May 25
Day
May 25
Year
1955
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma, Kansas
Location
Blackwell (OK)
Fata­lities
20
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town.
1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town.
Day
1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town.
May 25
May 25
Day
May 25
Year
1955
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma, Kansas
Location
Udall
Fata­lities
80
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1955 Udall tornado – Nearly every structure in Udall was leveled. Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree. A 30-by-40-foot (9 by 12 m) concrete block building was obliterated, with the foundation left mostly bare. Numerous trees were debarked as well.
1955 Udall tornado – Nearly every structure in Udall was leveled. Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree. A 30-by-40-foot (9 by 12 m) concrete block building was obliterated, with the foundation left mostly bare. Numerous trees were debarked as well.
Day
1955 Udall tornado – Nearly every structure in Udall was leveled. Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree. A 30-by-40-foot (9 by 12 m) concrete block building was obliterated, with the foundation left mostly bare. Numerous trees were debarked as well.
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1956
Country
United States
Sub­division
Michigan
Location
Hudsonville, Grand Rapids
Fata­lities
18
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956 – Many homes and businesses were swept completely away, leaving bare foundations behind. Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well. One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation. Grazulis initially listed this tornado as
Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956 – Many homes and businesses were swept completely away, leaving bare foundations behind. Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well. One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation. Grazulis initially listed this tornado as
Day
Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956 – Many homes and businesses were swept completely away, leaving bare foundations behind. Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well. One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation. Grazulis initially listed this tornado as
May 20
May 20
Day
May 20
Year
1957
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas, Missouri
Location
Spring Hill (KS), Kansas City (MO)
Fata­lities
44
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1957 Ruskin Heights tornado – Entire rows of homes were swept away, with extensive wind-rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields. Some homes had their subfloors swept away as well, leaving only empty basements behind. A school was partially leveled and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage. Homes were leveled in both states, but F
1957 Ruskin Heights tornado – Entire rows of homes were swept away, with extensive wind-rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields. Some homes had their subfloors swept away as well, leaving only empty basements behind. A school was partially leveled and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage. Homes were leveled in both states, but F
Day
1957 Ruskin Heights tornado – Entire rows of homes were swept away, with extensive wind-rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields. Some homes had their subfloors swept away as well, leaving only empty basements behind. A school was partially leveled and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage. Homes were leveled in both states, but F
Jun 20
Jun 20
Day
Jun 20
Year
1957
Country
United States
Sub­division
North Dakota, Minnesota
Location
Fargo (ND), Moorhead (MN)
Fata­lities
10
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Fargo tornado – Homes in the newest part of Fargo were leveled, some of which were swept away. Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was scattered long distances into nearby fields. Fujita considered this more intense than the strongest tornadoes he surveyed from April 11, 1965.
Fargo tornado – Homes in the newest part of Fargo were leveled, some of which were swept away. Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was scattered long distances into nearby fields. Fujita considered this more intense than the strongest tornadoes he surveyed from April 11, 1965.
Day
Fargo tornado – Homes in the newest part of Fargo were leveled, some of which were swept away. Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was scattered long distances into nearby fields. Fujita considered this more intense than the strongest tornadoes he surveyed from April 11, 1965.
Dec 18
Dec 18
Day
Dec 18
Year
1957
Country
United States
Sub­division
Illinois
Location
Sunfield
Fata­lities
3
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak sequence of December 18–20, 1957 – The entire Sunfield community "vanished."
Tornado outbreak sequence of December 18–20, 1957 – The entire Sunfield community "vanished."
Day
Tornado outbreak sequence of December 18–20, 1957 – The entire Sunfield community "vanished."
Jun 4
Jun 4
Day
Jun 4
Year
1958
Country
United States
Sub­division
Wisconsin
Location
Menomonie, Colfax
Fata­lities
21
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of June 3–4, 1958 – Homes were swept away and numerous trees were completely debarked. A car was wrapped around the side of a small steel bridge that collapsed in the tornado. Grazulis initially rated this as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
Tornado outbreak of June 3–4, 1958 – Homes were swept away and numerous trees were completely debarked. A car was wrapped around the side of a small steel bridge that collapsed in the tornado. Grazulis initially rated this as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
Day
Tornado outbreak of June 3–4, 1958 – Homes were swept away and numerous trees were completely debarked. A car was wrapped around the side of a small steel bridge that collapsed in the tornado. Grazulis initially rated this as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
May 5
May 5
Day
May 5
Year
1960
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
Prague, Iron Post, Sapulpa
Fata­lities
5
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away between Prague and Paden, at "Iron Post," and at the northwest edge of Sapulpa.
May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away between Prague and Paden, at "Iron Post," and at the northwest edge of Sapulpa.
Day
May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away between Prague and Paden, at "Iron Post," and at the northwest edge of Sapulpa.
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1964
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Wichita Falls
Fata­lities
7
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1964 Wichita Falls tornado – Two homes adjacent to each other were swept away at F5 intensity and a boxcar was thrown 100 yd (91 m). A car was thrown a block and a half.
1964 Wichita Falls tornado – Two homes adjacent to each other were swept away at F5 intensity and a boxcar was thrown 100 yd (91 m). A car was thrown a block and a half.
Day
1964 Wichita Falls tornado – Two homes adjacent to each other were swept away at F5 intensity and a boxcar was thrown 100 yd (91 m). A car was thrown a block and a half.
May 5
May 5
Day
May 5
Year
1964
Country
United States
Sub­division
Nebraska
Location
Bradshaw
Fata­lities
4
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1964 Central Nebraska tornado – Numerous farms were swept away.
1964 Central Nebraska tornado – Numerous farms were swept away.
Day
1964 Central Nebraska tornado – Numerous farms were swept away.
May 8
May 8
Day
May 8
Year
1965
Country
United States
Sub­division
South Dakota
Location
Colome
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Many farms were destroyed, including three that were swept completely away.
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Many farms were destroyed, including three that were swept completely away.
Day
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Many farms were destroyed, including three that were swept completely away.
Mar 3
Mar 3
Day
Mar 3
Year
1966
Country
United States
Sub­division
Mississippi
Location
Jackson, Flowood, Leesburg, Forkville, Midway
Fata­lities
57
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1966 Jackson, Mississippi tornado – Homes were swept away and a brick church was obliterated. The pavement was scoured from roads and cars were thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) from where they originated. The newly built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances. Steel girders were "
1966 Jackson, Mississippi tornado – Homes were swept away and a brick church was obliterated. The pavement was scoured from roads and cars were thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) from where they originated. The newly built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances. Steel girders were "
Day
1966 Jackson, Mississippi tornado – Homes were swept away and a brick church was obliterated. The pavement was scoured from roads and cars were thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) from where they originated. The newly built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances. Steel girders were "
Jun 8
Jun 8
Day
Jun 8
Year
1966
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
Topeka
Fata­lities
16
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 1966 – Entire rows of homes were swept away and grass was scoured from lawns. Eight homes incurred F5-level damage on Burnett's Mound, disproving a myth that the mound protected Topeka from tornadoes.
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 1966 – Entire rows of homes were swept away and grass was scoured from lawns. Eight homes incurred F5-level damage on Burnett's Mound, disproving a myth that the mound protected Topeka from tornadoes.
Day
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 1966 – Entire rows of homes were swept away and grass was scoured from lawns. Eight homes incurred F5-level damage on Burnett's Mound, disproving a myth that the mound protected Topeka from tornadoes.
Oct 14
Oct 14
Day
Oct 14
Year
1966
Country
United States
Sub­division
Iowa
Location
Belmond
Fata­lities
6
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC
A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. On this basis, the tornado was officially rated F5, however, the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation and nearby homes only showed F1-level damage. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. On this basis, the tornado was officially rated F5, however, the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation and nearby homes only showed F1-level damage. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
Day
A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. On this basis, the tornado was officially rated F5, however, the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation and nearby homes only showed F1-level damage. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
Apr 23
Apr 23
Day
Apr 23
Year
1968
Country
United States
Sub­division
Ohio
Location
Wheelers­burg, Gallipolis
Fata­lities
7
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – Homes were swept away with only their foundations left in some cases. A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown. The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – Homes were swept away with only their foundations left in some cases. A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown. The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
Day
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – Homes were swept away with only their foundations left in some cases. A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown. The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
May 15
May 15
Day
May 15
Year
1968
Country
United States
Sub­division
Iowa
Location
Charles City
Fata­lities
13
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Charles City tornado – Many homes and farms were leveled or swept away. Very intense, cycloidal ground scouring associated with multiple vortices was noted.
1968 Charles City tornado – Many homes and farms were leveled or swept away. Very intense, cycloidal ground scouring associated with multiple vortices was noted.
Day
1968 Charles City tornado – Many homes and farms were leveled or swept away. Very intense, cycloidal ground scouring associated with multiple vortices was noted.
May 15
May 15
Day
May 15
Year
1968
Country
United States
Sub­division
Iowa
Location
Oelwein, Maynard
Fata­lities
5
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Oelwein tornado – Homes were swept completely away in both towns.
1968 Oelwein tornado – Homes were swept completely away in both towns.
Day
1968 Oelwein tornado – Homes were swept completely away in both towns.
Jun 13
Jun 13
Day
Jun 13
Year
1968
Country
United States
Sub­division
Minnesota
Location
Tracy
Fata­lities
9
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Tracy tornado – Several businesses, farms, and homes were swept completely away. A heavy boxcar was thrown more than a full block and two others were thrown 300 yd (270 m). A steel I-beam was carried for 2 mi (3 km) on a piece of roof. Extensive ground scouring occurred as well.
1968 Tracy tornado – Several businesses, farms, and homes were swept completely away. A heavy boxcar was thrown more than a full block and two others were thrown 300 yd (270 m). A steel I-beam was carried for 2 mi (3 km) on a piece of roof. Extensive ground scouring occurred as well.
Day
1968 Tracy tornado – Several businesses, farms, and homes were swept completely away. A heavy boxcar was thrown more than a full block and two others were thrown 300 yd (270 m). A steel I-beam was carried for 2 mi (3 km) on a piece of roof. Extensive ground scouring occurred as well.
May 11
May 11
Day
May 11
Year
1970
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Lubbock
Fata­lities
26
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Lubbock tornado – Homes were swept away at F5 intensity and trees were almost completely debarked. A high-rise building suffered structural deformation, a 13-ton (26,000 lb; 12,000 kg) metal fertilizer tank was thrown nearly 1 mi (1 km) through the air, and large oil tanks were carried for over 300 yd (270 m); however, none of these cases were de
Lubbock tornado – Homes were swept away at F5 intensity and trees were almost completely debarked. A high-rise building suffered structural deformation, a 13-ton (26,000 lb; 12,000 kg) metal fertilizer tank was thrown nearly 1 mi (1 km) through the air, and large oil tanks were carried for over 300 yd (270 m); however, none of these cases were de
Day
Lubbock tornado – Homes were swept away at F5 intensity and trees were almost completely debarked. A high-rise building suffered structural deformation, a 13-ton (26,000 lb; 12,000 kg) metal fertilizer tank was thrown nearly 1 mi (1 km) through the air, and large oil tanks were carried for over 300 yd (270 m); however, none of these cases were de
Feb 21
Feb 21
Day
Feb 21
Year
1971
Country
United States
Sub­division
Louisiana, Mississippi
Location
Delhi (LA), Waverly (LA), Delta City (MS), Inverness (MS), Moorhead (MS)
Fata­lities
47
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1971 Inverness tornado – This was the sole F5 tornado on record in Louisiana. Numerous small homes were completely leveled in both states, but the only official F5 damage occurred in Louisiana as damage in Mississippi only reached F4-level intensity. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4 but later upgraded it to F5.
1971 Inverness tornado – This was the sole F5 tornado on record in Louisiana. Numerous small homes were completely leveled in both states, but the only official F5 damage occurred in Louisiana as damage in Mississippi only reached F4-level intensity. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4 but later upgraded it to F5.
Day
1971 Inverness tornado – This was the sole F5 tornado on record in Louisiana. Numerous small homes were completely leveled in both states, but the only official F5 damage occurred in Louisiana as damage in Mississippi only reached F4-level intensity. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4 but later upgraded it to F5.
Jan 10
Jan 10
Day
Jan 10
Year
1973
Country
Argentina
Sub­division
Santa Fe Province
Location
San Justo
Fata­lities
63
Rated by
Balbi, Barbieri, de Schwarzkopf, Grazulis
1973 San Justo tornado – Masonry homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters and mangled beyond recognition. Large factories were completely leveled and grass was scoured from the ground. A vehicle motor was found embedded into a poured concrete wall and a tractor was thrown 500 m (1,600 ft) into a
1973 San Justo tornado – Masonry homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters and mangled beyond recognition. Large factories were completely leveled and grass was scoured from the ground. A vehicle motor was found embedded into a poured concrete wall and a tractor was thrown 500 m (1,600 ft) into a
Day
1973 San Justo tornado – Masonry homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters and mangled beyond recognition. Large factories were completely leveled and grass was scoured from the ground. A vehicle motor was found embedded into a poured concrete wall and a tractor was thrown 500 m (1,600 ft) into a
May 6
May 6
Day
May 6
Year
1973
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Valley Mills
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
This tornado was rated F5 by wind engineers on the basis of vehicles being carried long distances. Two pickup trucks were lofted for hundreds of yards, one of which traveled 1⁄2 mi (0 km) through the air. Peak structural damage was only of F2 intensity as two rural barns were obliterated. The F5 rating was accepted by Fujita at the time.
This tornado was rated F5 by wind engineers on the basis of vehicles being carried long distances. Two pickup trucks were lofted for hundreds of yards, one of which traveled 1⁄2 mi (0 km) through the air. Peak structural damage was only of F2 intensity as two rural barns were obliterated. The F5 rating was accepted by Fujita at the time.
Day
This tornado was rated F5 by wind engineers on the basis of vehicles being carried long distances. Two pickup trucks were lofted for hundreds of yards, one of which traveled 1⁄2 mi (0 km) through the air. Peak structural damage was only of F2 intensity as two rural barns were obliterated. The F5 rating was accepted by Fujita at the time.
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Indiana
Location
Depauw, Palmyra, Martinsburg, Daisy Hill
Fata­lities
6
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Super Outbreak – This was one of six tornadoes on April 3 to be rated F5 by Fujita. Homes were swept completely away and entire farms were leveled.
1974 Super Outbreak – This was one of six tornadoes on April 3 to be rated F5 by Fujita. Homes were swept completely away and entire farms were leveled.
Day
1974 Super Outbreak – This was one of six tornadoes on April 3 to be rated F5 by Fujita. Homes were swept completely away and entire farms were leveled.
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Ohio
Location
Xenia, Wilberforce
Fata­lities
32
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Xenia tornado – This was the deadliest tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak. Aerial photography and isoline surveys by Fujita showed that entire rows of brick homes were swept away and sustained F5 damage. Wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields and very intense damage was reported to steel-reinforced schools. This tornado was originally
1974 Xenia tornado – This was the deadliest tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak. Aerial photography and isoline surveys by Fujita showed that entire rows of brick homes were swept away and sustained F5 damage. Wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields and very intense damage was reported to steel-reinforced schools. This tornado was originally
Day
1974 Xenia tornado – This was the deadliest tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak. Aerial photography and isoline surveys by Fujita showed that entire rows of brick homes were swept away and sustained F5 damage. Wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields and very intense damage was reported to steel-reinforced schools. This tornado was originally
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kentucky, Indiana
Location
Hardins­burg (KY), Branden­burg (KY), Harrison County (IN)
Fata­lities
31
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Brandenburg tornado – Multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes were swept away, including one that sustained total collapse of its poured concrete walk-out basement wall. The grass was scoured from the ground and aerial photography showed extensive wind-rowing in Brandenburg. Trees were completely debarked and low-lying shrubs next to leveled
1974 Brandenburg tornado – Multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes were swept away, including one that sustained total collapse of its poured concrete walk-out basement wall. The grass was scoured from the ground and aerial photography showed extensive wind-rowing in Brandenburg. Trees were completely debarked and low-lying shrubs next to leveled
Day
1974 Brandenburg tornado – Multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes were swept away, including one that sustained total collapse of its poured concrete walk-out basement wall. The grass was scoured from the ground and aerial photography showed extensive wind-rowing in Brandenburg. Trees were completely debarked and low-lying shrubs next to leveled
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio
Location
Rising Sun (IN), Boone County (KY), Sayler Park (West Cincinnati, OH), Mack (OH), Bridgetown (OH)
Fata­lities
3
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Cincinnati tornado – Homes were swept away in Sayler Park and a large floating restaurant barge was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped upside-down by the tornado. Boats and vehicles were carried long distances through the air.
1974 Cincinnati tornado – Homes were swept away in Sayler Park and a large floating restaurant barge was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped upside-down by the tornado. Boats and vehicles were carried long distances through the air.
Day
1974 Cincinnati tornado – Homes were swept away in Sayler Park and a large floating restaurant barge was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped upside-down by the tornado. Boats and vehicles were carried long distances through the air.
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Alabama
Location
Mount Hope, Mount Moriah, Tanner, Capshaw, Harvest
Fata­lities
28
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
First Tanner tornado – Numerous homes were swept away and scattered. In Limestone County, where the F5 damage occurred, a large swath of trees was leveled and ground scouring occurred nearby with dirt found to have been dug up and plastered to the bark. A pump was lifted out of a well at one location and shrubbery was debarked as well.
First Tanner tornado – Numerous homes were swept away and scattered. In Limestone County, where the F5 damage occurred, a large swath of trees was leveled and ground scouring occurred nearby with dirt found to have been dug up and plastered to the bark. A pump was lifted out of a well at one location and shrubbery was debarked as well.
Day
First Tanner tornado – Numerous homes were swept away and scattered. In Limestone County, where the F5 damage occurred, a large swath of trees was leveled and ground scouring occurred nearby with dirt found to have been dug up and plastered to the bark. A pump was lifted out of a well at one location and shrubbery was debarked as well.
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Alabama, Tennessee
Location
Tanner (AL), Capshaw (AL), Harvest (AL), Hazel Green (AL), Vanntown (TN)
Fata­lities
22
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, NWA
Second Tanner tornado – This tornado is officially listed as an F5, but was rated an F4 by Grazulis and Fujita. It crossed into Tennessee and did F4 damage in both states, though the supposed F5 damage only occurred in Alabama where numerous homes were swept away and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. Some of the damage in Tennessee was prev
Second Tanner tornado – This tornado is officially listed as an F5, but was rated an F4 by Grazulis and Fujita. It crossed into Tennessee and did F4 damage in both states, though the supposed F5 damage only occurred in Alabama where numerous homes were swept away and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. Some of the damage in Tennessee was prev
Day
Second Tanner tornado – This tornado is officially listed as an F5, but was rated an F4 by Grazulis and Fujita. It crossed into Tennessee and did F4 damage in both states, though the supposed F5 damage only occurred in Alabama where numerous homes were swept away and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. Some of the damage in Tennessee was prev
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Alabama
Location
Guin, Twin, Delmar
Fata­lities
28
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Guin tornado – According to the NWS in Birmingham, Alabama, this is considered one of the strongest tornadoes ever to impact the United States. Sources indicate that F5 damage was reported along much of the path and that many homes in and near Guin sustained F5 damage. Many of these homes were swept away, their debris being scattered across fi
1974 Guin tornado – According to the NWS in Birmingham, Alabama, this is considered one of the strongest tornadoes ever to impact the United States. Sources indicate that F5 damage was reported along much of the path and that many homes in and near Guin sustained F5 damage. Many of these homes were swept away, their debris being scattered across fi
Day
1974 Guin tornado – According to the NWS in Birmingham, Alabama, this is considered one of the strongest tornadoes ever to impact the United States. Sources indicate that F5 damage was reported along much of the path and that many homes in and near Guin sustained F5 damage. Many of these homes were swept away, their debris being scattered across fi
Mar 26
Mar 26
Day
Mar 26
Year
1976
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
Spiro
Fata­lities
2
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Frame homes were swept away and 134,000-pound (61,000 kg) coal cars were tossed. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
Frame homes were swept away and 134,000-pound (61,000 kg) coal cars were tossed. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
Day
Frame homes were swept away and 134,000-pound (61,000 kg) coal cars were tossed. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
Apr 19
Apr 19
Day
Apr 19
Year
1976
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Brownwood
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1976 Brownwood tornado – Homes were swept away, with only a bathtub remaining on one of the foundations. Several teenagers were caught in the open and were picked up and thrown 1,000 yd (910 m; 0 mi) but survived. Mesquite trees were shredded. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
1976 Brownwood tornado – Homes were swept away, with only a bathtub remaining on one of the foundations. Several teenagers were caught in the open and were picked up and thrown 1,000 yd (910 m; 0 mi) but survived. Mesquite trees were shredded. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
Day
1976 Brownwood tornado – Homes were swept away, with only a bathtub remaining on one of the foundations. Several teenagers were caught in the open and were picked up and thrown 1,000 yd (910 m; 0 mi) but survived. Mesquite trees were shredded. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
Jun 13
Jun 13
Day
Jun 13
Year
1976
Country
United States
Sub­division
Iowa
Location
Jordan
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Homes were swept away and well-built farms reportedly vanished without a trace. In a conversation with Grazulis concerning the "worst" tornadoes, this tornado was reportedly mentioned by Fujita as having produced some of the most intense instances of damage he surveyed, along with the 1974 Xenia tornado.
Homes were swept away and well-built farms reportedly vanished without a trace. In a conversation with Grazulis concerning the "worst" tornadoes, this tornado was reportedly mentioned by Fujita as having produced some of the most intense instances of damage he surveyed, along with the 1974 Xenia tornado.
Day
Homes were swept away and well-built farms reportedly vanished without a trace. In a conversation with Grazulis concerning the "worst" tornadoes, this tornado was reportedly mentioned by Fujita as having produced some of the most intense instances of damage he surveyed, along with the 1974 Xenia tornado.
Apr 4
Apr 4
Day
Apr 4
Year
1977
Country
United States
Sub­division
Alabama
Location
Birmingham, Tarrant
Fata­lities
22
Rated by
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Day
Year
Country
Sub­division
Location
Fata­lities
Rated by
Feb 16
1876
Australia
Queensland
Bowen
1
BoM
1876 Bowen tornado – A tornado struck near the city of Bowen. In the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) database, the tornado is marked as striking present-day Brisbane; however, local papers confirmed the tornado caused "a large amount of damage" to Bowen.
Sep 20
1926
Paraguay
Itapúa
Encarnación
300-500
Balbi, Barbieri, Atlinger de Schwarzkopf
1926 Encarnación tornado – A large and deadly tornado moved through Encarnación, causing catastrophic damage to the town and killing more than 300 people, making it the deadliest tornado in South America. Its intensity was estimated at F4 or F5 until it received an official F5 rating in 2017 alongside the San Justo tornado.
May 11
1953
United States
Texas
Lorena, Hewitt, Waco, Bellmead
114
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1953 Waco tornado – This was the first officially-ranked F5 tornado in the United States. Homes outside Waco sustained F5-level damage. Large, multi-story buildings collapsed in downtown Waco but incurred sub-F5-level damage.
May 29
1953
United States
North Dakota
Fort Rice
2
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of May 29, 1953 – A large church was leveled and its pews were driven 4 ft (1 m) into the ground. Parts of a car were carried for 1⁄2 mi (0 km). The tornado was initially rated F4 by Grazulis, but he subsequently upgraded it to F5.
Jun 8
1953
United States
Michigan
Flushing Township, Mount Morris Township, Beecher, Genesee Township
116
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1953 Flint-Beecher tornado – Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away, with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining. Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well. Some victims were mutilated or dismembered.
Jun 27
1953
United States
Iowa
Anita, Adair
1
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of June 27, 1953 – One farm was obliterated. Heavy machinery was thrown for more than 100 yd (91 m).
Dec 5
1953
United States
Mississippi
Vicksburg
38
SPC-NWS, NCDC
1953 Vicksburg tornado – "Very frail" homes were leveled. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
May 25
1955
United States
Oklahoma, Kansas
Blackwell (OK)
20
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town.
May 25
1955
United States
Oklahoma, Kansas
Udall
80
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1955 Udall tornado – Nearly every structure in Udall was leveled. Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree. A 30-by-40-foot (9 by 12 m) concrete block building was obliterated, with the foundation left mostly bare. Numerous trees were debarked as well.
Apr 3
1956
United States
Michigan
Hudsonville, Grand Rapids
18
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1956 – Many homes and businesses were swept completely away, leaving bare foundations behind. Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well. One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation. Grazulis initially listed this tornado as
May 20
1957
United States
Kansas, Missouri
Spring Hill (KS), Kansas City (MO)
44
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1957 Ruskin Heights tornado – Entire rows of homes were swept away, with extensive wind-rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields. Some homes had their subfloors swept away as well, leaving only empty basements behind. A school was partially leveled and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage. Homes were leveled in both states, but F
Jun 20
1957
United States
North Dakota, Minnesota
Fargo (ND), Moorhead (MN)
10
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Fargo tornado – Homes in the newest part of Fargo were leveled, some of which were swept away. Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was scattered long distances into nearby fields. Fujita considered this more intense than the strongest tornadoes he surveyed from April 11, 1965.
Dec 18
1957
United States
Illinois
Sunfield
3
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak sequence of December 18–20, 1957 – The entire Sunfield community "vanished."
Jun 4
1958
United States
Wisconsin
Menomonie, Colfax
21
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of June 3–4, 1958 – Homes were swept away and numerous trees were completely debarked. A car was wrapped around the side of a small steel bridge that collapsed in the tornado. Grazulis initially rated this as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.
May 5
1960
United States
Oklahoma
Prague, Iron Post, Sapulpa
5
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away between Prague and Paden, at "Iron Post," and at the northwest edge of Sapulpa.
Apr 3
1964
United States
Texas
Wichita Falls
7
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1964 Wichita Falls tornado – Two homes adjacent to each other were swept away at F5 intensity and a boxcar was thrown 100 yd (91 m). A car was thrown a block and a half.
May 5
1964
United States
Nebraska
Bradshaw
4
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1964 Central Nebraska tornado – Numerous farms were swept away.
May 8
1965
United States
South Dakota
Colome
0
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Many farms were destroyed, including three that were swept completely away.
Mar 3
1966
United States
Mississippi
Jackson, Flowood, Leesburg, Forkville, Midway
57
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1966 Jackson, Mississippi tornado – Homes were swept away and a brick church was obliterated. The pavement was scoured from roads and cars were thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) from where they originated. The newly built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances. Steel girders were "
Jun 8
1966
United States
Kansas
Topeka
16
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 1966 – Entire rows of homes were swept away and grass was scoured from lawns. Eight homes incurred F5-level damage on Burnett's Mound, disproving a myth that the mound protected Topeka from tornadoes.
Oct 14
1966
United States
Iowa
Belmond
6
SPC-NWS, NCDC
A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. On this basis, the tornado was officially rated F5, however, the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation and nearby homes only showed F1-level damage. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
Apr 23
1968
United States
Ohio
Wheelers­burg, Gallipolis
7
SPC-NWS, NCDC
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – Homes were swept away with only their foundations left in some cases. A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown. The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.
May 15
1968
United States
Iowa
Charles City
13
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Charles City tornado – Many homes and farms were leveled or swept away. Very intense, cycloidal ground scouring associated with multiple vortices was noted.
May 15
1968
United States
Iowa
Oelwein, Maynard
5
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Oelwein tornado – Homes were swept completely away in both towns.
Jun 13
1968
United States
Minnesota
Tracy
9
SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornadoes officially rated EF5 · List of events › Official F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes › EF5 tornadoes
May 4
May 4
Day
May 4
Year
2007
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
Greensburg
Fata­lities
12
Rated by
SPC-NWS, Marshall
Greensburg tornado – This tornado damaged or destroyed 95% of the town, including seven well-built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled, including a pickup truck that was split in two and found a 1 mi (1 km) away. Furthermore, freight train cars were overturned, and multi-ton oil tanks w
Greensburg tornado – This tornado damaged or destroyed 95% of the town, including seven well-built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled, including a pickup truck that was split in two and found a 1 mi (1 km) away. Furthermore, freight train cars were overturned, and multi-ton oil tanks w
Day
Greensburg tornado – This tornado damaged or destroyed 95% of the town, including seven well-built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled, including a pickup truck that was split in two and found a 1 mi (1 km) away. Furthermore, freight train cars were overturned, and multi-ton oil tanks w
May 25
May 25
Day
May 25
Year
2008
Country
United States
Sub­division
Iowa
Location
Parkers­burg, New Hartford
Fata­lities
9
Rated by
SPC-NWS
2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage. Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations. A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home and the concrete floor was cracked. A rebar support set into the found
2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage. Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations. A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home and the concrete floor was cracked. A rebar support set into the found
Day
2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage. Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations. A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home and the concrete floor was cracked. A rebar support set into the found
Apr 27
Apr 27
Day
Apr 27
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Mississippi
Location
Northern Philadelphia, Coy, Winston County, Noxubee County
Fata­lities
3
Rated by
SPC-NWS
2011 Philadelphia, Mississippi tornado – Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring. The tornado dug a trench 2 ft (0 m) deep into a pasture, leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind. A tied-down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd (270 m) with no indication of contact with the ground. Several vehi
2011 Philadelphia, Mississippi tornado – Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring. The tornado dug a trench 2 ft (0 m) deep into a pasture, leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind. A tied-down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd (270 m) with no indication of contact with the ground. Several vehi
Day
2011 Philadelphia, Mississippi tornado – Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring. The tornado dug a trench 2 ft (0 m) deep into a pasture, leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind. A tied-down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd (270 m) with no indication of contact with the ground. Several vehi
Apr 27
Apr 27
Day
Apr 27
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Alabama
Location
Hamilton, Hackleburg, Phil Campbell, Mount Hope, Tanner, Athens, Harvest
Fata­lities
71
Rated by
SPC-NWS
2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama history and the deadliest tornado of the 2011 Super Outbreak. Numerous homes, some of which were large, well-built, and anchor-bolted were swept away. Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind-rowed well away from the foundations. One home that was swe
2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama history and the deadliest tornado of the 2011 Super Outbreak. Numerous homes, some of which were large, well-built, and anchor-bolted were swept away. Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind-rowed well away from the foundations. One home that was swe
Day
2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama history and the deadliest tornado of the 2011 Super Outbreak. Numerous homes, some of which were large, well-built, and anchor-bolted were swept away. Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind-rowed well away from the foundations. One home that was swe
Apr 27
Apr 27
Day
Apr 27
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Mississippi, Alabama
Location
Smithville, Shottsville
Fata­lities
23
Rated by
SPC-NWS
2011 Smithville tornado – Numerous well-built, anchor-bolted brick homes were swept away. Floor tiles were ripped from the foundations of several homes. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town's water tower and was recovered on the opposite side of town. Other vehicles were torn into multiple pieces, stripped down to their frames, wr
2011 Smithville tornado – Numerous well-built, anchor-bolted brick homes were swept away. Floor tiles were ripped from the foundations of several homes. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town's water tower and was recovered on the opposite side of town. Other vehicles were torn into multiple pieces, stripped down to their frames, wr
Day
2011 Smithville tornado – Numerous well-built, anchor-bolted brick homes were swept away. Floor tiles were ripped from the foundations of several homes. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town's water tower and was recovered on the opposite side of town. Other vehicles were torn into multiple pieces, stripped down to their frames, wr
Apr 27
Apr 27
Day
Apr 27
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Alabama, Georgia
Location
Fyffe, Shiloh, Rainsville, Sylvania, Henagar, Ider, Rising Fawn
Fata­lities
25
Rated by
SPC-NWS
2011 Rainsville tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases. A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations. An 800-pound (360 kg) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft (180 m) and its door was ripped
2011 Rainsville tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases. A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations. An 800-pound (360 kg) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft (180 m) and its door was ripped
Day
2011 Rainsville tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases. A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations. An 800-pound (360 kg) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft (180 m) and its door was ripped
May 22
May 22
Day
May 22
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Missouri
Location
Joplin, Duquesne
Fata­lities
158
Rated by
SPC-NWS, Marshall
Joplin tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947. Many homes, business, and steel-frame industrial buildings were swept away and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards. A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structur
Joplin tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947. Many homes, business, and steel-frame industrial buildings were swept away and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards. A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structur
Day
Joplin tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947. Many homes, business, and steel-frame industrial buildings were swept away and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards. A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structur
May 24
May 24
Day
May 24
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
Hinton, Calumet, El Reno, Piedmont, Guthrie
Fata­lities
9
Rated by
SPC-NWS, Wurman, DOW
2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado – Many homes were swept away, trees were completely debarked, and extensive ground scouring occurred. At the Cactus 117 oil rig, a 1,900,000-pound (860,000 kg) oil derrick was blown over and rolled several times. Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees, including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd (710 m) a
2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado – Many homes were swept away, trees were completely debarked, and extensive ground scouring occurred. At the Cactus 117 oil rig, a 1,900,000-pound (860,000 kg) oil derrick was blown over and rolled several times. Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees, including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd (710 m) a
Day
2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado – Many homes were swept away, trees were completely debarked, and extensive ground scouring occurred. At the Cactus 117 oil rig, a 1,900,000-pound (860,000 kg) oil derrick was blown over and rolled several times. Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees, including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd (710 m) a
May 20
May 20
Day
May 20
Year
2013
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
Newcastle, Moore
Fata­lities
24
Rated by
SPC-NWS, Marshall
2013 Moore tornado – Many homes were swept away, including nine that were well-built and bolted to their foundations. Two elementary schools were completely destroyed. Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas and a 10-ton (20,000 lb; 9,100 kg) propane tank was thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) through the air. Tree
2013 Moore tornado – Many homes were swept away, including nine that were well-built and bolted to their foundations. Two elementary schools were completely destroyed. Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas and a 10-ton (20,000 lb; 9,100 kg) propane tank was thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) through the air. Tree
Day
2013 Moore tornado – Many homes were swept away, including nine that were well-built and bolted to their foundations. Two elementary schools were completely destroyed. Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas and a 10-ton (20,000 lb; 9,100 kg) propane tank was thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) through the air. Tree
Jun 20
Jun 20
Day
Jun 20
Year
2025
Country
United States
Sub­division
North Dakota
Location
Enderlin
Fata­lities
3
Rated by
NWS, Marshall, NTP, LaDue, Miller, Kopp, Sills,
2025 Enderlin tornado – A train was derailed, with 33 fully-loaded grain hopper cars and empty tank cars being tipped over or lofted, including one empty tanker car that was tossed about 600–1,000 feet (180–300 m). The tornado also swept away several homes, and caused extreme tree damage, with only stubs of large branches or trunks remaining, and d
2025 Enderlin tornado – A train was derailed, with 33 fully-loaded grain hopper cars and empty tank cars being tipped over or lofted, including one empty tanker car that was tossed about 600–1,000 feet (180–300 m). The tornado also swept away several homes, and caused extreme tree damage, with only stubs of large branches or trunks remaining, and d
Day
2025 Enderlin tornado – A train was derailed, with 33 fully-loaded grain hopper cars and empty tank cars being tipped over or lofted, including one empty tanker car that was tossed about 600–1,000 feet (180–300 m). The tornado also swept away several homes, and caused extreme tree damage, with only stubs of large branches or trunks remaining, and d
Day
Year
Country
Sub­division
Location
Fata­lities
Rated by
May 4
2007
United States
Kansas
Greensburg
12
SPC-NWS, Marshall
Greensburg tornado – This tornado damaged or destroyed 95% of the town, including seven well-built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled, including a pickup truck that was split in two and found a 1 mi (1 km) away. Furthermore, freight train cars were overturned, and multi-ton oil tanks w
May 25
2008
United States
Iowa
Parkers­burg, New Hartford
9
SPC-NWS
2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage. Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations. A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home and the concrete floor was cracked. A rebar support set into the found
Apr 27
2011
United States
Mississippi
Northern Philadelphia, Coy, Winston County, Noxubee County
3
SPC-NWS
2011 Philadelphia, Mississippi tornado – Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring. The tornado dug a trench 2 ft (0 m) deep into a pasture, leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind. A tied-down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd (270 m) with no indication of contact with the ground. Several vehi
Apr 27
2011
United States
Alabama
Hamilton, Hackleburg, Phil Campbell, Mount Hope, Tanner, Athens, Harvest
71
SPC-NWS
2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama history and the deadliest tornado of the 2011 Super Outbreak. Numerous homes, some of which were large, well-built, and anchor-bolted were swept away. Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind-rowed well away from the foundations. One home that was swe
Apr 27
2011
United States
Mississippi, Alabama
Smithville, Shottsville
23
SPC-NWS
2011 Smithville tornado – Numerous well-built, anchor-bolted brick homes were swept away. Floor tiles were ripped from the foundations of several homes. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town's water tower and was recovered on the opposite side of town. Other vehicles were torn into multiple pieces, stripped down to their frames, wr
Apr 27
2011
United States
Alabama, Georgia
Fyffe, Shiloh, Rainsville, Sylvania, Henagar, Ider, Rising Fawn
25
SPC-NWS
2011 Rainsville tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases. A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations. An 800-pound (360 kg) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft (180 m) and its door was ripped
May 22
2011
United States
Missouri
Joplin, Duquesne
158
SPC-NWS, Marshall
Joplin tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947. Many homes, business, and steel-frame industrial buildings were swept away and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards. A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structur
May 24
2011
United States
Oklahoma
Hinton, Calumet, El Reno, Piedmont, Guthrie
9
SPC-NWS, Wurman, DOW
2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado – Many homes were swept away, trees were completely debarked, and extensive ground scouring occurred. At the Cactus 117 oil rig, a 1,900,000-pound (860,000 kg) oil derrick was blown over and rolled several times. Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees, including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd (710 m) a
May 20
2013
United States
Oklahoma
Newcastle, Moore
24
SPC-NWS, Marshall
2013 Moore tornado – Many homes were swept away, including nine that were well-built and bolted to their foundations. Two elementary schools were completely destroyed. Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas and a 10-ton (20,000 lb; 9,100 kg) propane tank was thrown more than 1⁄2 mi (0 km) through the air. Tree
Jun 20
2025
United States
North Dakota
Enderlin
3
NWS, Marshall, NTP, LaDue, Miller, Kopp, Sills,
2025 Enderlin tornado – A train was derailed, with 33 fully-loaded grain hopper cars and empty tank cars being tipped over or lofted, including one empty tanker car that was tossed about 600–1,000 feet (180–300 m). The tornado also swept away several homes, and caused extreme tree damage, with only stubs of large branches or trunks remaining, and d
Tornadoes officially rated IF5 · List of events › Official F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes › IF5 tornadoes
Jun 29
Jun 29
Day
Jun 29
Year
1764
Country
Germany
Sub­division
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Location
Woldegk
Fata­lities
1
Rated by
ESSL, Sävert
1764 Woldegk tornado – This extremely intense tornado caused tremendous damage to vegetation and large debris from leveled homes was carried over 10 km (6 mi). This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded and rated as F5/T11, indicating potential winds over 300 mph (480 km/h). The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scien
1764 Woldegk tornado – This extremely intense tornado caused tremendous damage to vegetation and large debris from leveled homes was carried over 10 km (6 mi). This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded and rated as F5/T11, indicating potential winds over 300 mph (480 km/h). The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scien
Day
1764 Woldegk tornado – This extremely intense tornado caused tremendous damage to vegetation and large debris from leveled homes was carried over 10 km (6 mi). This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded and rated as F5/T11, indicating potential winds over 300 mph (480 km/h). The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scien
Apr 23
Apr 23
Day
Apr 23
Year
1800
Country
Germany
Sub­division
Saxony
Location
Hainichen
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
ESSL, Sävert
Homes were completely destroyed, trees and shrubbery debarked, and several heads of livestock fatally mutilated. The ESSL later updated the official rating to IF5.
Homes were completely destroyed, trees and shrubbery debarked, and several heads of livestock fatally mutilated. The ESSL later updated the official rating to IF5.
Day
Homes were completely destroyed, trees and shrubbery debarked, and several heads of livestock fatally mutilated. The ESSL later updated the official rating to IF5.
Aug 19
Aug 19
Day
Aug 19
Year
1845
Country
France
Sub­division
Normandy
Location
Montville
Fata­lities
75
Rated by
Keraunos, ESSL, TORRO
1845 Montville tornado – Three large mills, at least one of which was newly built, were leveled and partly swept clean. One of the mills was a four-story structure that likely collapsed. Large debris was carried 30 km (19 mi) and mature trees were thrown "very far." This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thund
1845 Montville tornado – Three large mills, at least one of which was newly built, were leveled and partly swept clean. One of the mills was a four-story structure that likely collapsed. Large debris was carried 30 km (19 mi) and mature trees were thrown "very far." This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thund
Day
1845 Montville tornado – Three large mills, at least one of which was newly built, were leveled and partly swept clean. One of the mills was a four-story structure that likely collapsed. Large debris was carried 30 km (19 mi) and mature trees were thrown "very far." This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thund
October 7
October 7
Day
October 7
Year
1884
Country
Italy
Sub­division
Sicily
Location
Catania
Fata­lities
28
Rated by
ESSL
Masonry houses with meter-thick walls were completely destroyed and other homes were nearly fully leveled. On 13 December 2025, the tornado was officially upgraded from high-end IF4 to IF5.
Masonry houses with meter-thick walls were completely destroyed and other homes were nearly fully leveled. On 13 December 2025, the tornado was officially upgraded from high-end IF4 to IF5.
Day
Masonry houses with meter-thick walls were completely destroyed and other homes were nearly fully leveled. On 13 December 2025, the tornado was officially upgraded from high-end IF4 to IF5.
Jun 1
Jun 1
Day
Jun 1
Year
1927
Country
Netherlands
Sub­division
Gelderland, Overijssel
Location
Neede
Fata­lities
7
Rated by
ESSL, KNMI
Very well-built masonry houses in Neede were completely destroyed, a threshing machine from a farm was thrown hundreds of meters away, and a several-ton train car was flipped. This tornado was originally rated (I)F4 before being upgraded to IF5 in November of 2025.
Very well-built masonry houses in Neede were completely destroyed, a threshing machine from a farm was thrown hundreds of meters away, and a several-ton train car was flipped. This tornado was originally rated (I)F4 before being upgraded to IF5 in November of 2025.
Day
Very well-built masonry houses in Neede were completely destroyed, a threshing machine from a farm was thrown hundreds of meters away, and a several-ton train car was flipped. This tornado was originally rated (I)F4 before being upgraded to IF5 in November of 2025.
Jul 24
Jul 24
Day
Jul 24
Year
1930
Country
Italy
Sub­division
Treviso, Udine
Location
Volpago del Montello, Selva del Montello, Giavera del Montello, Nervesa della Battaglia
Fata­lities
23
Rated by
ESSL, TORRO
1930 Montello tornado – An extremely powerful tornado which destroyed many villages and 200 homes. A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground. TORRO rated the tornado T10 on the TORRO scale, while the European Severe Storms Laboratory rated the tornado F5 on the Fujita scale. In May 2024, the F5 rating was changed to IF5, marking t
1930 Montello tornado – An extremely powerful tornado which destroyed many villages and 200 homes. A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground. TORRO rated the tornado T10 on the TORRO scale, while the European Severe Storms Laboratory rated the tornado F5 on the Fujita scale. In May 2024, the F5 rating was changed to IF5, marking t
Day
1930 Montello tornado – An extremely powerful tornado which destroyed many villages and 200 homes. A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground. TORRO rated the tornado T10 on the TORRO scale, while the European Severe Storms Laboratory rated the tornado F5 on the Fujita scale. In May 2024, the F5 rating was changed to IF5, marking t
Jun 16
Jun 16
Day
Jun 16
Year
1957
Country
Italy
Sub­division
Lombardy
Location
Valle Scuropasso
Fata­lities
6
Rated by
ESSL
Many large stone buildings were flattened. Initially rated as a high-end F4, but in March 2026 was re-rated as an IF5.
Many large stone buildings were flattened. Initially rated as a high-end F4, but in March 2026 was re-rated as an IF5.
Day
Many large stone buildings were flattened. Initially rated as a high-end F4, but in March 2026 was re-rated as an IF5.
Jun 24
Jun 24
Day
Jun 24
Year
1967
Country
France
Sub­division
Hauts-de-France
Location
Palluel
Fata­lities
6
Rated by
ESSL, Keraunos
Homes were leveled or swept away in and near Palluel, cars were thrown over 200 m (220 yd) and a strong-framed building with thick walls was almost completely leveled to the ground. This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thunderstorms (Keraunos). Grazulis rated this tornado as an F3. In 2024, the initial F5 ra
Homes were leveled or swept away in and near Palluel, cars were thrown over 200 m (220 yd) and a strong-framed building with thick walls was almost completely leveled to the ground. This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thunderstorms (Keraunos). Grazulis rated this tornado as an F3. In 2024, the initial F5 ra
Day
Homes were leveled or swept away in and near Palluel, cars were thrown over 200 m (220 yd) and a strong-framed building with thick walls was almost completely leveled to the ground. This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thunderstorms (Keraunos). Grazulis rated this tornado as an F3. In 2024, the initial F5 ra
Day
Year
Country
Sub­division
Location
Fata­lities
Rated by
Jun 29
1764
Germany
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Woldegk
1
ESSL, Sävert
1764 Woldegk tornado – This extremely intense tornado caused tremendous damage to vegetation and large debris from leveled homes was carried over 10 km (6 mi). This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded and rated as F5/T11, indicating potential winds over 300 mph (480 km/h). The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scien
Apr 23
1800
Germany
Saxony
Hainichen
0
ESSL, Sävert
Homes were completely destroyed, trees and shrubbery debarked, and several heads of livestock fatally mutilated. The ESSL later updated the official rating to IF5.
Aug 19
1845
France
Normandy
Montville
75
Keraunos, ESSL, TORRO
1845 Montville tornado – Three large mills, at least one of which was newly built, were leveled and partly swept clean. One of the mills was a four-story structure that likely collapsed. Large debris was carried 30 km (19 mi) and mature trees were thrown "very far." This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thund
October 7
1884
Italy
Sicily
Catania
28
ESSL
Masonry houses with meter-thick walls were completely destroyed and other homes were nearly fully leveled. On 13 December 2025, the tornado was officially upgraded from high-end IF4 to IF5.
Jun 1
1927
Netherlands
Gelderland, Overijssel
Neede
7
ESSL, KNMI
Very well-built masonry houses in Neede were completely destroyed, a threshing machine from a farm was thrown hundreds of meters away, and a several-ton train car was flipped. This tornado was originally rated (I)F4 before being upgraded to IF5 in November of 2025.
Jul 24
1930
Italy
Treviso, Udine
Volpago del Montello, Selva del Montello, Giavera del Montello, Nervesa della Battaglia
23
ESSL, TORRO
1930 Montello tornado – An extremely powerful tornado which destroyed many villages and 200 homes. A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground. TORRO rated the tornado T10 on the TORRO scale, while the European Severe Storms Laboratory rated the tornado F5 on the Fujita scale. In May 2024, the F5 rating was changed to IF5, marking t
Jun 16
1957
Italy
Lombardy
Valle Scuropasso
6
ESSL
Many large stone buildings were flattened. Initially rated as a high-end F4, but in March 2026 was re-rated as an IF5.
Jun 24
1967
France
Hauts-de-France
Palluel
6
ESSL, Keraunos
Homes were leveled or swept away in and near Palluel, cars were thrown over 200 m (220 yd) and a strong-framed building with thick walls was almost completely leveled to the ground. This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thunderstorms (Keraunos). Grazulis rated this tornado as an F3. In 2024, the initial F5 ra
Tornadoes rated F5/EF5/T10 by other experts or groups besides the National Weather Service · List of events › Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes › Previously rated F5/EF5/IF5 or rated F5/EF5/IF5 by others
Mar 21
Mar 21
Day
Mar 21
Year
1952
Country
United States
Sub­division
Mississippi, Tennessee
Location
Byhalia (MS), Moscow (TN)
Fata­lities
17
Rated by
NCDC
Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 – This tornado is officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a technical report listing all known F5 tornadoes. The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel-reinforced. It originally was t
Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 – This tornado is officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a technical report listing all known F5 tornadoes. The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel-reinforced. It originally was t
Day
Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 – This tornado is officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a technical report listing all known F5 tornadoes. The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel-reinforced. It originally was t
Jun 9
Jun 9
Day
Jun 9
Year
1953
Country
United States
Sub­division
Massachusetts
Location
Petersham, Barre, Rutland, Holden, Worcester, Shrewsbury, Westborough, Southborough
Fata­lities
94
Rated by
Grazulis
1953 Worcester tornado – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled, and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away. The large, brick Assumption College sustained severe damage, and its upper stories were completely destroyed. A large, multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road, and trees along the path were debarked a
1953 Worcester tornado – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled, and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away. The large, brick Assumption College sustained severe damage, and its upper stories were completely destroyed. A large, multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road, and trees along the path were debarked a
Day
1953 Worcester tornado – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled, and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away. The large, brick Assumption College sustained severe damage, and its upper stories were completely destroyed. A large, multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road, and trees along the path were debarked a
May 19
May 19
Day
May 19
Year
1960
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
Wamego, St. Marys
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Grazulis
Two farms were swept away. This tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis.
Two farms were swept away. This tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis.
Day
Two farms were swept away. This tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis.
May 30
May 30
Day
May 30
Year
1961
Country
United States
Sub­division
Nebraska
Location
Custer County, Valley County
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
NCDC, Grazulis
All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within a NCDC technical report; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.
All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within a NCDC technical report; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.
Day
All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within a NCDC technical report; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.
Apr 11
Apr 11
Day
Apr 11
Year
1965
Country
United States
Sub­division
Indiana
Location
Dunlap
Fata­lities
36
Rated by
NCDC, Grazulis
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes. A well-built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions.
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes. A well-built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions.
Day
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes. A well-built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions.
Apr 11
Apr 11
Day
Apr 11
Year
1965
Country
United States
Sub­division
Indiana
Location
Lebanon, Sheridan
Fata­lities
28
Rated by
NCDC
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up 100 yd (91 m).
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up 100 yd (91 m).
Day
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up 100 yd (91 m).
Apr 11
Apr 11
Day
Apr 11
Year
1965
Country
United States
Sub­division
Ohio
Location
Pittsfield Township, Strongsville
Fata­lities
18
Rated by
NCDC, Grazulis
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, and Pittsfield was completely destroyed. Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield, where homes "vanished."
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, and Pittsfield was completely destroyed. Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield, where homes "vanished."
Day
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, and Pittsfield was completely destroyed. Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield, where homes "vanished."
May 8
May 8
Day
May 8
Year
1965
Country
United States
Sub­division
Nebraska
Location
Wolbach, Primrose
Fata­lities
4
Rated by
NCDC, Grazulis
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Homes and businesses were leveled and swept away, along with mature trees that were reduced to pulpy "matchsticks". Cars were moved 400–440 yd (0 –0 mi), and the body of a truck was tossed and rolled 2 mi (3 km). Grazulis listed this tornado as an F5.
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Homes and businesses were leveled and swept away, along with mature trees that were reduced to pulpy "matchsticks". Cars were moved 400–440 yd (0 –0 mi), and the body of a truck was tossed and rolled 2 mi (3 km). Grazulis listed this tornado as an F5.
Day
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Homes and businesses were leveled and swept away, along with mature trees that were reduced to pulpy "matchsticks". Cars were moved 400–440 yd (0 –0 mi), and the body of a truck was tossed and rolled 2 mi (3 km). Grazulis listed this tornado as an F5.
Apr 27
Apr 27
Day
Apr 27
Year
1971
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kentucky
Location
Gosser Ridge
Fata­lities
2
Rated by
NCDC
1971 Gosser Ridge tornado – Most buildings on a farm were swept away. The tornado is listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Report, and is rated an F4 according to Grazulis and official records.
1971 Gosser Ridge tornado – Most buildings on a farm were swept away. The tornado is listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Report, and is rated an F4 according to Grazulis and official records.
Day
1971 Gosser Ridge tornado – Most buildings on a farm were swept away. The tornado is listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Report, and is rated an F4 according to Grazulis and official records.
Mar 31
Mar 31
Day
Mar 31
Year
1973
Country
United States
Sub­division
South Carolina
Location
Calhoun Falls, Abbeville
Fata­lities
7
Rated by
NCDC, Fujita
Over 100 homes were affected. 30 people were injured. This tornado was initially rated F5 by Ted Fujita, though it was later downgraded to F4.
Over 100 homes were affected. 30 people were injured. This tornado was initially rated F5 by Ted Fujita, though it was later downgraded to F4.
Day
Over 100 homes were affected. 30 people were injured. This tornado was initially rated F5 by Ted Fujita, though it was later downgraded to F4.
May 24
May 24
Day
May 24
Year
1973
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
Union City
Fata­lities
2
Rated by
Lemon, Davies-Jones, Moller, Doswell III
1973 Union City tornado – Rated F5 by multiple non-NWS publications due to damage at two farmsteads.
1973 Union City tornado – Rated F5 by multiple non-NWS publications due to damage at two farmsteads.
Day
1973 Union City tornado – Rated F5 by multiple non-NWS publications due to damage at two farmsteads.
Apr 3
Apr 3
Day
Apr 3
Year
1974
Country
United States
Sub­division
Tennessee
Location
Lincoln County, Franklin County, Coffee County
Fata­lities
11
Rated by
NWS, NWA
1974 Super Outbreak – This intense tornado caused unverifiable F5 damage when it leveled and swept away several "well-constructed homes" in Franklin County. Destroyed roughly 46 homes and 90 barns in just that county alone. Developed from the same thunderstorm that produced the first F5 Tanner tornado. Previously rated F5 by NWS, but later downgrad
1974 Super Outbreak – This intense tornado caused unverifiable F5 damage when it leveled and swept away several "well-constructed homes" in Franklin County. Destroyed roughly 46 homes and 90 barns in just that county alone. Developed from the same thunderstorm that produced the first F5 Tanner tornado. Previously rated F5 by NWS, but later downgrad
Day
1974 Super Outbreak – This intense tornado caused unverifiable F5 damage when it leveled and swept away several "well-constructed homes" in Franklin County. Destroyed roughly 46 homes and 90 barns in just that county alone. Developed from the same thunderstorm that produced the first F5 Tanner tornado. Previously rated F5 by NWS, but later downgrad
Jun 9
Jun 9
Day
Jun 9
Year
1984
Country
Soviet Union (Russia)
Sub­division
Ivanovo Oblast
Location
Ivanovo, Lunevo
Fata­lities
69
Rated by
TORRO, ESSL
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – An extremely intense multiple-vortex tornado swept wooden homes away, overturned a 320 t (710,000 lb) crane and mangled vehicles. Pavement was stripped from highway near Ivanovo and numerous trees were snapped or debarked. The tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi (160
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – An extremely intense multiple-vortex tornado swept wooden homes away, overturned a 320 t (710,000 lb) crane and mangled vehicles. Pavement was stripped from highway near Ivanovo and numerous trees were snapped or debarked. The tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi (160
Day
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – An extremely intense multiple-vortex tornado swept wooden homes away, overturned a 320 t (710,000 lb) crane and mangled vehicles. Pavement was stripped from highway near Ivanovo and numerous trees were snapped or debarked. The tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi (160
Jun 8
Jun 8
Day
Jun 8
Year
1995
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
McLean, Kellerville
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
VORTEX
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – Project VORTEX assessed this tornado to be an F5. Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred, with only bare soil left in some areas.
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – Project VORTEX assessed this tornado to be an F5. Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred, with only bare soil left in some areas.
Day
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – Project VORTEX assessed this tornado to be an F5. Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred, with only bare soil left in some areas.
Jun 8
Jun 8
Day
Jun 8
Year
1995
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Allison
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
NWS, VORTEX
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – A National Weather Service damage survey was not conducted due in part to the extensive damage and injuries from another tornado in Pampa, Texas. Four homes were destroyed and more than 800 head of livestock were killed. An NCDC report states that "all sighting reports would place this as an F5 tornado" with storm
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – A National Weather Service damage survey was not conducted due in part to the extensive damage and injuries from another tornado in Pampa, Texas. Four homes were destroyed and more than 800 head of livestock were killed. An NCDC report states that "all sighting reports would place this as an F5 tornado" with storm
Day
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – A National Weather Service damage survey was not conducted due in part to the extensive damage and injuries from another tornado in Pampa, Texas. Four homes were destroyed and more than 800 head of livestock were killed. An NCDC report states that "all sighting reports would place this as an F5 tornado" with storm
Apr 16
Apr 16
Day
Apr 16
Year
1998
Country
United States
Sub­division
Tennessee
Location
Hardin County, Wayne County
Fata­lities
3
Rated by
NWS
Tornado outbreak of April 15–16, 1998 – Originally considered part of a very long-tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate, violent tornadoes. Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations. Although officially rated an F4, a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted
Tornado outbreak of April 15–16, 1998 – Originally considered part of a very long-tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate, violent tornadoes. Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations. Although officially rated an F4, a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted
Day
Tornado outbreak of April 15–16, 1998 – Originally considered part of a very long-tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate, violent tornadoes. Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations. Although officially rated an F4, a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted
Apr 28
Apr 28
Day
Apr 28
Year
2002
Country
United States
Sub­division
Maryland
Location
La Plata
Fata­lities
3
Rated by
NWS
2002 La Plata tornado – Initially rated F5 by the National Weather Service, but was downgraded in a secondary damage survey conducted by Timothy Marshall. This preliminary F5 rating, partly due to damage to a brick building in downtown La Plata, was lowered to F4, after the damage assessment team determined some of the damage was likely due to flyi
2002 La Plata tornado – Initially rated F5 by the National Weather Service, but was downgraded in a secondary damage survey conducted by Timothy Marshall. This preliminary F5 rating, partly due to damage to a brick building in downtown La Plata, was lowered to F4, after the damage assessment team determined some of the damage was likely due to flyi
Day
2002 La Plata tornado – Initially rated F5 by the National Weather Service, but was downgraded in a secondary damage survey conducted by Timothy Marshall. This preliminary F5 rating, partly due to damage to a brick building in downtown La Plata, was lowered to F4, after the damage assessment team determined some of the damage was likely due to flyi
Apr 27
Apr 27
Day
Apr 27
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Alabama
Location
Tuscaloosa, Holt, Hueytown, Concord, Pleasant Grove, McDonald Chapel, Birmingham, Fultondale
Fata­lities
64
Rated by
NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the final rating was a source of controversy, and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5. Many homes, a large section of an apartment building, and a clubhouse were swept away, though these structures were either poorly anchored, lacked interior walls, or surrounded
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the final rating was a source of controversy, and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5. Many homes, a large section of an apartment building, and a clubhouse were swept away, though these structures were either poorly anchored, lacked interior walls, or surrounded
Day
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the final rating was a source of controversy, and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5. Many homes, a large section of an apartment building, and a clubhouse were swept away, though these structures were either poorly anchored, lacked interior walls, or surrounded
May 24
May 24
Day
May 24
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
Bradley, Washington, Goldsby
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Ortega, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2011 Washington-Goldsby tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4 with winds up to 200 mph (320 km/h), this tornado swept away multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes. Vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled beyond recognition. The National Weather Service noted the structures destroyed were "falling just short of the damage indicator for an
2011 Washington-Goldsby tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4 with winds up to 200 mph (320 km/h), this tornado swept away multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes. Vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled beyond recognition. The National Weather Service noted the structures destroyed were "falling just short of the damage indicator for an
Day
2011 Washington-Goldsby tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4 with winds up to 200 mph (320 km/h), this tornado swept away multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes. Vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled beyond recognition. The National Weather Service noted the structures destroyed were "falling just short of the damage indicator for an
May 31
May 31
Day
May 31
Year
2013
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
El Reno
Fata­lities
8
Rated by
NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2013 El Reno tornado – Originally rated as an EF5, which is based on mobile Doppler Weather Radar data of picking up winds of 302 mph (486 km/h). However, the lack of available damage resulted into rating downgrading from EF5 to an EF3. This tornado holds the record for the widest tornado ever recorded at 2 miles (4 km) wide. In 2019, Yuko Mura
2013 El Reno tornado – Originally rated as an EF5, which is based on mobile Doppler Weather Radar data of picking up winds of 302 mph (486 km/h). However, the lack of available damage resulted into rating downgrading from EF5 to an EF3. This tornado holds the record for the widest tornado ever recorded at 2 miles (4 km) wide. In 2019, Yuko Mura
Day
2013 El Reno tornado – Originally rated as an EF5, which is based on mobile Doppler Weather Radar data of picking up winds of 302 mph (486 km/h). However, the lack of available damage resulted into rating downgrading from EF5 to an EF3. This tornado holds the record for the widest tornado ever recorded at 2 miles (4 km) wide. In 2019, Yuko Mura
Day
Year
Country
Sub­division
Location
Fata­lities
Rated by
Mar 21
1952
United States
Mississippi, Tennessee
Byhalia (MS), Moscow (TN)
17
NCDC
Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 – This tornado is officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a technical report listing all known F5 tornadoes. The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel-reinforced. It originally was t
Jun 9
1953
United States
Massachusetts
Petersham, Barre, Rutland, Holden, Worcester, Shrewsbury, Westborough, Southborough
94
Grazulis
1953 Worcester tornado – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled, and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away. The large, brick Assumption College sustained severe damage, and its upper stories were completely destroyed. A large, multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road, and trees along the path were debarked a
May 19
1960
United States
Kansas
Wamego, St. Marys
0
Grazulis
Two farms were swept away. This tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis.
May 30
1961
United States
Nebraska
Custer County, Valley County
0
NCDC, Grazulis
All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within a NCDC technical report; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.
Apr 11
1965
United States
Indiana
Dunlap
36
NCDC, Grazulis
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes. A well-built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions.
Apr 11
1965
United States
Indiana
Lebanon, Sheridan
28
NCDC
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up 100 yd (91 m).
Apr 11
1965
United States
Ohio
Pittsfield Township, Strongsville
18
NCDC, Grazulis
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, and Pittsfield was completely destroyed. Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield, where homes "vanished."
May 8
1965
United States
Nebraska
Wolbach, Primrose
4
NCDC, Grazulis
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Homes and businesses were leveled and swept away, along with mature trees that were reduced to pulpy "matchsticks". Cars were moved 400–440 yd (0 –0 mi), and the body of a truck was tossed and rolled 2 mi (3 km). Grazulis listed this tornado as an F5.
Apr 27
1971
United States
Kentucky
Gosser Ridge
2
NCDC
1971 Gosser Ridge tornado – Most buildings on a farm were swept away. The tornado is listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Report, and is rated an F4 according to Grazulis and official records.
Mar 31
1973
United States
South Carolina
Calhoun Falls, Abbeville
7
NCDC, Fujita
Over 100 homes were affected. 30 people were injured. This tornado was initially rated F5 by Ted Fujita, though it was later downgraded to F4.
May 24
1973
United States
Oklahoma
Union City
2
Lemon, Davies-Jones, Moller, Doswell III
1973 Union City tornado – Rated F5 by multiple non-NWS publications due to damage at two farmsteads.
Apr 3
1974
United States
Tennessee
Lincoln County, Franklin County, Coffee County
11
NWS, NWA
1974 Super Outbreak – This intense tornado caused unverifiable F5 damage when it leveled and swept away several "well-constructed homes" in Franklin County. Destroyed roughly 46 homes and 90 barns in just that county alone. Developed from the same thunderstorm that produced the first F5 Tanner tornado. Previously rated F5 by NWS, but later downgrad
Jun 9
1984
Soviet Union (Russia)
Ivanovo Oblast
Ivanovo, Lunevo
69
TORRO, ESSL
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – An extremely intense multiple-vortex tornado swept wooden homes away, overturned a 320 t (710,000 lb) crane and mangled vehicles. Pavement was stripped from highway near Ivanovo and numerous trees were snapped or debarked. The tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi (160
Jun 8
1995
United States
Texas
McLean, Kellerville
0
VORTEX
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – Project VORTEX assessed this tornado to be an F5. Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred, with only bare soil left in some areas.
Jun 8
1995
United States
Texas
Allison
0
NWS, VORTEX
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1995 – A National Weather Service damage survey was not conducted due in part to the extensive damage and injuries from another tornado in Pampa, Texas. Four homes were destroyed and more than 800 head of livestock were killed. An NCDC report states that "all sighting reports would place this as an F5 tornado" with storm
Apr 16
1998
United States
Tennessee
Hardin County, Wayne County
3
NWS
Tornado outbreak of April 15–16, 1998 – Originally considered part of a very long-tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate, violent tornadoes. Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations. Although officially rated an F4, a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted
Apr 28
2002
United States
Maryland
La Plata
3
NWS
2002 La Plata tornado – Initially rated F5 by the National Weather Service, but was downgraded in a secondary damage survey conducted by Timothy Marshall. This preliminary F5 rating, partly due to damage to a brick building in downtown La Plata, was lowered to F4, after the damage assessment team determined some of the damage was likely due to flyi
Apr 27
2011
United States
Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Holt, Hueytown, Concord, Pleasant Grove, McDonald Chapel, Birmingham, Fultondale
64
NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the final rating was a source of controversy, and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5. Many homes, a large section of an apartment building, and a clubhouse were swept away, though these structures were either poorly anchored, lacked interior walls, or surrounded
May 24
2011
United States
Oklahoma
Bradley, Washington, Goldsby
0
Ortega, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2011 Washington-Goldsby tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4 with winds up to 200 mph (320 km/h), this tornado swept away multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes. Vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled beyond recognition. The National Weather Service noted the structures destroyed were "falling just short of the damage indicator for an
May 31
2013
United States
Oklahoma
El Reno
8
NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2013 El Reno tornado – Originally rated as an EF5, which is based on mobile Doppler Weather Radar data of picking up winds of 302 mph (486 km/h). However, the lack of available damage resulted into rating downgrading from EF5 to an EF3. This tornado holds the record for the widest tornado ever recorded at 2 miles (4 km) wide. In 2019, Yuko Mura
Tornadoes officially rated below F5/EF5/T10 or equivalent but which may have caused F5/EF5/T10+ damage · List of events › Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes › Possible F5/EF5/IF5 damage
Jun 17
Jun 17
Day
Jun 17
Year
1946
Country
United States, Canada
Sub­division
Michigan, Ontario
Location
River Rouge (MI), Windsor (ON), LaSalle (ON), Tecumseh (ON)
Fata­lities
17
Rated by
ECCC
1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado – This tornado was officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation pulled out of the ground and carried away, indicating borderline F5 damage. Some victims were mutilated, dismembered or stripped of their clothes.
1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado – This tornado was officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation pulled out of the ground and carried away, indicating borderline F5 damage. Some victims were mutilated, dismembered or stripped of their clothes.
Day
1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado – This tornado was officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation pulled out of the ground and carried away, indicating borderline F5 damage. Some victims were mutilated, dismembered or stripped of their clothes.
May 18
May 18
Day
May 18
Year
1951
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Olney
Fata­lities
2
Rated by
Grazulis
Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left. Grazulis called this tornado a "possible" F5.
Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left. Grazulis called this tornado a "possible" F5.
Day
Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left. Grazulis called this tornado a "possible" F5.
Sep 26
Sep 26
Day
Sep 26
Year
1951
Country
United States
Sub­division
Wisconsin
Location
Waupaca
Fata­lities
6
Rated by
Grazulis
This tornado obliterated a trio of farmsteads. It was mentioned as a probable F5 by Grazulis.
This tornado obliterated a trio of farmsteads. It was mentioned as a probable F5 by Grazulis.
Day
This tornado obliterated a trio of farmsteads. It was mentioned as a probable F5 by Grazulis.
May 22
May 22
Day
May 22
Year
1952
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
Linwood, Edwardsville
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of May 21–24, 1952 – The home of a bank president was leveled. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly F5."
Tornado outbreak of May 21–24, 1952 – The home of a bank president was leveled. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly F5."
Day
Tornado outbreak of May 21–24, 1952 – The home of a bank president was leveled. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly F5."
Jun 8
Jun 8
Day
Jun 8
Year
1953
Country
United States
Sub­division
Ohio
Location
Cygnet
Fata­lities
18
Rated by
Grazulis
Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away. A steel-and-concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City.
Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away. A steel-and-concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City.
Day
Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away. A steel-and-concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City.
May 1
May 1
Day
May 1
Year
1954
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas, Oklahoma
Location
Crowell (TX), Vernon (TX), Snyder (OK)
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Grazulis
Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yd (91 m), and three farms were entirely swept away. Grazulis considered the tornado to be a probable F5.
Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yd (91 m), and three farms were entirely swept away. Grazulis considered the tornado to be a probable F5.
Day
Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yd (91 m), and three farms were entirely swept away. Grazulis considered the tornado to be a probable F5.
Jul 2
Jul 2
Day
Jul 2
Year
1955
Country
United States
Sub­division
North Dakota
Location
Walcott
Fata­lities
2
Rated by
Grazulis
A photograph of a farmhouse showed possible F5 damage.
A photograph of a farmhouse showed possible F5 damage.
Day
A photograph of a farmhouse showed possible F5 damage.
May 21
May 21
Day
May 21
Year
1957
Country
United States
Sub­division
Missouri
Location
Fremont, Van Buren
Fata­lities
7
Rated by
Grazulis
May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak sequence – Most of Fremont was destroyed, with many structures swept away. Possible F5 damage occurred to schools, homes, and businesses near the railroad tracks, but houses in the area were poorly constructed.
May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak sequence – Most of Fremont was destroyed, with many structures swept away. Possible F5 damage occurred to schools, homes, and businesses near the railroad tracks, but houses in the area were poorly constructed.
Day
May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak sequence – Most of Fremont was destroyed, with many structures swept away. Possible F5 damage occurred to schools, homes, and businesses near the railroad tracks, but houses in the area were poorly constructed.
Jun 10
Jun 10
Day
Jun 10
Year
1958
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
El Dorado
Fata­lities
15
Rated by
Grazulis
Reports indicated possible F5-level damage to homes. A car was thrown 100 yd (91 m), but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred. Nevertheless, the tornado was considered to be a probable F5 by Grazulis.
Reports indicated possible F5-level damage to homes. A car was thrown 100 yd (91 m), but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred. Nevertheless, the tornado was considered to be a probable F5 by Grazulis.
Day
Reports indicated possible F5-level damage to homes. A car was thrown 100 yd (91 m), but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred. Nevertheless, the tornado was considered to be a probable F5 by Grazulis.
August 14
August 14
Day
August 14
Year
1959
Country
Brazil
Sub­division
Paraná
Location
Palmas, União da Vitória
Fata­lities
35
Rated by
Independent meteorologists
1959 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak – Wooden houses completely swept away, a newly built two-story farmhouse was completely destroyed, leaving only the floor. Hardwood trees were completely debarked and uprooted, herds of cattle were completely decimated, and a steam locomotive was thrown away 40 m (44 yd). People were thrown more than 50 metres
1959 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak – Wooden houses completely swept away, a newly built two-story farmhouse was completely destroyed, leaving only the floor. Hardwood trees were completely debarked and uprooted, herds of cattle were completely decimated, and a steam locomotive was thrown away 40 m (44 yd). People were thrown more than 50 metres
Day
1959 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak – Wooden houses completely swept away, a newly built two-story farmhouse was completely destroyed, leaving only the floor. Hardwood trees were completely debarked and uprooted, herds of cattle were completely decimated, and a steam locomotive was thrown away 40 m (44 yd). People were thrown more than 50 metres
Jun 6
Jun 6
Day
Jun 6
Year
1963
Country
United States
Sub­division
South Dakota
Location
Swett, Patricia
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Grazulis
A church and a home literally vanished. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly" F5, but it listed as only F3 in the official database.
A church and a home literally vanished. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly" F5, but it listed as only F3 in the official database.
Day
A church and a home literally vanished. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly" F5, but it listed as only F3 in the official database.
Apr 12
Apr 12
Day
Apr 12
Year
1964
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
Lawrence
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Grazulis
Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown 300 yd (270 m). Grazulis noted possible F5 damage.
Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown 300 yd (270 m). Grazulis noted possible F5 damage.
Day
Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown 300 yd (270 m). Grazulis noted possible F5 damage.
Apr 23
Apr 23
Day
Apr 23
Year
1968
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kentucky, Ohio
Location
Falmouth (KY), Ripley (OH)
Fata­lities
6
Rated by
Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – This tornado was mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – This tornado was mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.
Day
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – This tornado was mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.
Jun 9
Jun 9
Day
Jun 9
Year
1984
Country
Soviet Union (Russia)
Sub­division
Kostroma Oblast
Location
Kostroma, Lyubim
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Pending
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350,000 kg (770,000 lb) industrial crane was blown over.
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350,000 kg (770,000 lb) industrial crane was blown over.
Day
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350,000 kg (770,000 lb) industrial crane was blown over.
May 31
May 31
Day
May 31
Year
1985
Country
United States
Sub­division
Pennsylvania
Location
Parker Dam State Park, Moshannon State Forest
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
NWS
1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak – This tornado may have been capable of producing F5 damage over rural areas.
1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak – This tornado may have been capable of producing F5 damage over rural areas.
Day
1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak – This tornado may have been capable of producing F5 damage over rural areas.
Jul 31
Jul 31
Day
Jul 31
Year
1987
Country
Canada
Sub­division
Alberta
Location
Edmonton
Fata­lities
27
Rated by
ECCC
Edmonton tornado – Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed, large factories were leveled, grass was scoured from the ground and wind-rowing of debris occurred. If confirmed by Environment Canada, this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the 2007 Elie tornado.
Edmonton tornado – Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed, large factories were leveled, grass was scoured from the ground and wind-rowing of debris occurred. If confirmed by Environment Canada, this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the 2007 Elie tornado.
Day
Edmonton tornado – Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed, large factories were leveled, grass was scoured from the ground and wind-rowing of debris occurred. If confirmed by Environment Canada, this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the 2007 Elie tornado.
Jan 7
Jan 7
Day
Jan 7
Year
1989
Country
United States
Sub­division
Illinois
Location
Allendale
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Grazulis
This tornado was considered by Grazulis to be a more plausible candidate for an F5 rating than the "questionable" Oakfield tornado in 1996.
This tornado was considered by Grazulis to be a more plausible candidate for an F5 rating than the "questionable" Oakfield tornado in 1996.
Day
This tornado was considered by Grazulis to be a more plausible candidate for an F5 rating than the "questionable" Oakfield tornado in 1996.
Apr 26
Apr 26
Day
Apr 26
Year
1991
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
Arkansas City, Hackney, Winfield, Tisdale
Fata­lities
1
Rated by
Grazulis
1991 Andover tornado outbreak – According to an informal survey conducted by a group of storm chasers, one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it.
1991 Andover tornado outbreak – According to an informal survey conducted by a group of storm chasers, one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it.
Day
1991 Andover tornado outbreak – According to an informal survey conducted by a group of storm chasers, one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it.
Nov 29
Nov 29
Day
Nov 29
Year
1992
Country
Australia
Sub­division
Queensland
Location
Bucca
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Callaghan
Bucca tornado – One of the most violent tornadoes ever to have occurred in Australia and was the first Australian tornado to be officially rated F4. The tornado flattened some houses to the ground, trees were snapped and stones were embedded into the trunks. A refrigerator was blown away and never found and a 3-ton truck was thrown 300 m (330 yd).
Bucca tornado – One of the most violent tornadoes ever to have occurred in Australia and was the first Australian tornado to be officially rated F4. The tornado flattened some houses to the ground, trees were snapped and stones were embedded into the trunks. A refrigerator was blown away and never found and a 3-ton truck was thrown 300 m (330 yd).
Day
Bucca tornado – One of the most violent tornadoes ever to have occurred in Australia and was the first Australian tornado to be officially rated F4. The tornado flattened some houses to the ground, trees were snapped and stones were embedded into the trunks. A refrigerator was blown away and never found and a 3-ton truck was thrown 300 m (330 yd).
Jun 8
Jun 8
Day
Jun 8
Year
1995
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Pampa
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Grazulis
1995 Pampa tornado – This tornado would have likely produced F5 damage had it struck residential areas. Grazulis considered the tornado a candidate for an F6 rating based on photogrammetric video analysis.
1995 Pampa tornado – This tornado would have likely produced F5 damage had it struck residential areas. Grazulis considered the tornado a candidate for an F6 rating based on photogrammetric video analysis.
Day
1995 Pampa tornado – This tornado would have likely produced F5 damage had it struck residential areas. Grazulis considered the tornado a candidate for an F6 rating based on photogrammetric video analysis.
May 11
May 11
Day
May 11
Year
1999
Country
United States
Sub­division
Texas
Location
Loyal Valley
Fata­lities
1
Rated by
Flores, Hecke
1999 Loyal Valley tornado – Officially rated high-end F4, though one survey revealed potential F5 damage. Two homes were completely swept away, with debris scattered over great distances. Large pieces of a pickup truck were found 3⁄4 mi (1 km) from the residence where it originated, and a 720-foot (220 m) stretch of pavement was scoured from a ro
1999 Loyal Valley tornado – Officially rated high-end F4, though one survey revealed potential F5 damage. Two homes were completely swept away, with debris scattered over great distances. Large pieces of a pickup truck were found 3⁄4 mi (1 km) from the residence where it originated, and a 720-foot (220 m) stretch of pavement was scoured from a ro
Day
1999 Loyal Valley tornado – Officially rated high-end F4, though one survey revealed potential F5 damage. Two homes were completely swept away, with debris scattered over great distances. Large pieces of a pickup truck were found 3⁄4 mi (1 km) from the residence where it originated, and a 720-foot (220 m) stretch of pavement was scoured from a ro
May 12
May 12
Day
May 12
Year
2004
Country
United States
Sub­division
Kansas
Location
Harper
Fata­lities
0
Rated by
Haynes
A well-built, two-story farmhouse was completely swept away with debris being absent. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, and cars were torn apart. Chance Hayes from the NWS in Wichita, Kansas rated this tornado as F4 for its very slow movement, but later express regret over the conservative rating.
A well-built, two-story farmhouse was completely swept away with debris being absent. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, and cars were torn apart. Chance Hayes from the NWS in Wichita, Kansas rated this tornado as F4 for its very slow movement, but later express regret over the conservative rating.
Day
A well-built, two-story farmhouse was completely swept away with debris being absent. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, and cars were torn apart. Chance Hayes from the NWS in Wichita, Kansas rated this tornado as F4 for its very slow movement, but later express regret over the conservative rating.
May 24
May 24
Day
May 24
Year
2011
Country
United States
Sub­division
Oklahoma
Location
Chickasha, Blanchard, Newcastle
Fata­lities
1
Rated by
NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard tornado – Officially rated a high-end EF4; however, the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a "plausible EF5". Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, pavement was scoured from roads and driveways, and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd (550 m) away, some of which were torn into multiple
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard tornado – Officially rated a high-end EF4; however, the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a "plausible EF5". Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, pavement was scoured from roads and driveways, and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd (550 m) away, some of which were torn into multiple
Day
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard tornado – Officially rated a high-end EF4; however, the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a "plausible EF5". Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, pavement was scoured from roads and driveways, and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd (550 m) away, some of which were torn into multiple
Mar 2
Mar 2
Day
Mar 2
Year
2012
Country
United States
Sub­division
Indiana, Kentucky
Location
Fredericksburg, Henryville, Bedford
Fata­lities
11
Rated by
NWS
2012 Southern Indiana tornado – A violent stovepipe tornado (often referred to as the "Henryville Tornado") that carved a 49 mi (79 km) path of damage from Fredericksburg, Indiana to the Bedford, Kentucky area. This tornado was officially rated a low-end EF4. In 2022, the National Weather Service of Louisville referred to a possible EF5 damage loca
2012 Southern Indiana tornado – A violent stovepipe tornado (often referred to as the "Henryville Tornado") that carved a 49 mi (79 km) path of damage from Fredericksburg, Indiana to the Bedford, Kentucky area. This tornado was officially rated a low-end EF4. In 2022, the National Weather Service of Louisville referred to a possible EF5 damage loca
Day
2012 Southern Indiana tornado – A violent stovepipe tornado (often referred to as the "Henryville Tornado") that carved a 49 mi (79 km) path of damage from Fredericksburg, Indiana to the Bedford, Kentucky area. This tornado was officially rated a low-end EF4. In 2022, the National Weather Service of Louisville referred to a possible EF5 damage loca
Apr 27
Apr 27
Day
Apr 27
Year
2014
Country
United States
Sub­division
Arkansas
Location
Mayflower, Vilonia
Fata­lities
16
Rated by
NWS, Marshall, Grazulis, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the rating was a major source of controversy, and meteorologist/civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was "lower-bound" and "the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred" despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating. Numerous home
2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the rating was a major source of controversy, and meteorologist/civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was "lower-bound" and "the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred" despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating. Numerous home
Day
2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the rating was a major source of controversy, and meteorologist/civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was "lower-bound" and "the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred" despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating. Numerous home
Mar 24
Mar 24
Day
Mar 24
Year
2023
Country
United States
Sub­division
Mississippi
Location
Rolling Fork, Silver City
Fata­lities
17
Rated by
NWS, NSSL, OU
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado – A violent tornado that damaged or destroyed over 78% Rolling Fork and over 96% of Silver City, with at least 300 homes sustaining damage in Rolling Fork. Following the tornado, Logan Poole, a meteorologist and damage surveyor with the National Weather Service in Jackson, Mississippi gave an interview regardin
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado – A violent tornado that damaged or destroyed over 78% Rolling Fork and over 96% of Silver City, with at least 300 homes sustaining damage in Rolling Fork. Following the tornado, Logan Poole, a meteorologist and damage surveyor with the National Weather Service in Jackson, Mississippi gave an interview regardin
Day
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado – A violent tornado that damaged or destroyed over 78% Rolling Fork and over 96% of Silver City, with at least 300 homes sustaining damage in Rolling Fork. Following the tornado, Logan Poole, a meteorologist and damage surveyor with the National Weather Service in Jackson, Mississippi gave an interview regardin
Day
Year
Country
Sub­division
Location
Fata­lities
Rated by
Jun 17
1946
United States, Canada
Michigan, Ontario
River Rouge (MI), Windsor (ON), LaSalle (ON), Tecumseh (ON)
17
ECCC
1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado – This tornado was officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation pulled out of the ground and carried away, indicating borderline F5 damage. Some victims were mutilated, dismembered or stripped of their clothes.
May 18
1951
United States
Texas
Olney
2
Grazulis
Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left. Grazulis called this tornado a "possible" F5.
Sep 26
1951
United States
Wisconsin
Waupaca
6
Grazulis
This tornado obliterated a trio of farmsteads. It was mentioned as a probable F5 by Grazulis.
May 22
1952
United States
Kansas
Linwood, Edwardsville
0
Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of May 21–24, 1952 – The home of a bank president was leveled. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly F5."
Jun 8
1953
United States
Ohio
Cygnet
18
Grazulis
Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away. A steel-and-concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City.
May 1
1954
United States
Texas, Oklahoma
Crowell (TX), Vernon (TX), Snyder (OK)
0
Grazulis
Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yd (91 m), and three farms were entirely swept away. Grazulis considered the tornado to be a probable F5.
Jul 2
1955
United States
North Dakota
Walcott
2
Grazulis
A photograph of a farmhouse showed possible F5 damage.
May 21
1957
United States
Missouri
Fremont, Van Buren
7
Grazulis
May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak sequence – Most of Fremont was destroyed, with many structures swept away. Possible F5 damage occurred to schools, homes, and businesses near the railroad tracks, but houses in the area were poorly constructed.
Jun 10
1958
United States
Kansas
El Dorado
15
Grazulis
Reports indicated possible F5-level damage to homes. A car was thrown 100 yd (91 m), but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred. Nevertheless, the tornado was considered to be a probable F5 by Grazulis.
August 14
1959
Brazil
Paraná
Palmas, União da Vitória
35
Independent meteorologists
1959 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak – Wooden houses completely swept away, a newly built two-story farmhouse was completely destroyed, leaving only the floor. Hardwood trees were completely debarked and uprooted, herds of cattle were completely decimated, and a steam locomotive was thrown away 40 m (44 yd). People were thrown more than 50 metres
Jun 6
1963
United States
South Dakota
Swett, Patricia
0
Grazulis
A church and a home literally vanished. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly" F5, but it listed as only F3 in the official database.
Apr 12
1964
United States
Kansas
Lawrence
0
Grazulis
Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown 300 yd (270 m). Grazulis noted possible F5 damage.
Apr 23
1968
United States
Kentucky, Ohio
Falmouth (KY), Ripley (OH)
6
Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – This tornado was mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.
Jun 9
1984
Soviet Union (Russia)
Kostroma Oblast
Kostroma, Lyubim
0
Pending
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350,000 kg (770,000 lb) industrial crane was blown over.
May 31
1985
United States
Pennsylvania
Parker Dam State Park, Moshannon State Forest
0
NWS
1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak – This tornado may have been capable of producing F5 damage over rural areas.
Jul 31
1987
Canada
Alberta
Edmonton
27
ECCC
Edmonton tornado – Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed, large factories were leveled, grass was scoured from the ground and wind-rowing of debris occurred. If confirmed by Environment Canada, this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the 2007 Elie tornado.
Jan 7
1989
United States
Illinois
Allendale
0
Grazulis
This tornado was considered by Grazulis to be a more plausible candidate for an F5 rating than the "questionable" Oakfield tornado in 1996.
Apr 26
1991
United States
Kansas
Arkansas City, Hackney, Winfield, Tisdale
1
Grazulis
1991 Andover tornado outbreak – According to an informal survey conducted by a group of storm chasers, one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it.
Nov 29
1992
Australia
Queensland
Bucca
0
Callaghan
Bucca tornado – One of the most violent tornadoes ever to have occurred in Australia and was the first Australian tornado to be officially rated F4. The tornado flattened some houses to the ground, trees were snapped and stones were embedded into the trunks. A refrigerator was blown away and never found and a 3-ton truck was thrown 300 m (330 yd).
Jun 8
1995
United States
Texas
Pampa
0
Grazulis
1995 Pampa tornado – This tornado would have likely produced F5 damage had it struck residential areas. Grazulis considered the tornado a candidate for an F6 rating based on photogrammetric video analysis.
May 11
1999
United States
Texas
Loyal Valley
1
Flores, Hecke
1999 Loyal Valley tornado – Officially rated high-end F4, though one survey revealed potential F5 damage. Two homes were completely swept away, with debris scattered over great distances. Large pieces of a pickup truck were found 3⁄4 mi (1 km) from the residence where it originated, and a 720-foot (220 m) stretch of pavement was scoured from a ro
May 12
2004
United States
Kansas
Harper
0
Haynes
A well-built, two-story farmhouse was completely swept away with debris being absent. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, and cars were torn apart. Chance Hayes from the NWS in Wichita, Kansas rated this tornado as F4 for its very slow movement, but later express regret over the conservative rating.
May 24
2011
United States
Oklahoma
Chickasha, Blanchard, Newcastle
1
NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard tornado – Officially rated a high-end EF4; however, the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a "plausible EF5". Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, pavement was scoured from roads and driveways, and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd (550 m) away, some of which were torn into multiple
Mar 2
2012
United States
Indiana, Kentucky
Fredericksburg, Henryville, Bedford
11
NWS
2012 Southern Indiana tornado – A violent stovepipe tornado (often referred to as the "Henryville Tornado") that carved a 49 mi (79 km) path of damage from Fredericksburg, Indiana to the Bedford, Kentucky area. This tornado was officially rated a low-end EF4. In 2022, the National Weather Service of Louisville referred to a possible EF5 damage loca
Apr 27
2014
United States
Arkansas
Mayflower, Vilonia
16
NWS, Marshall, Grazulis, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva

References

  1. The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of
  2. Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by
  3. The winds estimated by the Fujita scale are estimated values and have not been verified scientifically.
  4. Two tornadoes in France have been simultaneously rated EF5 and IF5. For simplicity, they are listed under IF5.
  5. "Jumbo Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974"
    https://www.weather.gov/media/ohx/PDF/fujita_april31974.pdf
  6. Multiple sources: Grazulis 1993, p. 141 Grazulis 2001a, p. 131
    https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz/page/131
  7. The Online Tornado FAQ
    http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html
  8. Environment and Climate Change Canada
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220706/http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1
  9. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120332/http://www.torro.org.uk/tscale.php
  10. Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–254.
    https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz/page/251
  11. The Online Tornado FAQ
    http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#Climatology
  12. Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  13. National Climatic Data Center
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131028054430/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-information/extreme-events/us-tornado-climatology
  14. Storm Prediction Center
    http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html
  15. Storm Prediction Center
    http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/
  16. factsjustforkids
    https://www.factsjustforkids.com/weather-facts/tornado-facts-for-kids/fujita-scale/f5-tornado.html
  17. factsjustforkids
    https://www.factsjustforkids.com/weather-facts/tornado-facts-for-kids/enhanced-fujita-scale/ef5-tornado.html
  18. Environment and Climate Change Canada
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130312065945/https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=07580648-1
  19. Multiple sources: Grazulis 1993, pp. 143–145 Grazulis 1993, pp. 147–148
  20. Multiple sources: Bluestein, Snyder & Houser 2015, p. 526 Wurman et al. 2021, p. 318
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