Liberal Democrats (UK)
Updated: 12/11/2025, 4:22:17 PM Wikipedia source
The Liberal Democrats, colloquially known as the Lib Dems, is one of the major political parties in the United Kingdom. Ideologically adhering to liberalism, it was founded in 1988. The party is based at Liberal Democrat Headquarters, which since September 2025 has been based at Buckingham Gate, in the Westminster area of Central London. The party's leader is Ed Davey. It is the third-largest party in the United Kingdom, with 72 members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons. It has 75 members of the House of Lords, 5 in the Scottish Parliament, 1 in the Welsh Senedd, and around 3,200 local council seats. The party holds a twice yearly Liberal Democrat Conference, at which policy is formulated. In contrast to its main opponents, the Lib Dems grant all members attending Conference the right to vote on policy, under a one member, one vote system. As well as voting in the Conference Hall, the party allows its members to vote online for its policies and leadership elections. Members are also free to join organisations representing strands of party thinking, such as Liberal Reform and Social Liberal Forum, and for those under 30 years, Young Liberals. In 1981, an electoral alliance was established between the Liberal Party, a group which descended from the 18th-century Whigs, and the Social Democratic Party (SDP), a splinter group from the Labour Party. In 1988, the parties merged as the Social and Liberal Democrats, adopting their present name a year later. Under the leaderships of Paddy Ashdown and Charles Kennedy, the party grew in the 1990s and 2000s, focusing its campaigns on specific seats and retained the third-largest party status in the House of Commons, although with significantly more seats than the predecessor Liberal Party. In the 1997 election, the Liberal Democrats doubled their seat count to 46. In 2010, under Nick Clegg's leadership, the Lib Dems were junior partners in the Conservative-led coalition government, in which Clegg served as deputy prime minister. Though it allowed the party to implement some of its policies, the coalition damaged its electoral standing; it lost 48 of its 56 MPs at the 2015 general election, which relegated it to fourth-largest party in the House of Commons. Under the leaderships of Tim Farron, Vince Cable and Jo Swinson, the party refocused as a pro-Europeanist party opposing Brexit. In the 2019 general election, the party garnered 11.5% of the vote on an anti-Brexit platform, but this did not translate into seat gains. However, the party's success was renewed under the leadership of Ed Davey, winning hundreds of councillors and 72 MPs in the 2024 general election, its highest result since 1923, and resuming its status as the third largest party in the House of Commons. A centrist to centre-left party, the Lib Dems ideologically draw upon liberalism and social democracy. Different factions have dominated the party at different times, each with its own ideological bent. Some factions leaned towards the centre-left, while others were in the centre. The party is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE), and Liberal International. It calls for constitutional reform, including a change from first-past-the-post voting to proportional representation. Emphasising stronger protections for civil liberties, the party promotes social-liberal approaches to issues like LGBT rights, drug liberalisation, education and criminal justice. It favours a market-based economy supplemented with social welfare spending. The party has been described as progressive, and is internationalist and pro-European, and supported the People's Vote for UK membership of the European Union and greater European integration, having previously called for adoption of the euro. The Lib Dems have promoted further environmental protections and opposed British military ventures such as the Iraq War. The Lib Dems have historically been strongest in northern Scotland, south-west London, South West England, and mid Wales. Membership is primarily made up of middle-class professionals and has a higher proportion of university-educated members than other UK parties. The party is a federation of the English, Scottish, and Welsh Liberal Democrats, and is in a partnership with the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, while still organising there.
Infobox
Tables
| Year | Membership |
| 1999 | 83,000 |
| 2000 | 69,000 |
| 2001 | 73,276 |
| 2002 | 71,636 |
| 2003 | 73,305 |
| 2004 | 72,721 |
| 2005 | 72,031 |
| 2006 | 68,743 |
| 2007 | 65,400 |
| 2008 | 59,810 |
| 2009 | 58,768 |
| 2010 | 65,038 |
| 2011 | 48,934 |
| 2012 | 42,501 |
| 2013 | 43,451 |
| 2014 | 44,680 |
| 2015 | 61,598 |
| 2016 | 79,507 |
| 2017 | 103,300 |
| 2018 | 99,200 |
| 2019 | 120,000 |
| 2020 | 98,247 |
| 2021 | 73,544 |
| 2024 | 60,000 |
| Election | Leader | Votes | Seats | Position | Government | Ref | |||
| No. | Share | No. | mw- ± | Share | |||||
| 1992 | Paddy Ashdown | 5,999,606 | 17.8 | 20 / 650 | 2 | 3.1 | 3rd | Conservative | |
| 1997 | 5,242,947 | 16.8 | 46 / 659 | 26 | 7.0 | 3rd | Labour | ||
| 2001 | Charles Kennedy | 4,814,321 | 18.3 | 52 / 659 | 6 | 7.9 | 3rd | Labour | |
| 2005 | 5,985,454 | 22.0 | 62 / 646 | 10 | 9.6 | 3rd | Labour | ||
| 2010 | Nick Clegg | 6,836,248 | 23.0 | 57 / 650 | 5 | 8.8 | 3rd | Conservative–Liberal Democrats | |
| 2015 | 2,415,862 | 7.9 | 8 / 650 | 49 | 1.2 | 4th | Conservative | ||
| 2017 | Tim Farron | 2,371,861 | 7.4 | 12 / 650 | 4 | 1.8 | 4th | Conservative minoritywith DUP confidence and supply | |
| 2019 | Jo Swinson | 3,696,419 | 11.5 | 11 / 650 | 1 | 1.7 | 4th | Conservative | |
| 2024 | Ed Davey | 3,519,143 | 12.2 | 72 / 650 | 61 | 11.1 | 3rd | Labour | |
| Election | Leaders | Votes | Seats | Position | ||
| No. | % | No. | ± | |||
| 1989 | Paddy Ashdown | 944,861 | 5.9 | 0 / 81 | | 4th |
| 1994 | 2,591,659 | 16.1 | 2 / 81 | 2 | 3rd | |
| 1999 | 1,266,549 | 11.9 | 10 / 81 | 8 | 3rd | |
| 2004 | Charles Kennedy | 2,452,327 | 14.4 | 12 / 78 | 2 | 4th |
| 2009 | Nick Clegg | 2,080,613 | 13.3 | 11 / 72 | 1 | 4th |
| 2014 | 1,087,633 | 6.6 | 1 / 73 | 10 | 6th | |
| 2019 | Vince Cable | 3,367,284 | 19.6 | 16 / 73 | 15 | 2nd |
| Election | Constituency | Regional | Total seats | Seat share | ||
| Vote share | Seats | Vote share | Seats | |||
| 1999 | 14.2% | 12 | 12.4% | 5 | 17 / 129 | 13.2% |
| 2003 | 15.4% | 13 | 11.8% | 4 | 17 / 129 | 13.2% |
| 2007 | 16.2% | 11 | 11.3% | 5 | 16 / 129 | 12.6% |
| 2011 | 7.9% | 2 | 5.2% | 3 | 5 / 129 | 3.9% |
| 2016 | 7.8% | 4 | 5.2% | 1 | 5 / 129 | 3.9% |
| 2021 | 6.9% | 4 | 5.1% | 0 | 4 / 129 | 3.1% |
| Election | Constituency | Regional | Total | |||
| Votes | Seats | Votes | Seats | Seats | Share | |
| 1999 | 14% | 3 | 13% | 3 | 6 / 60 | 10% |
| 2003 | 14% | 3 | 13% | 3 | 6 / 60 | 10% |
| 2007 | 15% | 3 | 12% | 3 | 6 / 60 | 10% |
| 2011 | 11% | 1 | 8% | 4 | 5 / 60 | 8% |
| 2016 | 8% | 1 | 6% | 0 | 1 / 60 | 2% |
| 2021 | 5% | 0 | 4% | 1 | 1 / 60 | 2% |
| Leader | Entered office | Left office |
| Roy Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead (1920–2003) | 16 July 1988 | 4 May 1997 |
| William Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank (b. 1928) | 4 May 1997 | 13 June 2001 |
| Shirley Williams Baroness Williams of Crosby (1930–2021) | 13 June 2001 | 22 June 2004 |
| Tom McNally, Baron McNally (b. 1943) | 22 June 2004 | 15 October 2013 |
| Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness (b. 1954) | 15 October 2013 | 13 September 2016 |
| Richard Newby, Baron Newby (b. 1953) | 13 September 2016 | 24 July 2025 |
| Jeremy Purvis, Baron Purvis of Tweed (b. 1974) | 24 July 2025 | Present |
| Member | Constituency | Majority |
| Jamie Stone | Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross | 10,489 |
| Alistair Carmichael | Orkney and Shetland | 7,807 |
| Wendy Chamberlain | North East Fife | 13,479 |
| Christine Jardine | Edinburgh West | 16,470 |
| Tim Farron | Westmorland and Lonsdale | 21,472 |
| Layla Moran | Oxford West and Abingdon | 14,894 |
| Daisy Cooper | St Albans | 19,834 |
| Munira Wilson | Twickenham | 21,457 |
| Wera Hobhouse | Bath | 11,218 |
| Sarah Olney | Richmond Park | 17,155 |
| Ed Davey | Kingston and Surbiton | 17,235 |
| Sarah Green | Chesham and Amersham | 5,451 |
| Helen Morgan | North Shropshire | 15,311 |
| Richard Foord | Honiton and Sidmouth | 6,700 |
| Sarah Dyke | Glastonbury and Somerton | 6,611 |
| Calum Miller | Bicester and Woodstock | 4,958 |
| David Chadwick | Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe | 1,472 |
| Bobby Dean | Carshalton and Wallington | 7,905 |
| Tom Morrison | Cheadle | 12,235 |
| Marie Goldman | Chelmsford | 4,753 |
| Max Wilkinson | Cheltenham | 7,210 |
| Jess Brown-Fuller | Chichester | 8,138 |
| Sarah Gibson | Chippenham | 12,172 |
| Olly Glover | Didcot and Wantage | 6,233 |
| Chris Coghlan | Dorking and Horley | 5,391 |
| Josh Babarinde | Eastbourne | 12,204 |
| Liz Jarvis | Eastleigh | 1,546 |
| Charlotte Cane | Ely and East Cambridgeshire | 495 |
| Helen Maguire | Epsom and Ewell | 3,686 |
| Monica Harding | Esher and Walton | 12,003 |
| Anna Sabine | Frome and East Somerset | 5,415 |
| Zöe Franklin | Guildford | 8,429 |
| Victoria Collins | Harpenden and Berkhamsted | 10,708 |
| Tom Gordon | Harrogate and Knaresborough | 8,238 |
| Lisa Smart | Hazel Grove | 6,500 |
| Freddie van Mierlo | Henley and Thame | 6,267 |
| John Milne | Horsham | 2,517 |
| Angus MacDonald | Inverness, Skye and West Ross-shire | 2,160 |
| James MacCleary | Lewes | 12,624 |
| Joshua Reynolds | Maidenhead | 2,963 |
| Brian Mathew | Melksham and Devizes | 2,401 |
| Vikki Slade | Mid Dorset and North Poole | 1,352 |
| Susan Murray | Mid Dunbartonshire | 9,673 |
| Alison Bennett | Mid Sussex | 6,662 |
| Lee Dillon | Newbury | 2,377 |
| Martin Wrigley | Newton Abbot | 2,246 |
| Ben Maguire | North Cornwall | 10,767 |
| Ian Roome | North Devon | 6,744 |
| Alex Brewer | North East Hampshire | 634 |
| Member | Constituency | Majority |
| Paul Follows | Godalming and Ash | 891 |
| Dominic Martin | East Hampshire | 1,275 |
| Khalil Yousuf | Farnham and Bordon | 1,349 |
| Gary Jackson | North Dorset | 1,589 |
| Matthew Green | South Shropshire | 1,624 |
| Geoff Cooper | Romsey and Southampton North | 2,191 |
| Paul Hodgkinson | North Cotswolds | 3,357 |
| Gordon Birtwistle | Burnley | 3,420 |
| Phil Hutty | Torridge and Tavistock | 3,950 |
| Sally Symington | South West Hertfordshire | 4,456 |
| Prad Bains | Hamble Valley | 4,802 |
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- Sky Newshttps://news.sky.com/story/daisy-cooper-new-lib-dem-deputy-leader-vows-to-help-build-winning-campaign-machine-12070887
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/liberal-democrats-next-election-when-tory-votes-leader-ed-davey-b424552.html
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55950950
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chesham-amersham-by-election-lib-dem-b1868293.html
- Financial Timeshttps://www.ft.com/content/d5e510c7-6f25-4537-8142-15b1cf91e35f
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2022/england/results
- Evening Standardhttps://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/liberal-democrats-win-results-tiverton-and-honiton-by-election-boris-johnson-richard-foord-b1008145.html
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/may/05/lib-dem-leader-hails-groundbreaking-results-in-english-local-elections
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-66265117
- Surrey Livehttps://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/lib-dem-leader-excited-toppling-29025494
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68955271
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6py0zwy8ndo
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/may/05/lib-dems-gain-most-council-seats-in-last-five-years-partys-data-shows
- Evening Standardhttps://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2024-liberal-democrats-policies-ed-davey-b1159748.html
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqeevzldj0jo
- www.ft.comhttps://www.ft.com/content/aba43deb-f8ef-489a-804f-041252e07a70
- www.bbc.comhttps://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c51y2z7jdz9o
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1k410w11r3o
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/creqr4x18leo
- Third Force Politics: Liberal Democrats at the Grassrootshttps://books.google.com/books?id=fKwSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5
- The Political Quarterlyhttps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-923X.2007.00828.x
- The Liberal Democrats and the Role of the State
- Acta Politicahttps://doi.org/10.1057%2Fap.2013.28
- Meadowcroft 2000.
- British Journal of Political Sciencehttps://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123419000231
- Political Sciencehttp://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/19548/1/2011_Two_heads_are_better_than_one_PS.pdf
- Fraktale Metropolen: Stadtentwicklung zwischen Devianz, Polarisierung und Hybridisierunghttps://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-11492-3_16
- European Journal of Political Researchhttps://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011077921719
- The Political Quarterlyhttps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-923X.2013.12013.x
- Co-operation or competition: incentives and obstacles to co-operation between Labour and the Liberal Democratshttp://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/handle/10443/4108
- Gender and the Liberal Democrats: Representing womenhttps://books.google.com/books?id=t2W5DwAAQBAJ
- British Politicshttps://doi.org/10.1057%2Fbp.2014.5
- Icarus Turns Back: Liberal Democrat Constitutional Policy
- The Cameron—Clegg Government: Coalition Politics in an Age of Austerityhttps://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230305014_14
- Neither Left Nor Right: The Liberal Democrats and the Electoratehttps://books.google.com/books?id=dI0RrghX82oC&pg=PP11
- The Spectatorhttps://www.spectator.co.uk/article/lib-dem-conference-clegg-isn-t-fighting-his-activists-he-s-just-fighting-a-faction-of-activists
- Cameron and the Conservatives: The Transition to Coalition Governmenthttps://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230367487_12
- BBChttps://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-11934740
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 26.
- Cook 2010, p. 218.
- Cook 2010, p. 256.
- New Statesmanhttp://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/09/alternative-vote-liberal
- Lib Dem Voicehttps://www.libdemvoice.org/opinion-liberal-democrats-for-a-republic-34667.html
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 26–27.
- Cook 2010, p. 225.
- Cook 2010, p. 255.
- HumanistLifehttps://humanistlife.org.uk/2014/04/28/disestablishment-legitimate-power-stems-from-the-people/
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 28.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 29.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 86.
- Cook 2010, p. 228.
- Cook 2010, p. 268.
- Cook 2010, p. 307.
- Cook 2010, p. 273.
- Cook 2010, pp. 228, 256.
- Cook 2010, pp. 233, 256.
- Cook 2010, p. 288.
- Cook 2010, p. 299.
- Cook 2010, p. 309.
- APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paperhttps://ssrn.com/abstract=1644301
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 146–147.
- Grayson 2007, p. 6.
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,1828246,00.html
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/ed-davey-lib-dems-gaza-ceasefire-israel-b2446158.html
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/jul/06/cameron-torture-inquiry
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/saudi-arabia-uk-arms-deals-ban-westminster-opposition-snp-labour-lib-dems-plaid-cymru-greens-a8839156.html
- "UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia unlawful, court rules"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48704596
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/25/un-court-rejects-uk-claim-to-sovereignty-over-chagos-islands
- inews.co.ukhttps://inews.co.uk/news/politics/foreign-office-quietly-rejects-international-court-ruling-to-hand-back-chagos-islands-450078
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 12.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 27.
- Cook 2010, p. 247.
- Britain and the European Unionhttps://archive.org/details/britaineuropeanu0000jone
- Britain and the European Unionhttps://books.google.com/books?id=NDsdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA243
- Cook 2010, p. 249.
- Cook 2010, p. 294.
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-eu-referendum-result-lib-dems-remain-liberal-democrats-live-policy-stay-leave-a7103186.html
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/liberal-democrat-membership-brexit-latest-remain-tim-farron-london-stays-a7109906.html
- "The Liberal Democrat Plan for Britain in Europe"http://www.libdems.org.uk/europe
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 13.
- Cook 2010, p. 306.
- "Liberal Democrat Manifesto. (2015). p82. Available at cloudfront.net:Accessed: 25 March 2015"https://web.archive.org/web/20160729115904/https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/libdems/pages/8907/attachments/original/1429028133/Liberal_Democrat_General_Election_Manifesto_2015.pdf?1429028133
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 14.
- Meadowcroft 2008, p. 93.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 32.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 31.
- Cook 2010, p. 269.
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-35749080
- The Independenthttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cannabis-marijuana-legalisation-liberal-democrats-drug-policy-a6927936.html
- "Federal Executive"https://web.archive.org/web/20100523102231/http://www.libdems.org.uk/party_organisations_detail.aspx?title=Federal_Executive&pPK=8dae9f78-9643-4cbd-a41e-1d3e37521826
- "New figures published showing political parties' donations and borrowing"http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/news-and-media/news-releases/electoral-commission-media-centre/news-releases-donations/new-figures-published-showing-political-parties-donations-and-borrowings
- ldcre.org.ukhttps://ldcre.org.uk/en/
- "Women Liberal Democrats"http://wld.org.uk/
- "DELGA: Liberal Democrats for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Action"http://lgbt.libdems.org.uk
- "ALDES"http://www.aldes.org.uk
- "PCA Encyclopedia : Welcome to the Parliamentary Candidates Association Website"http://www.parliamentary.org.uk/tikiwiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=1
- "Association of Liberal Democrat Councillors"http://www.aldc.org/
- "Green Liberal Democrats"http://greenlibdems.org.uk/
- "Liberal Democrat European Group"http://www.ldeg.org/
- "LDDA — The Liberal Democrat Disability Association"http://disabilitylibdems.org.uk/
- Social Liberal Forumhttp://www.socialliberal.net/
- Liberal Reformhttp://www.liberalreform.org.uk/
- Liberal Democratshttps://www.libdems.org.uk/sister_parties
- "Alliance Party faces uphill battle"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1545103.stm
- "Scribd"https://www.scribd.com/doc/41338619
- "Sister Parties"https://web.archive.org/web/20140324142553/http://www.libdems.org.uk/sister_parties
- Houston Chroniclehttps://web.archive.org/web/20160124222228/http://www.libdemvoice.org/euro-selection-results-today-31902.html
- "Macron-Liberal alliance to be named Renew Europe French president's party was keen to ditch the L-word"https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-liberal-alliance-to-be-named-renew-europe
- Liberal Democratshttps://www.libdems.org.uk/styleguide
- "Liberal Democrats"https://www.libdems.org.uk/
- Electoral Commissionhttp://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP90
- Cook 2010, p. 316.
- Cook 2010, p. 310.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 173.
- Cook 2010, p. 304.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 17.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 22–23.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 24–25.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 23.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 24.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 25.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 55.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 68–69.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 69.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 71–72.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 22.
- Cook 2010, p. 312.
- "Liberal Democrat annual membership figures since 1989"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031731/http://www.markpack.org.uk/143767/liberal-democrat-membership-figures/
- "Lib Dem membership tops 100,000 after snap election call – BBC News"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39694417
- "Lib Dem membership is now the highest it's ever been!"https://www.libdems.org.uk/membership-new-record
- "Registered supporters 2019"https://twitter.com/LibDemPress/status/1169930984420196352
- "Labour membership falls by 90,000, latest accounts show"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-62582014
- The Electoral Commissionhttp://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/Api/Accounts/Documents/22744
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 36–37.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 37–38.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 41–42.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 163.
- Ipsoshttps://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/how-britain-voted-2015
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 6.
- Cook 2010, pp. 313–314.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 89.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 135.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 139.
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/jul/17/uk.liberaldemocrats
- "Blair wins historic third term – majority of 66"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/constituencies/default.stm
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 140–141.
- "Voting Systems"https://web.archive.org/web/20080120194844/http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/votingsystems/systems2.htm
- "Expect more protests, says Clegg"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7284019.stm
- "Lib Dems hail three-party contest"https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3797049.stm
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/dec/19/politics.liberaldemocrats
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/mar/10/liberaldemocrats.nickclegg
- "General Election Results (p3)"https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-information-office/m13.pdf
- "General Election results, 1 May 1997 (p5, 12)"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP01-38/RP01-38.pdf
- "General Election results, 7 June 2001 (p10)"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP01-54/RP01-54.pdf
- "General Election 2005 (p35, 92)"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP05-33/RP05-33.pdf
- House of Commons Libraryhttps://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP10-36/RP10-36.pdf
- "General Election 2015"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7186/CBP-7186.pdf
- "General Election 2017: results and analysis (p8, 16)"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf
- "General Election 2019: results and analysis (p8–12)"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8749/CBP-8749.pdf
- "Lib Dems launch councils campaign"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7328224.stm
- "Vote 2014 Election Results for Councils in England – BBC News"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/vote2014/england-council-election-results
- Manchester Evening Newshttps://web.archive.org/web/20160817010741/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/local-elections-2016-results-manchester-11291998
- "Councillor details – Councillor Mark Hunter – Stockport Council"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510100342/http://democracy.stockport.gov.uk/mgUserInfo.aspx?UID=5081
- www.bbc.co.ukhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/c481drqqzv7t
- "Open Council Data UK – compositions councillors parties wards elections"http://www.opencouncildata.co.uk/index.php
- search.electoralcommission.org.ukhttps://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/English/Registrations/PP90
- forestofdean.focusteam.org.ukhttps://forestofdean.focusteam.org.uk/about/
- Liberal Democratshttps://web.archive.org/web/20170904153714/https://www.libdems.org.uk/europe
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/28/tim-farron-liberal-democrat-pro-european-strategy-proved-right
- Cook 2010, p. 248.
- "Vote 2004"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk_politics/2004/vote_2004/default.stm
- "European Election 2009: East Midlands"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/elections/euro/09/html/ukregion_31.stm
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/vote2014/eu-uk-results
- Financial Timeshttps://www.ft.com/content/e01b7e4e-8071-11e9-b592-5fe435b57a3b
- "Groups in the European Parliament"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8011001.stm
- "Biographical details: Graham Watson MEP, Former leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the European Parliament"https://web.archive.org/web/20090127063018/http://www.alde.eu/en/about-us/leader/
- Compared to the SDP–Liberal Alliance position in 1984.
- "Scottish Parliament Elections: 6 May 1999"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP99-50/RP99-50.pdf
- "Election 2007 – Devolution Come of Age?"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511155230/http://www.institute-of-governance.org/onlinepub/election2007_devolutionofage.html
- The Press and Journalhttps://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/highlands-islands/2599669/former-deputy-first-minister-of-scotland-from-orkney-chosen-for-key-role-within-the-church-of-scotland/
- "2003 Election Results"https://www.parliament.scot/msps/elections/2003-election-results
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/may/14/scotland.devolution
- "Lib Dems choose Stephen as leader"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4122106.stm
- "Scots Lib Dem leader quits post"https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7486589.stm
- The Scotsmanhttps://www.scotsman.com/news/tavish-scott-wins-liberal-democrat-leadership-race-2470381
- "Disastrous election performance provokes Scott to stand down as party leader"http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2011/05/07/disastrous-election-performance-provokes-scott-to-stand-down-as-party-leader
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-13411906
- "SNP celebrate victory in Scotland"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2016/scotland/results
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-57812252
- BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-58269259
- The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/oct/16/wales.devolution
- "Morgan pledges to govern alone"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/3007665.stm
- "Williams election breaks mould"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/7771745.stm
- "Liberal Democrat, SDP and Liberal Party leaders and officials since 1975"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07155/SN07155.pdf
- UK Parliamenthttps://members.parliament.uk/member/4769/career
- Hansardhttps://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980728/text/80728w22.htm#80728w22.html_sbhd8
- Institute For Governmenthttps://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/privy-council
- "CIX site migration"https://web.archive.org/web/20160124222229/http://www.cix.co.uk/~rosenstiel/ldelections/
- Mark Packhttps://www.markpack.org.uk/160892/gerald-vernon-jackson-elected-new-chair-of-the-english-liberal-democrats/
- Mark Packhttps://www.markpack.org.uk/166503/when-labour-and-lib-dems-co-operated-to-beat-the-conservatives-ldn-144/
- UK Parliament, House of Commons Libraryhttps://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10009/
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, p. 170.
- Whiteley, Seyd & Billinghurst 2006, pp. 174–175.