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Leonid Brezhnev

Updated: Wikipedia source

Leonid Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. He also held office as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 1960 to 1964 and later from 1977 to 1982. His tenure as General Secretary and leader of the Soviet Union was second only to Joseph Stalin's in duration. Leonid Brezhnev was born to a working-class family in Kamenskoye (now Kamianske, Ukraine) within the Yekaterinoslav Governorate of the Russian Empire. After the October Revolution created the Soviet Union, Brezhnev joined the ruling Communist party's youth league in 1923 before becoming an official party member in 1929. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, he joined the Red Army as a commissar and rose rapidly through the ranks to become a major general during World War II. After the war ended, Brezhnev was promoted to the party's Central Committee in 1952 and became a full member of the Politburo by 1957. In 1964, he took part in the removal of Nikita Khrushchev as leader of the Soviet Union and replaced him as First Secretary of the CPSU. When Khrushchev was ousted, Brezhnev formed a triumvirate alongside Premier Alexei Kosygin and CC Secretary Nikolai Podgorny that initially led the country in Khrushchev's place. By the end of the 1960s, he had successfully consolidated power to become the dominant figure within the Soviet leadership. Brezhnev's governance improved the Soviet Union's international standing while stabilizing the position of its ruling party at home. Whereas Khrushchev regularly enacted policies without consulting the Politburo, Brezhnev was careful to minimize dissent among the party elite by reaching decisions through consensus thereby restoring the semblance of collective leadership. Additionally, while pushing for détente between the two Cold War superpowers, he achieved nuclear parity with the United States and strengthened Moscow's dominion over Central and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the massive arms buildup and widespread military interventionism under Brezhnev's leadership substantially expanded Soviet influence abroad, particularly in the Middle East and Africa. By the mid-1970s, numerous observers argued the Soviet Union had surpassed the United States to become the world's strongest military power. Conversely, Brezhnev's leadership also witnessed a significant increase in repression and censorship throughout the Soviet Union compared with the relatively liberal years of the Khrushchev Thaw. Ultimately, Brezhnev's hostility towards political and economic reform ushered in an era of socioeconomic decline referred to as the Era of Stagnation. In addition to pervasive corruption and declining economic growth, this period was also characterized by the shrinking availability of consumer goods and a growing technological gap between the Soviet Union and the United States. After 1975, Brezhnev's health rapidly deteriorated and he increasingly withdrew himself from governing the country despite remaining its highest authority. He eventually died on 10 November 1982 and was succeeded as General Secretary by Yuri Andropov. Upon coming to power in 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev denounced Brezhnev's government for its inefficiency and inflexibility before launching a campaign to liberalize the Soviet Union. Notwithstanding the backlash to his regime's policies in the mid-1980s, Brezhnev's rule has received consistently high approval ratings in public polls conducted in post-Soviet Russia.

Infobox

Preceded by
Nicolae Coval
Succeeded by
Dimitri Gladki
Leader
Nikita Khrushchev
Deputy
Vasily Kuznetsov
Additional positions
Additional positions First Secretary of the Communist Party of KazakhstanIn office8 May 1955 – 6 March 1956Preceded byPanteleimon PonomarenkoSucceeded byIvan YakovlevFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of MoldaviaIn office3 November 1950 – 16 April 1952Preceded byNicolae CovalSucceeded byDimitri Gladki
Born
(1906-12-19)19 December 1906Kamenskoye, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire
Died
10 November 1982(1982-11-10) (aged 75)Zarechye, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Cause of death
Heart attack
Resting place
Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow
Political party
CPSU (1929–1982)
Spouse
mw- Viktoria Denisova (m. 1928)
Children
mw- Galina BrezhnevaYuri Brezhnev
Residence(s)
Zarechye, Moscow Oblast
Profession
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Metallurgical engineercivil servant
Awards
Full list
Allegiance
Soviet Union
Branch/service
Soviet Armed Forces
Years of service
1941–1982
Rank
Marshal of the Soviet Union (1976–1982)
Commands
Soviet Armed Forces
Battles/wars
mw- li World War II Soviet–Afghan War
Party
CPSU (1929–1982)

Tables

· Leader of the Soviet Union (1964-1982) › Domestic policies › Economics › Economic growth until 1973
1960–1965
1960–1965
Period
1960–1965
Annual GNP growth (according tothe CIA)
4.8
Annual NMP growth(according toGrigorii Khanin)
4.4
Annual NMP growth(according tothe USSR)
6.5
1965–1970
1965–1970
Period
1965–1970
Annual GNP growth (according tothe CIA)
4.9
Annual NMP growth(according toGrigorii Khanin)
4.1
Annual NMP growth(according tothe USSR)
7.7
1970–1975
1970–1975
Period
1970–1975
Annual GNP growth (according tothe CIA)
3.0
Annual NMP growth(according toGrigorii Khanin)
3.2
Annual NMP growth(according tothe USSR)
5.7
1975–1980
1975–1980
Period
1975–1980
Annual GNP growth (according tothe CIA)
1.9
Annual NMP growth(according toGrigorii Khanin)
1.0
Annual NMP growth(according tothe USSR)
4.2
1980–1985
1980–1985
Period
1980–1985
Annual GNP growth (according tothe CIA)
1.8
Annual NMP growth(according toGrigorii Khanin)
0.6
Annual NMP growth(according tothe USSR)
3.5
Period
Annual GNP growth (according tothe CIA)
Annual NMP growth(according toGrigorii Khanin)
Annual NMP growth(according tothe USSR)
1960–1965
4.8
4.4
6.5
1965–1970
4.9
4.1
7.7
1970–1975
3.0
3.2
5.7
1975–1980
1.9
1.0
4.2
1980–1985
1.8
0.6
3.5
· External links
Preceded byPavel Naidenov
Preceded byPavel Naidenov
Party political offices
Preceded byPavel Naidenov
Party political offices
Leader of the Regional Party Committee of Dnipropetrovsk 1947–1950
Party political offices
Succeeded byAndrei Kirilenko
Preceded byNicolae Coval
Preceded byNicolae Coval
Party political offices
Preceded byNicolae Coval
Party political offices
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moldova 1950–1952
Party political offices
Succeeded byDimitri Gladki
Preceded byPanteleimon Ponomarenko
Preceded byPanteleimon Ponomarenko
Party political offices
Preceded byPanteleimon Ponomarenko
Party political offices
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan 1955–1956
Party political offices
Succeeded byIvan Yakovlev
Preceded byFrol Kozlov
Preceded byFrol Kozlov
Party political offices
Preceded byFrol Kozlov
Party political offices
Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 15 July 1964–14 October 1964
Party political offices
Succeeded byNikolai Podgorny
Preceded byNikita Khrushchev
Preceded byNikita Khrushchev
Party political offices
Preceded byNikita Khrushchev
Party political offices
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(as First Secretary between 1964 and 1966) 14 October 1964 – 10 November 1982
Party political offices
Succeeded byYuri Andropov
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committeeof the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1964–1966
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committeeof the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1964–1966
Party political offices
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committeeof the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1964–1966
Party political offices
Position abolished
Political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Preceded byKliment Voroshilov
Preceded byKliment Voroshilov
Party political offices
Preceded byKliment Voroshilov
Party political offices
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 7 May 1960 – 15 July 1964
Party political offices
Succeeded byAnastas Mikoyan
Preceded byNikolai Podgorny
Preceded byNikolai Podgorny
Party political offices
Preceded byNikolai Podgorny
Party political offices
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 16 June 1977 – 10 November 1982
Party political offices
Succeeded byYuri Andropov
Party political offices
Preceded byPavel Naidenov
Leader of the Regional Party Committee of Dnipropetrovsk 1947–1950
Succeeded byAndrei Kirilenko
Preceded byNicolae Coval
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moldova 1950–1952
Succeeded byDimitri Gladki
Preceded byPanteleimon Ponomarenko
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan 1955–1956
Succeeded byIvan Yakovlev
Preceded byFrol Kozlov
Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 15 July 1964–14 October 1964
Succeeded byNikolai Podgorny
Preceded byNikita Khrushchev
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(as First Secretary between 1964 and 1966) 14 October 1964 – 10 November 1982
Succeeded byYuri Andropov
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committeeof the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1964–1966
Position abolished
Political offices
Preceded byKliment Voroshilov
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 7 May 1960 – 15 July 1964
Succeeded byAnastas Mikoyan
Preceded byNikolai Podgorny
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 16 June 1977 – 10 November 1982
Succeeded byYuri Andropov

References

  1. Known as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1964 to 8 April 1966. The office was
  2. In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Ilyich and the family name is Brezhnev.
  3. /ˈbrɛʒnɛf/; Russian: Леонид Ильич Брежнев [lʲɪɐˈnʲit ɨˈlʲjidʑ ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf]; Ukrainian: Леонід Ілліч Брежнєв, romanized: L
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    https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/13/world/at-brezhnev-s-bier-grandeur-gloom-and-the-lurking-presence-of-the-kgb.html
  216. Mental Maps in the Era of Détente and the End of the Cold War 1968–91
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vCLeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21
  217. Bacon & Sandle 2002, p. 2.
  218. Bacon & Sandle 2002, p. 5.
  219. "ВЦИОМ: Лучшие лидеры — Брежнев и Путин"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071112055121/http://www.rosbalt.ru/2007/04/25/294470.html
  220. "Brezhnev Beats Lenin as Russia's Favorite 20th Century Ruler"
    http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130522/181291682/Brezhnev-Pips-Lenin-as-Russia%27s-Favorite-20th-Century-Ruler.html
  221. The Wall Street Journal
    https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2013/05/22/brezhnev-tops-list-of-most-popular-20th-century-moscow-rulers/
  222. Kyiv Post
    https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/survey-shows-ukrainians-most-negatively-regard-stalin-lenin-and-gorbachev.html
  223. Bacon & Sandle 2002, p. 6.
  224. Roy Medvedev, "Brezhnev-A Bureaucrats Profile", Dissent (Spring 1983): 224–233.
  225. John Dornberg, Brezhnev: The Masks of Power (1974).
  226. Bacon & Sandle 2002, p. 29.
  227. "Kiss of Soviet Leader Brezhnev and East German President Honecker"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160420081848/http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-21927891/kiss-of-soviet-leader-brezhnev-and-east
  228. "President Brezhnev Kissing Jimmy Carter"
    http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/BE083888/president-brezhnev-kissing-jimmy-carter
  229. "Dubcek and Brezhnev"
    https://archive.today/20130615191913/http://www.diomedia.com/public/;jsessionid=96EF87F3269069A54FE271059D67DA19.worker2en/10715239/imageDetails.html
  230. The Deseret News
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19820301&id=CP0yAAAAIBAJ&pg=5262,8257
  231. Service 2009, p. 384.
  232. Kissinger's Year: 1973
  233. sport24.ru
    https://sport24.ru/news/football/2023-04-21-leonid-brezhnev-glava-tsk-kpss-lyubil-futbol-za-kogo-bolel-spartak-tsska-skandal-v-futbole
  234. The Irish Times
    https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/how-henry-kissinger-spoke-football-when-playing-politics-1.3252429
  235. Chiesa 1991, p. 23.
  236. Luba Brezhnev, The World I Left Behind: Pieces of a Past (1995). Discussion of Party corruption covered in Konstantin M.
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/825581
  237. Dönninghaus & Savin 2025, p. 364–367.
  238. Schattenberg 2021, p. 341.
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