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Lee Kuan Yew

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Lee Kuan Yew

Lee Kuan Yew (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY, was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers. Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee. In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election, securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition. In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory, becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire, Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah, forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy, multiracialism and anti-corruption. His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms, public assembly, labour activism and civil liberties. From 1968 to 1981, Singapore was a de facto one-party state, with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic, he employed defamation laws, detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values, arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion, political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. Within Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy, bureaucracy, education system, foreign policy, public housing and healthcare, with the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy of the National University of Singapore named after him. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country.

Infobox

Monarchs
mw- Elizabeth II(1959–1963)Putra of Perlis(1963–1965)
President
Yusof IshakBenjamin ShearesDevan NairWee Kim Wee
Deputy
Toh Chin ChyeGoh Keng SweeS. RajaratnamGoh Chok TongOng Teng Cheong
Preceded by
Constituency established
Succeeded by
Constituency abolished
Chairman
Toh Chin ChyeOng Teng Cheong
Chief Minister
David MarshallLim Yew Hock
Ministerial offices
Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of SingaporeIn office12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011Prime MinisterLee Hsien LoongPreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byOffice abolishedSenior Minister of SingaporeIn office28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004Prime MinisterGoh Chok TongPreceded byS. RajaratnamSucceeded byGoh Chok Tong
Prime Minister
Goh Chok Tong
Parliamentary offices
Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliamentfor SingaporeIn office2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965
Majority
1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%)
Born
Harry Lee Kuan Yew(1923-09-16)16 September 1923Singapore
Died
23 March 2015(2015-03-23) (aged 91)Singapore
Resting place
Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium
Political party
People's Action Party
Spouse
mw- Kwa Geok Choo (m. 1950; died 2010)
Children
Lee Hsien Loong (son)Lee Wei Ling (daughter)Lee Hsien Yang (son)
Parents
Lee Chin Koon (father)Chua Jim Neo (mother)
Relatives
Lee family
Education
Raffles CollegeLondon School of EconomicsFitzwilliam College, Cambridge (BA)
Chinese
李光耀
Transcriptions
TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLǐ GuāngyàoBopomofoㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋWade–GilesLi3 Kuang1-yao4Tongyong PinyinLǐ Guang-yàoYale RomanizationLǐ GwāngyàuIPA[lì kwáŋ.jâʊ]HakkaRomanizationLi2 Gong1 Yau5Yue: CantoneseYale RomanizationLeíh GwōngjiuhJyutpinglei5 gwong1 jiu6IPA[lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨]Southern MinHokkien POJLí Kong-iāuTeochew Peng'imLi6 Guang1 Iou7
Hanyu Pinyin
Lǐ Guāngyào
Bopomofo
ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ
Wade–Giles
Li3 Kuang1-yao4
Tongyong Pinyin
Lǐ Guang-yào
Yale Romanization
Leíh Gwōngjiuh
IPA
[lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨]
Romanization
Li2 Gong1 Yau5
Jyutping
lei5 gwong1 jiu6
Hokkien POJ
Lí Kong-iāu
Teochew Peng'im
Li6 Guang1 Iou7
Party
People's Action Party

Tables

· External links
New office
New office
Political offices
New office
Political offices
Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990
Political offices
Succeeded byGoh Chok Tong
Preceded byHon Sui Sen
Preceded byHon Sui Sen
Political offices
Preceded byHon Sui Sen
Political offices
Minister for FinanceActing 1983
Political offices
Succeeded byTony Tan
VacantTitle last held byS. Rajaratnam1988
VacantTitle last held byS. Rajaratnam1988
Political offices
VacantTitle last held byS. Rajaratnam1988
Political offices
Senior Minister 1990–2004
Political offices
Succeeded byGoh Chok Tong
New office
New office
Political offices
New office
Political offices
Minister Mentor 2004–2011
Political offices
Position abolished
Parliament of Singapore
Parliament of Singapore
Political offices
Parliament of Singapore
New constituency
New constituency
Political offices
New constituency
Political offices
Member of Parliamentfor Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991
Political offices
Constituency abolished
Member of Parliamentfor Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015
Member of Parliamentfor Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015
Political offices
Member of Parliamentfor Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015
Political offices
Succeeded byJoan Pereira(Tanjong Pagar ward)
Party political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
New office
New office
Political offices
New office
Political offices
Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992
Political offices
Succeeded byGoh Chok Tong
Political offices
New office
Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990
Succeeded byGoh Chok Tong
Preceded byHon Sui Sen
Minister for FinanceActing 1983
Succeeded byTony Tan
VacantTitle last held byS. Rajaratnam1988
Senior Minister 1990–2004
Succeeded byGoh Chok Tong
New office
Minister Mentor 2004–2011
Position abolished
Parliament of Singapore
New constituency
Member of Parliamentfor Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991
Constituency abolished
Member of Parliamentfor Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015
Succeeded byJoan Pereira(Tanjong Pagar ward)
Party political offices
New office
Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992
Succeeded byGoh Chok Tong

References

  1. Chinese: 李光耀; pinyin: Lǐ Guāngyào
  2. Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 (guāng yào); the Hanyu Pinyin used to
  3. The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary educa
  4. In his memoir The Singapore Story, Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar
  5. The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party.
  6. The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era.
  7. The five were Lim Chin Siong, Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair, James Puthucheary and S Woodhull.
  8. Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak, Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged ev
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