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Ladakh is a disputed territory between India, Pakistan and China. Ladakh has 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) of area controlle
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The extension of the term "Tibet" to the modern day Tibet is due to the Europeans in India in the 18th century.
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All of Indian Ladakh is placed in high risk Zone VIII, while areas from Kargil and Zanskar southwestward are in lower ri
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Census was not carried out in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 due to militancy
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Encyclopaedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh -
Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent
https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent -
egazette.nic.in
http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf -
"Ladakh Gets Civil Secretariat"
https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/10/17/ladakh-gets-civil-secretariat/ -
Daily Excelsior
https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/ -
"MHA.nic.in"
https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 -
peakbagger.com
https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10533 -
"The Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025"
https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/263538.pdf -
Gazette of India, Extraordinary
http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214357.pdf -
Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024)
https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf -
Ladakhi, n.
https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/104974 -
Jina, Ladakh (1996)
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BBC News
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html -
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World
https://archive.org/details/columbiagazettee0000unse_l7h3/page/52 -
The China-India Border--the Origins Of Disputed Boundaries
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3270 -
Brookings
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/as-india-and-china-clash-jfks-forgotten-crisis-is-back/#:~:text=In%201962%2C%20India%20was%20badly,has%20kept%20it%20ever%20since. -
The Economist
https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/05/indian_pakistani_and_chinese_border_disputes -
Trans-Himalayan Caravans – Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh
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Osada et al. (2000), p. 298.
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India Today
https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-toys-with-delimitation-commission-in-j-k-1542446-2019-06-04 -
Ladakh – Crossroads of High Asia
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IBEF
https://www.ibef.org/states/ladakh -
South Chinan Morning Post
https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3020805/ladakh-good-bad-and-ugly-sides-indias-little-tibet -
Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Volume II
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96793/page/n353/mode/2up -
Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram
https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 -
The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.
https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf -
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. V — Development in contrast: From the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf -
Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet: And of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa
https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y7slbgVL4AC&pg=PR26 -
Ladakh Then and Now: Cultural, Ecological, and Political
https://books.google.com/books?id=aFezoGn__4kC&pg=PA15 -
Trekking in Ladakh
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My Journey of Discovery
https://books.google.com/books?id=N1GlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT126 -
Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977), p. 7: Xuanzang describes a journey from Ch'u-lu-to (Kuluta, Kullu) to Lo-hu-lo (La
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Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977), pp. 7–8.
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Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014), p. 86.
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Himalayan Languages and Linguistics: Studies in Phonology, Semantics, Morphology and Syntax
https://books.google.com/books?id=V-R5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 -
The Dawn of Tibet: The Ancient Civilization on the Roof of the World
https://books.google.com/books?id=bZFuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 -
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), pp. 12–15: "Ladakh's geographical position leaves no room for
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Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), pp. 15–16.
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Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia
https://www.academia.edu/35061254 -
Recent Research on Ladakh 6
https://books.google.com/books?id=4jX552GiSmYC&pg=PA122 -
Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5
https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&pg=PA189 -
Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history
https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&q=ali%20sher%20khan%20daughter&pg=PA140 -
Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity
https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&q=ali+sher+khan+daughter&pg=PA49 -
Ladakh
https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&q=gyal+khatun&pg=PA149 -
Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5
https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&q=gyal+khatun&pg=PA190 -
Ladakh
https://books.google.com/books?id=8eReFv7cVZ0C&q=gyal+khatun&pg=PA46 -
Rediscovery of Ladakh
https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA60 -
Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5
https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&q=17th+century+islam+leh&pg=PA190 -
See the following studies (1) Halkias, T. Georgios(2009) "Until the Feathers of the Winged Black Raven Turn White: Sourc
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India-China Border Dispute
https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&q=deldan+namgyal&pg=PA34 -
Rediscovery of Ladakh
https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&q=delek+namgyal&pg=PA63 -
Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA223 -
The Tibetan History Reader
https://books.google.com/books?id=J7urAgAAQBAJ&q=ladakh+pan+tibetan&pg=PA603 -
Menon, P.M & Proudfoot, C.L., The Madras Sappers, 1947–1980, 1989, Thomson Press, Faridabad, India.
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The Times of India
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-may-clear-all-weather-tunnel-to-Leh-today/articleshow/14971889.cms -
Bammi, Y.M., Kargil 1999 – the impregnable conquered. (2002) Natraj Publishers, Dehradun.
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The Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-ladakh-warning-india-china-border-dispute-6427131/ -
The Tribune (Chandigarh)
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/ladakh-concern-overrides-lac-dispute-90880 -
The Indian Express
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/chinese-troops-start-withdrawing-from-chumar/ -
Notification, Jammu, 8 February 2019 Archived 26 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Jammu and Kashmir
https://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=S28568 -
"Ladakh division headquarters to shuttle between Leh and Kargil: Governor Malik"
https://kashmirlife.net/ladakh-division-headquarters-to-shuttle-between-leh-and-kargil-governor-malik-201719/ -
"Kargil Council For Greater Ladakh"
https://web.archive.org/web/20061019135641/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2003/kashmir20030809c.html -
"Ladakh had been demanding UT status for a long time"
https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ladakh-had-been-demanding-ut-status-for-a-long-time/1590927 -
Business Today (India)
https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-governor-reviews-security-situation-in-state/story/370856.html -
Already, Rajya Sabha Clears J&K As Union Territory Instead Of State Archived 6 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, NDTV,
https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bill-to-bifurcate-jammu-and-kashmir-into-2-union-territories-passed-by-rajya-sabha-2080688 -
Ministry of Home Affairs
https://web.archive.org/web/20210506231839/https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Jammu%20and%20Kashmir%20Reorganisation%20Bill,%202019.pdf -
Daily Excelsior
https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lahdc-act-would-continue-and-the-amendments-of-2018-to-be-protected-governor/ -
One year of union territory status: Ladakh brims with hope Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Times of India
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/one-year-of-union-territory-status-ladakh-brims-with-hope/articleshow/77326052.cms -
The Hindu
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/clashes-erupt-in-ladakh-amid-shutdown-to-press-for-advancing-talks-with-centre/article70088013.ece -
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/india/least-four-killed-protests-indias-ladakh-over-statehood-demand-sources-say-2025-09-24/ -
The Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladák published in 1890 Compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India
-
"Multi-hazard Map of India"
https://web.archive.org/web/20141031170144/http://www.drrgateway.net/sites/default/files/india_disaster_response_plan_2007.pdf -
As Climate Changes: International Impacts and Implications
-
"OneWorld South Asia – Glacier man Chewang Norphel brings water to Ladakh"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070702182937/http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/136661/1/?PrintableVersion=enabled -
"Edugreen.teri.res.in"
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/misc/path/path.htm#norphel -
"Climate in Ladakh"
http://www.lehladakhindia.com/climate-in-ladakh.html -
A field guide to the flora of Ladakh
-
Nordic Journal of Botany
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NorJB..28..646G -
Habitat segregation between sympatric Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya
http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69530/NamgailetalJZool.pdf -
Journal of Mountain Ecology
http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69532/NamgailIbexBlusSheep.pdf -
Namgail, T. (2006). Trans-Himalayan large herbivores: status, conservation, and niche relationships. Report submitted to
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Ecological Research
http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69531/NamgailetalHabitatShift.pdf -
Oryx
http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69527/NamgailetalOryx2008Gazelle.pdf -
Environmental Management
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1705511 -
Cat News
-
Environmental Management
http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69528/NamgailetalLivestockMortality.pdf -
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
-
Biological Conservation
http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69524/BagchietalPika.pdfreg.wur.nl -
Landscapes and Landforms of India
https://books.google.com/books?id=t_MsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 -
Temperate Horticulture: Current Scenario
https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Sjt-7O_eAC&q=Hippophae+spp&pg=PA64 -
"Ladakh mountaineer successfully summits Mt Everest | the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | India"
https://ladakh.nic.in/ladakh-mountaineer-successfully-summits-mt-everest/ -
The Economic Times
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-jk-to-be-like-puducherry-here-is-how-indias-new-union-territory-jk-will-function/articleshow/70532687.cms -
Economics Times
https://www.economictimes.com/news/india/ladakh-gets-five-new-districts-zanskar-drass-sham-nubra-and-changthang -
"India"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110521234810/http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/india/india78.html -
Times of India
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-new-districts-in-ladakh-that-will-come-up-in-2028/photostory/112831364.cms?picid=112831405 -
Business Today
https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/kashmir-turmoil-live-updates-schools-colleges-closed-mobile-service-suspended-section-144-imposed-in-jk/story/370544.html -
Amar Ujala
https://www.amarujala.com/jammu/ladakh-will-have-its-own-state-police-jammu-kashmir-police-will-report-to-lieutenant-governor -
The Telegraph
https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/independent-candidate-mohmad-haneefa-wins-ladakh-lok-sabha-constituency/cid/2024639 -
Business Standard
https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/lok-sabha-elections-2024-independent-candidate-wins-ladakh-constituency-124060401123_1.html -
Trekking in the Indian Himalaya
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"Distribution of Rocks and Minerals in J&K state"
http://www.ikashmir.net/geography/chapter3.2.html -
East Asia Forum
https://eastasiaforum.org/2025/05/10/tourism-in-indias-ladakh-border-region-reaches-tipping-point/ -
"State Development Report—Jammu and Kashmir, Chapter 3A"
https://web.archive.org/web/20121130192441/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3a.pdf -
The Times of India
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lac-stand-off-bros-new-highway-untraceable-by-enemy-saves-hours-and-gives-365-day-connectivity/articleshow/77952231.cms -
"NDTV.com"
https://archive.today/20120905091342/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080071230 -
"Air Courier Service From Kargil Begins Operation"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140517161012/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=783401 -
"IAF to start air services to Kargil during winter from December 6"
http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/iaf-to-start-air-services-to-kargil-during-winter-from-December%206-70300 -
The Hindu
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kargil-gets-first-civil-air-connectivity/article4283179.ece -
Greater Kashmir
https://web.archive.org/web/20130604034510/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jan/2/-air-mantra-to-operate-flights-to-kargil--69.asp -
"State Development Report—Jammu and Kashmir, Chapter 2 – Demographics"
https://web.archive.org/web/20111213160104/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch2.pdf -
"Rural population"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110710171729/http://www.educationforallinindia.com/rudpop2001.html -
C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir
https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS -
"Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST"
https://web.archive.org/web/20211101044658/https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/12/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html -
The Times of India
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tarun-vijay/the-right-view/Endangered-Ladakh/articleshow/2742608.cms -
www.census2011.co.in
http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/622-kargil.html -
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Kashmir Life
https://kashmirlife.net/will-ladakhs-new-districts-have-autonomous-hill-councils-too-congress-asks-364550/ -
C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir
https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX -
Journal of Peace Studies
https://archive.today/20141201063036/http://www.icpsnet.org/description.php?ID=138 -
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https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/ladakhi-language-and-phrasebook -
BIRDING IN LADAKH
https://web.archive.org/web/20180816052835/http://birdinginladakh.com/about-ladakh/#:~:text=Educated%20Ladakhis%20usually%20know%20Hindi%2C%20Urdu%2C%20and%20often,used%20to%20a%20great%20extent%20in%20the%20past. -
"Ladakh Festival – a Cultural Spectacle"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120502152610/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/09/ladakh-festival-cultural-spectacle.html -
"Food & Cuisine: 10 Best Dishes to Eat in Leh-Ladakh 🥄🥣"
https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/food-and-cuisine-10-best-dishes-to-eat-in-ladakh -
Dhontang: Food in Ladakh
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Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh
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"Masks: Reflections of Culture and Religion"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143621/http://www.dollsofindia.com/library/article0010/2/ -
"Living Fabric: Weaving Among the Nomads of Ladakh Himalaya"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123453/http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0834805219-0 -
"Hockey Foundation"
http://www.hockeyfoundation.org/ -
"Ladakh culture"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060712004749/http://www.jktourism.org/cities/ladakh/culture/index.htm -
Greater Kashmir
https://web.archive.org/web/20130730165436/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Jul/10/lalit-group-organises-polo-tourney-in-drass-19.asp -
PhotoShelter: Himanshu Khagta
https://web.archive.org/web/20210131195724/https://khagta.photoshelter.com/gallery/-/G0000A0sXWCwJqug/ -
State Times
https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115507/http://www.statetimes.in/news/manipur-lifts-lalit-suri-polo-cup/ -
"Business Hotels in India – Event Planning in India – The Lalit Hotels"
https://web.archive.org/web/20130314203252/http://www.thelalit.com/the-lalit-events/the-lalit-suri-exhibition-polo-2009 -
Business Standard India
http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lahdc-organises-3rd-ladakh-marathon-at-leh-114091501153_1.html -
In L.L Adler (Ed.), International Handbook on Gender Roles. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
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"Plantlife.org project on medicinal plants of importance to amchi medicine"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090617115651/http://www.plantlife.org.uk/international/plantlife-med-plants-projects-allachy-India-Ladakh.htm -
"A government of India project in support of Sowa Rigpa-'amchi' medicine"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120222103818/http://cbhi-hsprod.nic.in/listdetails.asp?roid=127 -
ThePrint
https://theprint.in/health/modi-govt-to-promote-tibetan-healing-system-with-aiims-like-sowa-rigpa-hospital-in-leh/326946/ -
"District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates"
http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html -
Ladakhi Histories – Local and Regional Perspectives
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internationaledventures.com
https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090326084955/http://www.internationaledventures.com/Files/Who%20we%20support/Lamdon%20.pdf -
"Profile | Department of School Education UT Ladakh | Ladakh | GoI"
https://dse.ladakh.gov.in/profile.html -
Himal Southasian
https://web.archive.org/web/20131111014438/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1285-Education-reform%2C-interrupted.html -
"The Central Institute of Buddhist Studies"
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"About Us"
https://web.archive.org/web/20220310024515/https://www.universityofladakh.org.in/about-us -
"Cabinet approves setting up central university in Ladakh"
https://indianexpress.com/article/education/cabinet-approves-setting-up-central-university-in-ladakh-7417788/ -
Firstpost
https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/new-gamma-ray-telescope-coming-up-in-ladakh-to-observe-exploding-stars-black-holes-5230301.html -
The Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/education/two-aiims-like-institutions-8-medical-colleges-in-jammu-kashmir-ladakh-govt-6159847/ -
The Hindu
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-passes-bill-to-set-up-central-university-in-ladakh/article35815097.ece -
Hindustan Times
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-govt-moves-lok-sabha-for-sindhu-central-university-in-ladakh-101628168112507.html -
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http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Station/LEH/Pages/default.aspx -
"List of Doordarshan studios"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110120031304/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Studios -
"Thaindia News"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124952/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/ladakhi-films-overshadow-bollywood-in-the-himalayas_100258767.html -
The Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ladakh-first-ever-fm-radio-station-7673285/ -
"ReachLadakh.com"
https://web.archive.org/web/20200901092402/https://www.reachladakh.com/ -
"The Daily Excelsior"
http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ -
"Epilogue's website"
http://www.epilogue.in/ -
"The Kashmir Times"
http://www.kashmirtimes.com/
