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Kwame Nkrumah

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Kwame Nkrumah

Francis Kwame Nkrumah (Nzema: [kwame Nkruma] 21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary. He served as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast from 1952 until 1957, when it gained independence from Britain. He was then the first prime minister and then the president of Ghana, from 1957 until 1966. An influential advocate of Pan-Africanism, Nkrumah was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and winner of the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union in 1962. After twelve early years abroad pursuing higher education, developing his political philosophy, and organizing with other diasporic pan-Africanists, Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast to begin his political career as an advocate of national independence. He formed the Convention People's Party, which achieved rapid success through its unprecedented appeal to the common voter. He became Prime Minister in 1952 and retained the position when he led Ghana to independence from Britain in 1957, a first in sub-Saharan Africa at the time. In 1960, Ghanaians approved a new constitution and elected Nkrumah as president. His administration was primarily socialist as well as nationalist. It funded national industrial and energy projects, developed a strong national education system and promoted a pan-Africanist culture. Under Nkrumah, Ghana played a leading role in African international relations and the pan-africanist movement during Africa's decolonization period, supporting numerous liberation struggles. After an alleged assassination plot against him, coupled with increasingly difficult local economic conditions, Nkrumah's government became increasingly authoritarian in the 1960s, as he repressed political opposition and conducted elections that were neither free nor fair. In 1964, a constitutional amendment made Ghana a one-party state, with Nkrumah as president for life of both the nation and its party. He fostered a personality cult, forming ideological institutes and adopting the title of 'Osagyefo Dr.' Nkrumah was deposed in 1966 in a coup d'état by the National Liberation Council. Claims of CIA involvement in his overthrow have never been verified. Nkrumah lived the rest of his life in Guinea, where he was named honorary co-president. In 1999, he was voted BBC African of the millennium.

Infobox

Preceded by
Office established
Succeeded by
Himself as Prime Minister of Ghana
Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governors-General
mw- Charles Arden-ClarkeThe Lord Listowel
Governor-General
Charles Arden-Clarke
Born
Francis Kwame Nkrumah(1909-09-21)21 September 1909Nkroful, Colony of the Gold Coast
Died
27 April 1972(1972-04-27) (aged 62)Bucharest, Romania
Political party
UGCC (1947–1949)CPP (1949–1966)
Spouse
mw- Fathia Rizk (m. 1957)
Children
3, including Gamal and Samia
Education
Lincoln University (BA, BTh)University of Pennsylvania (MA, MS)
Awards
Lenin Peace Prize (1962)
Party
UGCC (1947–1949)CPP (1949–1966)

Tables

· Honours and awards › Foreign honours
Ribbon
Distinction
Country
Date
Reference
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile
Egypt
1957
Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar
Lebanon
1957
Order of the Yugoslav Great Star
Yugoslavia
2 March 1961
Collar of the Order of the White Lion
Czechoslovakia
2 August 1961
Lenin Peace Prize
Soviet Union
30 April 1962
Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Italy
25 September 1963
Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Poland
1965
Supreme Companion of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
South Africa
16 June 2004(posthumously)
· External links
New office
New office
Party political offices
New office
Party political offices
Leader of the Convention People's Party 1948–66
Party political offices
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
New office
New office
Party political offices
New office
Party political offices
Prime Minister of the Gold Coast 1952–57
Party political offices
Succeeded byHimself as Prime Minister of Ghana
Preceded byHimself as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
Preceded byHimself as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
Party political offices
Preceded byHimself as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
Party political offices
Prime Minister of Ghana 1957–60
Party political offices
VacantTitle next held byKofi Abrefa Busia
New office
New office
Party political offices
New office
Party political offices
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1957–58
Party political offices
Succeeded byKojo Botsio
Minister for Defence 1957–60
Minister for Defence 1957–60
Party political offices
Minister for Defence 1957–60
Party political offices
Succeeded byCharles de Graft Dickson
Preceded byKrobo Edusei
Preceded byKrobo Edusei
Party political offices
Preceded byKrobo Edusei
Party political offices
Minister for the Interior 1958
Party political offices
Succeeded byAshford Emmanuel Inkumsah
Preceded byElizabeth IIas Queen of Ghana
Preceded byElizabeth IIas Queen of Ghana
Party political offices
Preceded byElizabeth IIas Queen of Ghana
Party political offices
President of Ghana 1960–66
Party political offices
Succeeded byJoseph Arthur Ankrah
Preceded byEbenezer Ako-Adjei
Preceded byEbenezer Ako-Adjei
Party political offices
Preceded byEbenezer Ako-Adjei
Party political offices
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1962–63
Party political offices
Succeeded byKojo Botsio
Diplomatic posts
Diplomatic posts
Party political offices
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byGamal Abdel Nasser
Preceded byGamal Abdel Nasser
Party political offices
Preceded byGamal Abdel Nasser
Party political offices
Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity 1965–66
Party political offices
Succeeded byJoseph Arthur Ankrah
Party political offices
New office
Leader of the Convention People's Party 1948–66
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Political offices
New office
Prime Minister of the Gold Coast 1952–57
Succeeded byHimself as Prime Minister of Ghana
Preceded byHimself as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
Prime Minister of Ghana 1957–60
VacantTitle next held byKofi Abrefa Busia
New office
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1957–58
Succeeded byKojo Botsio
Minister for Defence 1957–60
Succeeded byCharles de Graft Dickson
Preceded byKrobo Edusei
Minister for the Interior 1958
Succeeded byAshford Emmanuel Inkumsah
Preceded byElizabeth IIas Queen of Ghana
President of Ghana 1960–66
Succeeded byJoseph Arthur Ankrah
Preceded byEbenezer Ako-Adjei
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1962–63
Succeeded byKojo Botsio
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byGamal Abdel Nasser
Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity 1965–66
Succeeded byJoseph Arthur Ankrah

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