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Kuril Islands

Updated: Wikipedia source

Kuril Islands

The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands are a volcanic archipelago administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast in the Russian Far East. The islands stretch approximately 1,300 km (810 mi) northeast from Hokkaido in Japan to Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the north Pacific Ocean. There are 56 islands and many minor islets. The Kuril Islands consist of the Greater Kuril Chain and, at the southwest end, the parallel Lesser Kuril Chain. The group termed the 'South Kurils' consists of those of the Lesser Kuril Chain together with Kunashir and Iturup in the Greater Kuril Chain. The Vries Strait between Iturup and Urup forms the Miyabe Line dividing the North and South Kurils. The Kuril Islands cover an area of around 10,503.2 square kilometres (4,055.3 sq mi), with a population of roughly 20,000. The islands have been under Russian administration since their 1945 invasion by the Soviet Union near the end of World War II. Japan claims the four southernmost islands, including two of the three largest (Iturup and Kunashir), as part of its territory, as well as Shikotan and the unpopulated Habomai islets, which has led to the ongoing Kuril Islands dispute. The disputed islands are known in Japan as the country's "Northern Territories".

Infobox

Location
Pacific Ocean
Coordinates
mw- 47°00′N 152°06′E / 47.0°N 152.1°E / 47.0; 152.1
Total islands
56
Area
10,503.2 km2 (4,055.3 sq mi)
Length
1,150 km (715 mi)
Highest elevation
2,339 m (7674 ft)
Highest point
Alaid, Atlasov Island
Federal subject
Sakhalin Oblast
Districts
Severo-Kurilsky, Kurilsky, Yuzhno-Kurilsky
Prefecture
Hokkaido
Subprefecture
Nemuro
Population
21,501 (2021)
Ethnic groups
majority Russians

Tables

· List of main islands
Шумшу
Шумшу
Island
Shumshu
Russian name
Шумшу
Japanese name
mw- .mw- .mw- 占守島（しゅむしゅとう） Shumushu-tō
Ainu name
Sumusu
Island Group
North Kurils
Administrative centre /Landing point
Baikovo
Area
388 km2(150 sq mi)
Pop.
20
Атласова
Атласова
Island
Atlasov
Russian name
Атласова
Japanese name
阿頼度島（あらいどとう） Araido-tō
Ainu name
Oyakopa [Oyakoba]
Island Group
Alaidskaya Bay
Other settlements
150 km2(58 sq mi)
Area
0
Парамушир
Парамушир
Island
Paramushir
Russian name
Парамушир
Japanese name
幌筵島（ぱらむしるとう） Paramushiru-tō, Horomushiro-tō
Ainu name
Paramusir
Island Group
Severo-Kurilsk
Administrative centre /Landing point
Shelikovo, Podgorny
Other settlements
2,053 km2(793 sq mi)
Area
2,540
Анциферова
Анциферова
Island
Antsiferov
Russian name
Анциферова
Japanese name
志林規島（しりんきとう） Shirinki-tō
Ainu name
Sirinki
Island Group
Antsiferov beach
Administrative centre /Landing point
Cape Terkut
Other settlements
7 km2(2.7 sq mi)
Area
0
Маканруши
Маканруши
Island
Makanrushi
Russian name
Маканруши
Japanese name
磨勘留島（まかんるとう） Makanru-tō
Ainu name
[uncertain]
Island Group
Zakat
Other settlements
50 km2(19 sq mi)
Area
0
Авось Avosʹ
Авось Avosʹ
Island
Awos
Russian name
Авось Avosʹ
Japanese name
帆掛岩（ほかけいわ） Hokake-iwa
Ainu name
Hainoko
Other settlements
0.1 km2(0.039 sq mi)
Area
0
Онекотан
Онекотан
Island
Onekotan
Russian name
Онекотан
Japanese name
温禰古丹島（おんねこたんとう） Onnekotan-tō
Ainu name
Onekotan
Island Group
Mussel
Administrative centre /Landing point
Kuroisi, Nemo, Shestakov
Other settlements
425 km2(164 sq mi)
Area
0
Харимкотан Kharimkotan
Харимкотан Kharimkotan
Island
Harimkotan
Russian name
Харимкотан Kharimkotan
Japanese name
春牟古丹島（はりむこたんとう, はるむこたんとう） Harimukotan-tō, Harumukotan-tō
Ainu name
Harimkotan, Haruomakotan, Karinkotan
Island Group
Sunazhma
Administrative centre /Landing point
Severgin Bay
Other settlements
70 km2(27 sq mi)
Area
0
Экарма
Экарма
Island
Ekarma
Russian name
Экарма
Japanese name
越渇磨島（えかるまとう） Ekaruma-tō
Ainu name
Ekarmausi
Island Group
Kruglyy
Other settlements
30 km2(12 sq mi)
Area
0
Чиринкотан
Чиринкотан
Island
Chirinkotan
Russian name
Чиринкотан
Japanese name
知林古丹島（ちりんこたんとう）
Ainu name
Cirinkotan
Island Group
Cape Ptichy
Other settlements
6 km2(2.3 sq mi)
Area
0
Шиашкотан
Шиашкотан
Island
Shiashkotan
Russian name
Шиашкотан
Japanese name
捨子古丹島（しゃすこたんとう） Shasukotan-tō
Ainu name
Siaskotan
Island Group
Makarovka
Other settlements
122 km2(47 sq mi)
Area
0
Ловушки Lovushki
Ловушки Lovushki
Island
Lowuschki Rocks (Lowuschki-Felsen)
Russian name
Ловушки Lovushki
Japanese name
牟知列岩（むしるれつがん） Mushiru-retsugan
Ainu name
Musir
Other settlements
1.5 km2(0.58 sq mi)
Area
0
Райкоке
Райкоке
Island
Raikoke
Russian name
Райкоке
Japanese name
雷公計島（らいこけとう） Raikoke-tō
Ainu name
Raikoke
Island Group
Raikoke
Other settlements
4.6 km2(1.8 sq mi)
Area
0
Матуа
Матуа
Island
Matua
Russian name
Матуа
Japanese name
松輪島（まつわとう） Matsuwa-tō
Ainu name
Matua
Island Group
Sarychevo
Other settlements
52 km2(20 sq mi)
Area
0
Расшуа
Расшуа
Island
Rasshua
Russian name
Расшуа
Japanese name
羅処和島（らしょわとう） Rashowa-tō
Ainu name
uncertain; thought to be Rusoa and Ruskorke
Island Group
Arches Point
Other settlements
67 km2(26 sq mi)
Area
0
Среднего Srednego
Среднего Srednego
Island
Srednii
Russian name
Среднего Srednego
Japanese name
摺手岩（すりでいわ） Suride-iwa
Ainu name
Kankan-kaipe
Other settlements
0.02 km2(0.0077 sq mi)
Area
0
Ушишир
Ушишир
Island
Ushishir
Russian name
Ушишир
Japanese name
宇志知島（うししるとう） Ushishiru-tō
Ainu name
Ushishir
Island Group
Kraternya
Administrative centre /Landing point
Ryponkicha
Other settlements
5 km2(1.9 sq mi)
Area
0
Кетой
Кетой
Island
Ketoy
Russian name
Кетой
Japanese name
計吐夷島（けといとう） Ketoi-tō
Ainu name
uncertain; possibly Keutoi
Island Group
Storozheva
Other settlements
73 km2(28 sq mi)
Area
0
Симушир
Симушир
Island
Simushir
Russian name
Симушир
Japanese name
新知島（しむしるとう） Shimushiru-tō, Shinshiru-tō
Island Group
North Kurils
Administrative centre /Landing point
Kraternyy
Other settlements
Srednaya bay
Area
360 km2(140 sq mi)
Pop.
0
Броутона
Броутона
Island
Broutona
Russian name
Броутона
Japanese name
武魯頓島（ぶろとんとう） Buroton-tō
Ainu name
Makanrur
Island Group
Nedostupnyy
Other settlements
7 km2(2.7 sq mi)
Area
0
Чирпой
Чирпой
Island
Chirpoy
Russian name
Чирпой
Japanese name
知理保以島（ちりほいとう） Chirihoi-tō; Chierupoi
Island Group
Peschanaya Bay
Other settlements
21 km2(8.1 sq mi)
Area
0
Брат Чирпоев
Брат Чирпоев
Island
Brat Chirpoyev
Russian name
Брат Чирпоев
Japanese name
知理保以南島（ちりほいなんじま） Chirihoinan-jima
Island Group
Garovnikova
Administrative centre /Landing point
Semenova
Other settlements
16 km2(6.2 sq mi)
Area
0
Уруп
Уруп
Island
Urup
Russian name
Уруп
Japanese name
得撫島（うるっぷとう） Uruppu-tō
Island Group
Mys Kastrikum
Administrative centre /Landing point
Mys Van-der-Lind
Other settlements
1,450 km2(560 sq mi)
Area
0
Итуруп
Итуруп
Island
Iturup
Russian name
Итуруп
Japanese name
択捉島（えとろふとう） Etorofu-tō; Ietorupu
Island Group
South Kurils (Minami-chishima / 南千島)
Administrative centre /Landing point
Kurilsk
Other settlements
Reidovo, Kitovyi, Rybaki, Goryachiye Klyuchi, Kasatka, Burevestnik, Shumi-Gorodok, Gornyy
Area
3,280 km2(1,270 sq mi)
Pop.
6,602
Кунашир
Кунашир
Island
Kunashir
Russian name
Кунашир
Japanese name
国後島（くなしりとう） Kunashiri-tō
Island Group
Rudnaya, Lagunnoye, Otrada, Goryachiy Plyazh, Aliger, Mendeleyevo, Dubovoye, Polino, Golovnino
Administrative centre /Landing point
1,499 km2(579 sq mi)
Other settlements
7,800
Шикотан
Шикотан
Island
Shikotan
Russian name
Шикотан
Japanese name
色丹島（しこたんとう） Shikotan-tō
Island Group
Malokurilskoye
Administrative centre /Landing point
Dumnova, Otradnaya, Krabozavodskoye (formerly Anama), Zvezdnaya, Voloshina, Kray Sveta
Other settlements
255 km2(98 sq mi)
Area
2,440
Хабомаи Khabomai
Хабомаи Khabomai
Island
Habomai
Russian name
Хабомаи Khabomai
Japanese name
歯舞群島（はぼまいぐんとう） Habomai-guntō
Ainu name
Hapomai [Habomai]
Island Group
Zorkiy
Administrative centre /Landing point
Zelyony, Polonskogo
Other settlements
97.7 km2(37.7 sq mi)
Area
28
Полонского
Полонского
Island
Polonsky
Russian name
Полонского
Japanese name
多楽島（たらくとう） Taraku-tō
Island Group
Moriakov Bay station
Other settlements
11.57 km2(4.47 sq mi)
Area
2
Осколки
Осколки
Island
Oskolki
Russian name
Осколки
Japanese name
海馬島（かいばとう） Kaiba-tō, Todo-jima
Ainu name
Toto-musir [Todo-mushir]
Other settlements
Unknown
Area
0
Зелёный Zelyonyy
Зелёный Zelyonyy
Island
Zeleny
Russian name
Зелёный Zelyonyy
Japanese name
志発島（しぼつとう） Shibotsu-tō
Island Group
Glushnevskyi station
Other settlements
58.72 km2(22.67 sq mi)
Area
3
Харкар Kharkar
Харкар Kharkar
Island
Dyomin
Russian name
Харкар Kharkar
Japanese name
春苅島（はるかるとう） Harukaru-tō
Ainu name
Harkar-kotan, Harkar-musir
Island Group
Haruka
Other settlements
0.8 km2(0.31 sq mi)
Area
0
Юрий Yuriy
Юрий Yuriy
Island
Yuri
Russian name
Юрий Yuriy
Japanese name
勇留島（ゆりとう） Yuri-tō
Ainu name
Uriru or Yuwaro
Island Group
Kalernaya
Other settlements
10.32 km2(3.98 sq mi)
Area
0
Анучина Anuchina
Анучина Anuchina
Island
Anuchin
Russian name
Анучина Anuchina
Japanese name
秋勇留島（あきゆりとう） Akiyuri-tō
Island Group
Bolshoye Bay
Other settlements
2.35 km2(0.91 sq mi)
Area
0
Танфильев Tanfilʹev
Танфильев Tanfilʹev
Island
Tanfilyev
Russian name
Танфильев Tanfilʹev
Japanese name
水晶島（すいしょうじま） Suishō-jima
Island Group
Zorkiy
Administrative centre /Landing point
Tanfilyevka Bay, Bolotnoye
Other settlements
12.92 km2(4.99 sq mi)
Area
23
Сторожевой Storozhevoy
Сторожевой Storozhevoy
Island
Moemoshiri
Russian name
Сторожевой Storozhevoy
Japanese name
萌茂尻島（もえもしりとう） Moemoshiri-tō
Other settlements
0.07 km2(0.027 sq mi)
Area
0
Рифовый Rifovyy
Рифовый Rifovyy
Island
Odoke
Russian name
Рифовый Rifovyy
Japanese name
オドケ島 Odoke-jima
Other settlements
0.0025 km2(0.00097 sq mi)
Area
0
Сигнальный Signalʹnyy
Сигнальный Signalʹnyy
Island
Kaigara
Russian name
Сигнальный Signalʹnyy
Japanese name
貝殻島（かいがらじま） Kaigara-jima
Ainu name
Kaikarai
Other settlements
0.02 km2(0.0077 sq mi)
Area
0
10,503.2 km2(4,055.3 sq mi)
10,503.2 km2(4,055.3 sq mi)
Island
Total:
Russian name
10,503.2 km2(4,055.3 sq mi)
Japanese name
19,434
Island
Russian name
Japanese name
Ainu name
Island Group
Administrative centre /Landing point
Other settlements
Area
Pop.
Severo-Kurilsky District
North Kurils (Kita-chishima / 北千島)
Severo-Kurilsk
Shelikovo, Podgorny, Baikovo
3,504 km2(1,353 sq mi)
2,560
Shumshu
Шумшу
Shumushu-tō
Sumusu
North Kurils
Baikovo
388 km2(150 sq mi)
20
Atlasov
Атласова
阿頼度島（あらいどとう） Araido-tō
Oyakopa [Oyakoba]
Alaidskaya Bay
150 km2(58 sq mi)
0
Paramushir
Парамушир
幌筵島（ぱらむしるとう） Paramushiru-tō, Horomushiro-tō
Paramusir
Severo-Kurilsk
Shelikovo, Podgorny
2,053 km2(793 sq mi)
2,540
Antsiferov
Анциферова
志林規島（しりんきとう） Shirinki-tō
Sirinki
Antsiferov beach
Cape Terkut
7 km2(2.7 sq mi)
0
Makanrushi
Маканруши
磨勘留島（まかんるとう） Makanru-tō
[uncertain]
Zakat
50 km2(19 sq mi)
0
Awos
Авось Avosʹ
帆掛岩（ほかけいわ） Hokake-iwa
Hainoko
0.1 km2(0.039 sq mi)
0
Onekotan
Онекотан
温禰古丹島（おんねこたんとう） Onnekotan-tō
Onekotan
Mussel
Kuroisi, Nemo, Shestakov
425 km2(164 sq mi)
0
Harimkotan
Харимкотан Kharimkotan
春牟古丹島（はりむこたんとう, はるむこたんとう） Harimukotan-tō, Harumukotan-tō
Harimkotan, Haruomakotan, Karinkotan
Sunazhma
Severgin Bay
70 km2(27 sq mi)
0
Ekarma
Экарма
越渇磨島（えかるまとう） Ekaruma-tō
Ekarmausi
Kruglyy
30 km2(12 sq mi)
0
Chirinkotan
Чиринкотан
知林古丹島（ちりんこたんとう）
Cirinkotan
Cape Ptichy
6 km2(2.3 sq mi)
0
Shiashkotan
Шиашкотан
捨子古丹島（しゃすこたんとう） Shasukotan-tō
Siaskotan
Makarovka
122 km2(47 sq mi)
0
Lowuschki Rocks (Lowuschki-Felsen)
Ловушки Lovushki
牟知列岩（むしるれつがん） Mushiru-retsugan
Musir
1.5 km2(0.58 sq mi)
0
Raikoke
Райкоке
雷公計島（らいこけとう） Raikoke-tō
Raikoke
Raikoke
4.6 km2(1.8 sq mi)
0
Matua
Матуа
松輪島（まつわとう） Matsuwa-tō
Matua
Sarychevo
52 km2(20 sq mi)
0
Rasshua
Расшуа
羅処和島（らしょわとう） Rashowa-tō
uncertain; thought to be Rusoa and Ruskorke
Arches Point
67 km2(26 sq mi)
0
Srednii
Среднего Srednego
摺手岩（すりでいわ） Suride-iwa
Kankan-kaipe
0.02 km2(0.0077 sq mi)
0
Ushishir
Ушишир
宇志知島（うししるとう） Ushishiru-tō
Ushishir
Kraternya
Ryponkicha
5 km2(1.9 sq mi)
0
Ketoy
Кетой
計吐夷島（けといとう） Ketoi-tō
uncertain; possibly Keutoi
Storozheva
73 km2(28 sq mi)
0
Kurilsky District
Middle Kurils (Naka-chishima / 中千島), split between the island groups
Kurilsk
Reidovo, Kitovyi, Rybaki, Goryachiye Klyuchi, Kasatka, Burevestnik, Shumi-Gorodok, Gornyy
5,138 km2(1,984 sq mi)
6,606
Simushir
Симушир
新知島（しむしるとう） Shimushiru-tō, Shinshiru-tō
North Kurils
Kraternyy
Srednaya bay
360 km2(140 sq mi)
0
Broutona
Броутона
武魯頓島（ぶろとんとう） Buroton-tō
Makanrur
Nedostupnyy
7 km2(2.7 sq mi)
0
Chirpoy
Чирпой
知理保以島（ちりほいとう） Chirihoi-tō; Chierupoi
Peschanaya Bay
21 km2(8.1 sq mi)
0
Brat Chirpoyev
Брат Чирпоев
知理保以南島（ちりほいなんじま） Chirihoinan-jima
Garovnikova
Semenova
16 km2(6.2 sq mi)
0
Urup
Уруп
得撫島（うるっぷとう） Uruppu-tō
Mys Kastrikum
Mys Van-der-Lind
1,450 km2(560 sq mi)
0
Other
4.4 km2(1.7 sq mi)
0
Iturup
Итуруп
択捉島（えとろふとう） Etorofu-tō; Ietorupu
South Kurils (Minami-chishima / 南千島)
Kurilsk
Reidovo, Kitovyi, Rybaki, Goryachiye Klyuchi, Kasatka, Burevestnik, Shumi-Gorodok, Gornyy
3,280 km2(1,270 sq mi)
6,602
Yuzhno-Kurilsky District
South Kurils
Yuzhno-Kurilsk
Malokurilskoye, Rudnaya, Lagunnoye, Otrada, Goryachiy Plyazh, Aliger, Mendeleyevo, Dubovoye, Polino, Golovnino
1,860.8 km2(718.5 sq mi)
10,268
Kunashir
Кунашир
国後島（くなしりとう） Kunashiri-tō
Rudnaya, Lagunnoye, Otrada, Goryachiy Plyazh, Aliger, Mendeleyevo, Dubovoye, Polino, Golovnino
1,499 km2(579 sq mi)
7,800
Shikotan
Шикотан
色丹島（しこたんとう） Shikotan-tō
Malokurilskoye
Dumnova, Otradnaya, Krabozavodskoye (formerly Anama), Zvezdnaya, Voloshina, Kray Sveta
255 km2(98 sq mi)
2,440
Other
Ayvazovskovo
9.1 km2(3.5 sq mi)
0
Habomai
Хабомаи Khabomai
歯舞群島（はぼまいぐんとう） Habomai-guntō
Hapomai [Habomai]
Zorkiy
Zelyony, Polonskogo
97.7 km2(37.7 sq mi)
28
Polonsky
Полонского
多楽島（たらくとう） Taraku-tō
Moriakov Bay station
11.57 km2(4.47 sq mi)
2
Oskolki
Осколки
海馬島（かいばとう） Kaiba-tō, Todo-jima
Toto-musir [Todo-mushir]
Unknown
0
Zeleny
Зелёный Zelyonyy
志発島（しぼつとう） Shibotsu-tō
Glushnevskyi station
58.72 km2(22.67 sq mi)
3
Dyomin
Харкар Kharkar
春苅島（はるかるとう） Harukaru-tō
Harkar-kotan, Harkar-musir
Haruka
0.8 km2(0.31 sq mi)
0
Yuri
Юрий Yuriy
勇留島（ゆりとう） Yuri-tō
Uriru or Yuwaro
Kalernaya
10.32 km2(3.98 sq mi)
0
Anuchin
Анучина Anuchina
秋勇留島（あきゆりとう） Akiyuri-tō
Bolshoye Bay
2.35 km2(0.91 sq mi)
0
Tanfilyev
Танфильев Tanfilʹev
水晶島（すいしょうじま） Suishō-jima
Zorkiy
Tanfilyevka Bay, Bolotnoye
12.92 km2(4.99 sq mi)
23
Moemoshiri
Сторожевой Storozhevoy
萌茂尻島（もえもしりとう） Moemoshiri-tō
0.07 km2(0.027 sq mi)
0
Odoke
Рифовый Rifovyy
オドケ島 Odoke-jima
0.0025 km2(0.00097 sq mi)
0
Kaigara
Сигнальный Signalʹnyy
貝殻島（かいがらじま） Kaigara-jima
Kaikarai
0.02 km2(0.0077 sq mi)
0
Other
Opasnaya, Udivitelnaya
1 km2(0.39 sq mi)
0
Total:
10,503.2 km2(4,055.3 sq mi)
19,434

References

  1. /ˈk(j)ʊərɪl, kjʊˈriːl/ KURE-il, KOOR-il, kyuu-REEL; Russian: Кури́льские острова́, romanized: Kuríl'skiye ostrová, .mw-
  2. "It was hoped that the proceeds from the ongoing projects would help to alleviate the high level of poverty in the regio
  3. In the Greater/ Lesser Kuril Chain designations, the former is the 'Inner' chain and broadly comprises the islands from
  4. Britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Kuril-Islands
  5. GSE Archived 2013-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
    http://slovari.yandex.ru/Курильские%20острова/БСЭ/Курильские%20острова/
  6. "SAKHALIN.RU: Sakhalin and the Kuriles. Geography"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110114103636/http://www.sakhalin.ru/Engl/Region/geography.htm
  7. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8101395/Kuril-Islands-factfile.html
  8. "Japan's Russian Dilemma"
    http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/yuriko-koike-regards-vladimir-putin-s-invasion-of-ukraine-in-light-of-japan-s-own-territorial-disputes
  9. "Глава 26. Коренное население: айны"
    http://www.kuriles-history.ru/book/chapter/26/
  10. "Central Kuril Island Tsunami in Crescent City, California"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20061204113155/http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/2005/tsunamis/Kuril_2006/index.html
  11. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
    https://doi.org/10.47536%2Fjcrm.v6i1.783
  12. BirdLife Data Zone
    http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kuril-islands-(between-urup-and-paramushir)-iba-russia-(asian)
  13. The Kuril Islands
    https://books.google.com/books?id=F3BxAAAAMAAJ
  14. The Kuril Islands: Russo-Japanese Frontier in the Pacific
    https://books.google.com/books?id=F3BxAAAAMAAJ
  15. A Brief History of Sakhalin and the Kurils
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uE4jAQAAIAAJ
  16. Eliza Adams, of Fairhaven, May 29 – Jun 13, June 24-Aug. 1, 1847, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); Splendid, of
  17. Lexington, of Nantucket, May 31, 1855, Nantucket Historical Association.
  18. History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Earliest Inception to the year 1876
  19. The Friend (Vol. V, No. 12, Dec. 11, 1856, p. 93, Honolulu).
  20. Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, Sep. 10, Sep. 19-Oct. 1, 1892, KWM.
  21. Indigenous Minorities and Education: Australian and Japanese Perspectives on their Indigenous Peoples, the Ainu, Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
  22. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
  23. Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan
  24. New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan
  25. Ghosts of the ETO: American Tactical Deception Units in the European Theater, 1944–1945
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Qtg-IVgWzWEC
  26. history.state.gov
    https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Malta/d503
  27. "Распоряжение Правительства Российской Федерации от 08.02.2017 № 223-р"
    http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201702100038
  28. "Profile on Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Airport"
    http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airports/yuzhno-kurilsk-mendeleyevo-airport-dee
  29. "Islands disputed with Japan feel Russia's boom"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071029080242/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/2007/09/15/122630/Islands-disputed.htm
  30. publication.pravo.gov.ru
    http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202303180029
  31. tass.com
    https://tass.com/economy/1382217
  32. Russia Briefing News
    https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/president-putin-s-speech-at-the-2023-far-eastern-economic-forum-analysis.html/
  33. Forbes.com
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2022/07/20/russia-sends-pacific-island-machine-gun-artillery-division-to-ukraine/?ss=aerospace-defense&sh=37e26ab736b2
  34. Srednego Island area estimate from Satellite view on Google maps at 47° 35' 10"N 152° 53' 43"E
  35. Rifovyy Island area estimate from Satellite view on Google maps at 43° 24' 24"N 145° 52'33"E
Image
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