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Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency

Updated: 12/11/2025, 4:45:54 PM Wikipedia source

From 1978 until 2025, the Republic of Turkey was in an armed conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) as well as its allied insurgent groups, both Kurdish and non-Kurdish. The initial core demand of the PKK was its separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan. Later on, the PKK abandoned separatism in favor of autonomy and/or greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey. Although most of the conflict took place in Northern Kurdistan, which corresponded with southeastern Turkey, the Kurdish-Turkish conflict spread to many other regions. The PKK's presence in Iraqi Kurdistan resulted in the Turkish Armed Forces carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region, and its influence in Syrian Kurdistan led to similar activity there. The conflict costed the economy of Turkey an estimated $300 to 450 billion, mostly in military costs. It also had negative effects on tourism in Turkey. A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey. At the time, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas. In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" during the 1930s and 1940s. The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life until 1991. Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. The PKK was formed in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority. However, the full-scale insurgency did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Between 1984 and 2012, an estimated 40,000 had died, the vast majority of whom were Kurdish civilians. Both sides were accused of numerous human rights abuses. The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses. Many judgments are related to the systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, torture, forced displacements, destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, and the forced disappearance or murder of Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians. Teachers who provided and students who demanded education in Kurdish language were prosecuted and sentenced for supporting terrorism of the PKK. Similarly, the PKK had faced international condemnation, mainly by Turkish allies, for using terrorist tactics, which include civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and involvement in drug trafficking. In February 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was arrested in Nairobi, Kenya by a group of special forces personnel and taken to Turkey, where he remains in prison on an island in the Sea of Marmara. The first insurgency lasted until March 1993, when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire. Fighting resumed the same year. In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks. The rise of Islamic State on Turkey's southern border illuminated diverging interests and ignited new tensions. In response to Islamic State's 2015 Suruç bombing on Turkish soil, the Ceylanpınar incidents saw the killing of two Turkish police officers by suspected PKK militants and the return to open conflict. Subsequently, the conflict resulted in about 8,000 killed in Turkey alone, with about 20,000 more in Syria and Iraq due to Turkish military operations. Numerous human rights violations occurred, including torture and widespread destruction of property. Substantial parts of many Kurdish-majority cities including Diyarbakır, Şırnak, Mardin, Cizre, Nusaybin, and Yüksekova were destroyed in the clashes or external operations. New peace process discussions began in 2024. In early 2025, Öcalan called PKK to disarm. On 12 May 2025, the PKK announced its full dissolution to favor political means. However, Turkey's military will continue operations against the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in regions where it remains active, despite the group's announcement of its dissolution.

Infobox

Date
27 November 1978 – 12 May 2025(46 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Eastern and Southeastern Turkey, spillovers in Northern Iraq, Northern Syria and Northwestern Iran
Result
2025 PKK–Turkey peace process Arrest of Abdullah Öcalan on 15 February 1999 in Nairobi, Kenya.Attempted peace process initiated in 2012, collapse in 2015.Second peace process initiated in 2024; PKK declares ceasefire on 1 March 2025 and disbands 12 May

Tables

· Casualties › Before 2012 ceasefire
1989
1989
Year
1989
Low estimate
227
High estimate
234
1990
1990
Year
1990
Low estimate
245
High estimate
303
1991
1991
Year
1991
Low estimate
304
High estimate
310
1992
1992
Year
1992
Low estimate
1,518
High estimate
1,598
1993
1993
Year
1993
Low estimate
2,099
High estimate
2,394
1994
1994
Year
1994
Low estimate
4,000
High estimate
4,488
1995
1995
Year
1995
Low estimate
3,076
High estimate
3,951
1996
1996
Year
1996
Low estimate
3,533
High estimate
3,578
1997
1997
Year
1997
Low estimate
4,247
High estimate
5,483
1998
1998
Year
1998
Low estimate
1,952
High estimate
2,039
1999
1999
Year
1999
Low estimate
1,403
High estimate
1,481
2000
2000
Year
2000
Low estimate
173
High estimate
189
2001
2001
Year
2001
Low estimate
81
High estimate
96
2002
2002
Year
2002
Low estimate
35
High estimate
100
2003
2003
Year
2003
Low estimate
79
High estimate
82
2004
2004
Year
2004
Low estimate
180
High estimate
322
2005
2005
Year
2005
Low estimate
324
High estimate
611
2006
2006
Year
2006
Low estimate
210
High estimate
274
2007
2007
Year
2007
Low estimate
458
High estimate
509
2008
2008
Year
2008
Low estimate
501
High estimate
1,068
2009
2009
Year
2009
Low estimate
128
High estimate
149
2010
2010
Year
2010
Low estimate
328
High estimate
433
2011
2011
Year
2011
Low estimate
599
High estimate
822
Total:
Total:
Year
Total:
Low estimate
25,825
High estimate
30,639
Year
Low estimate
High estimate
1989
227
234
1990
245
303
1991
304
310
1992
1,518
1,598
1993
2,099
2,394
1994
4,000
4,488
1995
3,076
3,951
1996
3,533
3,578
1997
4,247
5,483
1998
1,952
2,039
1999
1,403
1,481
2000
173
189
2001
81
96
2002
35
100
2003
79
82
2004
180
322
2005
324
611
2006
210
274
2007
458
509
2008
501
1,068
2009
128
149
2010
328
433
2011
599
822
Total:
25,825
30,639
· Casualties › Before 2012 ceasefire
1984
1984
Year
1984
Security forces
26
Civilians
43
Insurgents
116
Total
195
1985
1985
Year
1985
Security forces
58
Civilians
141
Insurgents
386
Total
605
1986
1986
Year
1986
Security forces
51
Civilians
133
Insurgents
143
Total
339
1987
1987
Year
1987
Security forces
71
Civilians
237
Insurgents
113
Total
427
1988
1988
Year
1988
Security forces
54
Civilians
109
Insurgents
228
Total
426
1989
1989
Year
1989
Security forces
153
Civilians
178
Insurgents
327
Total
681
1990
1990
Year
1990
Security forces
161
Civilians
204
Insurgents
592
Total
952
1991
1991
Year
1991
Security forces
244
Civilians
233
Insurgents
799
Total
1,319
1992
1992
Year
1992
Security forces
629
Civilians
832
Insurgents
2,793
Total
4,297
1993
1993
Year
1993
Security forces
715
Civilians
1,479
Insurgents
5,083
Total
7,262
1994
1994
Year
1994
Security forces
1,145
Civilians
992
Insurgents
6,295
Total
8,310
1995
1995
Year
1995
Security forces
772
Civilians
313
Insurgents
6,285
Total
7,362
1996
1996
Year
1996
Security forces
608
Civilians
170
Insurgents
6,181
Total
6,974
1997
1997
Year
1997
Security forces
518
Civilians
158
Insurgents
9,451
Total
10,138
1998
1998
Year
1998
Security forces
383
Civilians
85
Insurgents
3,295
Total
3,633
1999
1999
Year
1999
Security forces
236
Civilians
83
Insurgents
1,811
Total
1,907
2000
2000
Year
2000
Security forces
29
Civilians
17
Insurgents
452
Total
471
2001
2001
Year
2001
Security forces
20
Civilians
8
Insurgents
226
Total
236
2002
2002
Year
2002
Security forces
7
Civilians
7
Insurgents
97
Total
107
2003
2003
Year
2003
Security forces
31
Civilians
63
Insurgents
443
Total
509
2004
2004
Year
2004
Security forces
75
Civilians
28
Insurgents
379
Total
412
2005
2005
Year
2005
Security forces
105
Civilians
30
Insurgents
408
Total
445
2006
2006
Year
2006
Security forces
111
Civilians
38
Insurgents
517
Total
563
2007
2007
Year
2007
Security forces
146
Civilians
37
Insurgents
653
Total
712
2008
2008
Year
2008
Security forces
171
Civilians
51
Insurgents
1,110
Total
1,295
2009
2009
Year
2009
Security forces
62
Civilians
18
Insurgents
534
Total
607
2010
2010
Year
2010
Security forces
72
Civilians
-
Insurgents
414
Total
502+
2011
2011
Year
2011
Security forces
96
Civilians
-
Insurgents
825
Total
921+
2012
2012
Year
2012
Security forces
128
Civilians
-
Insurgents
1,495
Total
1,623+
Total:
Total:
Year
Total:
Security forces
6,877
Civilians
5,454+
Insurgents
50,169
Total
62,500+
Year
Security forces
Civilians
Insurgents
Total
1984
26
43
116
195
1985
58
141
386
605
1986
51
133
143
339
1987
71
237
113
427
1988
54
109
228
426
1989
153
178
327
681
1990
161
204
592
952
1991
244
233
799
1,319
1992
629
832
2,793
4,297
1993
715
1,479
5,083
7,262
1994
1,145
992
6,295
8,310
1995
772
313
6,285
7,362
1996
608
170
6,181
6,974
1997
518
158
9,451
10,138
1998
383
85
3,295
3,633
1999
236
83
1,811
1,907
2000
29
17
452
471
2001
20
8
226
236
2002
7
7
97
107
2003
31
63
443
509
2004
75
28
379
412
2005
105
30
408
445
2006
111
38
517
563
2007
146
37
653
712
2008
171
51
1,110
1,295
2009
62
18
534
607
2010
72
-
414
502+
2011
96
-
825
921+
2012
128
-
1,495
1,623+
Total:
6,877
5,454+
50,169
62,500+
· Casualties › 2013-2015 ceasefire
2013
2013
Year
2013
Security forces
5
Civilians
8
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
25
Total
38
Note
Ceasefire known as Solution process agreed by both Turkey (AKP) and PKK.
2014*
2014*
Year
2014*
Security forces
19
Civilians
53*
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
19
Total
91
2015, Jan. to June, ceasefire
2015, Jan. to June, ceasefire
Year
2015, Jan. to June, ceasefire
Security forces
2
Civilians
5
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
5
Total
12
Total
Total
Year
Total
Security forces
26
Civilians
66
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
49
Total
141
Year
Security forces
Civilians
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
Insurgents
Total
Note
2013
5
8
0
25
38
Ceasefire known as Solution process agreed by both Turkey (AKP) and PKK.
2014*
19
53*
0
19
91
2015, Jan. to June, ceasefire
2
5
0
5
12
Total
26
66
0
49
141
· Casualties › Since 2015: new confrontations
War resumed here due to July 2015's 2 security forces killed in the Ceylanpınar incident. Attackers unidentified so far.
War resumed here due to July 2015's 2 security forces killed in the Ceylanpınar incident. Attackers unidentified so far.
Year
War resumed here due to July 2015's 2 security forces killed in the Ceylanpınar incident. Attackers unidentified so far.
2015, Jul. to Dec., war
2015, Jul. to Dec., war
Year
2015, Jul. to Dec., war
Security forces
208
Civilians
129
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
93
Insurgents
337
Total
767
Note
Ceasefire and peace process broke down on 20 July 2015. Military confrontation resumed.
2016
2016
Year
2016
Security forces
644
Civilians
267
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
133
Insurgents
1,221
Total
2,265
2017
2017
Year
2017
Security forces
164
Civilians
59
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
751
Total
974
2018
2018
Year
2018
Security forces
123
Civilians
29
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
526
Total
678
2019
2019
Year
2019
Security forces
86
Civilians
41
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
488
Total
615
2020
2020
Year
2020
Security forces
41
Civilians
42
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
355
Total
438
2021
2021
Year
2021
Security forces
55
Civilians
25
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
367
Total
447
2022
2022
Year
2022
Security forces
93
Civilians
19
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
376
Total
488
2023
2023
Year
2023
Security forces
53
Civilians
11
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
207
Total
271
2024, as of July
2024, as of July
Year
2024, as of July
Security forces
21
Civilians
9
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
0
Insurgents
66
Total
96
Total
Total
Year
Total
Security forces
1,488
Civilians
631
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
226
Insurgents
4,695
Total
7,040
Year
Security forces
Civilians
Individuals of Unknown Affiliation
Insurgents
Total
Note
War resumed here due to July 2015's 2 security forces killed in the Ceylanpınar incident. Attackers unidentified so far.
2015, Jul. to Dec., war
208
129
93
337
767
Ceasefire and peace process broke down on 20 July 2015. Military confrontation resumed.
2016
644
267
133
1,221
2,265
2017
164
59
0
751
974
2018
123
29
0
526
678
2019
86
41
0
488
615
2020
41
42
0
355
438
2021
55
25
0
367
447
2022
93
19
0
376
488
2023
53
11
0
207
271
2024, as of July
21
9
0
66
96
Total
1,488
631
226
4,695
7,040
· Casualties › External operations
27 May 1983
27 May 1983
Date
27 May 1983
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Hot pursuit
Operation
May 1983 Cross-border Operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
Unknown, all militants in the region neutralized
15 August 1986
15 August 1986
Date
15 August 1986
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
August 1986 Cross-border Operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
165
4 March 1987
4 March 1987
Date
4 March 1987
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
March 1987 Cross-border Operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
Unknown, 3 camps destroyed
5 – 13 August 1991
5 – 13 August 1991
Date
5 – 13 August 1991
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
August 1991 Clean-up Operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
2 (13)
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
Unknown, multiple camps destroyed
30 August 1992
30 August 1992
Date
30 August 1992
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
August 1992 Cross-border operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
100+
5 October – 15 November 1992
5 October – 15 November 1992
Date
5 October – 15 November 1992
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
October 1992 Cross-border operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
28 (125)
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
1,452 (1,232)
12 October – 5 November 1992
12 October – 5 November 1992
Date
12 October – 5 November 1992
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Rescue Operation
Operation
October 1992 Turkish attack on Hakurk Camp
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
14
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
1,551 (2,600), Hakurk Camp destroyed
13–19 August 1993
13–19 August 1993
Date
13–19 August 1993
Place
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Kirpi
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
350+, İki Yaka Camp destroyed
23 – 26 September 1993
23 – 26 September 1993
Date
23 – 26 September 1993
Place
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Govent
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
400+, Balkaya Camp destroyed
5 November 1993 – 28 January 1994
5 November 1993 – 28 January 1994
Date
5 November 1993 – 28 January 1994
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
December 1993 Cross-border operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
167, 10 camps destroyed
6 – 13 November 1993
6 – 13 November 1993
Date
6 – 13 November 1993
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Mezi-Karyaderi
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
201 (21), Avaşin Camp destroyed
27 January – 2 February 1994
27 January – 2 February 1994
Date
27 January – 2 February 1994
Place
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Alandüz
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
64, Camp in Buzul Mountain destroyed
19 March – 26 April 1994
19 March – 26 April 1994
Date
19 March – 26 April 1994
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Ejder
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
19
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
459 (23), Berçela, Zap and Metina Camp destroyed
26 July – 3 August 1994
26 July – 3 August 1994
Date
26 July – 3 August 1994
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
July 1994 Cross-border operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
190, Haftanin Camp heavily damaged
20 March – 4 May 1995
20 March – 4 May 1995
Date
20 March – 4 May 1995
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Steel
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
64 (185)
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
555 (13), Zap Camp destroyed
23 March 1995
23 March 1995
Date
23 March 1995
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
March 1995 Turkish attack on Haftanin Camp
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
89, Haftanin Camp destroyed
20 – 21 May 1995
20 – 21 May 1995
Date
20 – 21 May 1995
Place
Northwestern Iran
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Jerma-Betkar
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
358, Betkar Camp destroyed
14 June 1996
14 June 1996
Date
14 June 1996
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Tokat
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
6
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
90
12 May – 7 July 1997
12 May – 7 July 1997
Date
12 May – 7 July 1997
Place
Iraq, Erbil-Mosul
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Hammer
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
114 (338)
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
2,730 (415)
25 September – 15 October 1997
25 September – 15 October 1997
Date
25 September – 15 October 1997
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Dawn
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
31 (91)
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
865 (37)
21–29 February 2008
21–29 February 2008
Date
21–29 February 2008
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Sun
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
27
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
240
24–25 July 2015
24–25 July 2015
Date
24–25 July 2015
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Airstrikes
Operation
Operation Martyr Yalçın
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
–
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
160
24 August 2016 – 29 March 2017
24 August 2016 – 29 March 2017
Date
24 August 2016 – 29 March 2017
Place
Syria
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Euphrates Shield*
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
71
Turkish allies dead (injured)
614
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
131 (37)
25 April 2017
25 April 2017
Date
25 April 2017
Place
Syria and Northern Iraq
Type
Airstrikes
Operation
2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
0
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
70
20 January – 24 March 2018
20 January – 24 March 2018
Date
20 January – 24 March 2018
Place
Syria
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Olive Branch
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
45
Turkish allies dead (injured)
616
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
4,500–7,100+
19 March 2018 – 27 May 2019
19 March 2018 – 27 May 2019
Date
19 March 2018 – 27 May 2019
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Tigris Shield
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
234 or 379
15 August 2018
15 August 2018
Date
15 August 2018
Place
Iraq, Sinjar
Type
Airstrikes
Operation
Turkish strikes on Sinjar (2018)
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
—
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
5
27 May – 12 June 2019
27 May – 12 June 2019
Date
27 May – 12 June 2019
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Claw-1
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
143
13 June – 23 August 2019
13 June – 23 August 2019
Date
13 June – 23 August 2019
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Claw-2
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
102
24 August 2019 – 4 May 2020
24 August 2019 – 4 May 2020
Date
24 August 2019 – 4 May 2020
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and Air
Operation
Operation Claw-3
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
2
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
102
9 October – 25 November 2019
9 October – 25 November 2019
Date
9 October – 25 November 2019
Place
Syria
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Peace Spring
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
16
Turkish allies dead (injured)
251
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
508 (73)
15 June 2020
15 June 2020
Date
15 June 2020
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Airstrikes
Operation
Operation Claw-Eagle
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
81
16 June 2020 – 5 September 2020
16 June 2020 – 5 September 2020
Date
16 June 2020 – 5 September 2020
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Airstrikes
Operation
Operation Claw-Tiger
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
None
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
228
10 – 14 February 2021
10 – 14 February 2021
Date
10 – 14 February 2021
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Rescue operation
Operation
Operation Claw-Eagle 2
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
3
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
65
23 April 2021 – present
23 April 2021 – present
Date
23 April 2021 – present
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operations Claw-Lightning and Thunderbolt
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
11
Turkish allies dead (injured)
—
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
387
17 April 2022 – 4 May 2022
17 April 2022 – 4 May 2022
Date
17 April 2022 – 4 May 2022
Place
Northern Iraq
Type
Land and air
Operation
Operation Claw-Lock
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
84
Turkish allies dead (injured)
–
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
995
20 – 28 November 2022
20 – 28 November 2022
Date
20 – 28 November 2022
Place
Syria and Northern Iraq
Type
Airstrikes
Operation
Operation Claw-Sword
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
1
Turkish allies dead (injured)
1
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
254
Total  :
Total  :
Date
Total  :
Place
538 (769)
Type
1,481
Operation
20,750+ (3,219), 40+ camps destroyed
Date
Place
Type
Operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
Turkish allies dead (injured)
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
27 May 1983
Northern Iraq
Hot pursuit
May 1983 Cross-border Operation
None
—
Unknown, all militants in the region neutralized
15 August 1986
Northern Iraq
Land and air
August 1986 Cross-border Operation
None
—
165
4 March 1987
Northern Iraq
Land and air
March 1987 Cross-border Operation
None
—
Unknown, 3 camps destroyed
5 – 13 August 1991
Northern Iraq
Land and air
August 1991 Clean-up Operation
2 (13)
—
Unknown, multiple camps destroyed
30 August 1992
Northern Iraq
Land and air
August 1992 Cross-border operation
None
—
100+
5 October – 15 November 1992
Northern Iraq
Land and air
October 1992 Cross-border operation
28 (125)
—
1,452 (1,232)
12 October – 5 November 1992
Northern Iraq
Rescue Operation
October 1992 Turkish attack on Hakurk Camp
14
—
1,551 (2,600), Hakurk Camp destroyed
13–19 August 1993
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Land and Air
Operation Kirpi
None
—
350+, İki Yaka Camp destroyed
23 – 26 September 1993
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Land and Air
Operation Govent
None
—
400+, Balkaya Camp destroyed
5 November 1993 – 28 January 1994
Northern Iraq
Land and air
December 1993 Cross-border operation
None
—
167, 10 camps destroyed
6 – 13 November 1993
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Mezi-Karyaderi
None
—
201 (21), Avaşin Camp destroyed
27 January – 2 February 1994
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Land and Air
Operation Alandüz
None
—
64, Camp in Buzul Mountain destroyed
19 March – 26 April 1994
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Ejder
19
—
459 (23), Berçela, Zap and Metina Camp destroyed
26 July – 3 August 1994
Northern Iraq
Land and air
July 1994 Cross-border operation
None
—
190, Haftanin Camp heavily damaged
20 March – 4 May 1995
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Steel
64 (185)
—
555 (13), Zap Camp destroyed
23 March 1995
Northern Iraq
Land and air
March 1995 Turkish attack on Haftanin Camp
None
—
89, Haftanin Camp destroyed
20 – 21 May 1995
Northwestern Iran
Land and air
Operation Jerma-Betkar
None
—
358, Betkar Camp destroyed
14 June 1996
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Tokat
6
—
90
12 May – 7 July 1997
Iraq, Erbil-Mosul
Land and air
Operation Hammer
114 (338)
—
2,730 (415)
25 September – 15 October 1997
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Dawn
31 (91)
—
865 (37)
21–29 February 2008
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Sun
27
—
240
24–25 July 2015
Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Martyr Yalçın
None
–
160
24 August 2016 – 29 March 2017
Syria
Land and air
Operation Euphrates Shield*
71
614
131 (37)
25 April 2017
Syria and Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq
0
—
70
20 January – 24 March 2018
Syria
Land and air
Operation Olive Branch
45
616
4,500–7,100+
19 March 2018 – 27 May 2019
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Tigris Shield
None
—
234 or 379
15 August 2018
Iraq, Sinjar
Airstrikes
Turkish strikes on Sinjar (2018)
—
—
5
27 May – 12 June 2019
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Claw-1
None
—
143
13 June – 23 August 2019
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Claw-2
None
—
102
24 August 2019 – 4 May 2020
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Claw-3
2
—
102
9 October – 25 November 2019
Syria
Land and air
Operation Peace Spring
16
251
508 (73)
15 June 2020
Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Claw-Eagle
None
—
81
16 June 2020 – 5 September 2020
Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Claw-Tiger
None
—
228
10 – 14 February 2021
Northern Iraq
Rescue operation
Operation Claw-Eagle 2
3
—
65
23 April 2021 – present
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operations Claw-Lightning and Thunderbolt
11
—
387
17 April 2022 – 4 May 2022
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Claw-Lock
84
–
995
20 – 28 November 2022
Syria and Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Claw-Sword
1
1
254
Total :
538 (769)
1,481
20,750+ (3,219), 40+ camps destroyed

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  399. Human Rights Watch
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  400. "PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years"
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  401. "The European court of Human rights judgement"
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  402. Turkey: facing a new millennium: Coping with intertwined conflicts
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  405. Serxwebûn, January 1994, p. 23
  406. Sabah
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  407. "13 shoppers die in Istanbul arson attack"
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/13-shoppers-die-in-istanbul-arson-attack-1080615.html
  408. "Vali açıkladı: Canlı bomba"
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  409. "Ankara'da patlama FLAŞ"
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  410. "Görgü tanığı: 10 ölü var"
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  411. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/10372563
  412. "32 injured in apparent suicide bombing in Turkey"
    https://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/20/world/turkey-explosion/index.html?hpt=hp_t2
  413. www.aljazeera.com
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  414. The Guardian
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  415. Globalnews.ca
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  416. DailySabah
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  417. ANF
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  418. Internet Haber
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  419. "Diyarbakır'daki patlamayla ilgili önemli gelişme!"
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  420. "HDP pays respect to PKK suicide bomber who killed 12 people in Istanbul"
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  421. "İstanbul Vezneciler'de polis aracına bombalı saldırı, 7'si polis, 11 kişi hayatını kaybetti"
    http://t24.com.tr/haber/dha-istanbulda-veznecilerde-polis-aracina-bombali-saldiri-duzenlendi,344080
  422. "Four dead after car bombing and shootout in Turkish city of Izmir"
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  423. www.duvarenglish.com
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  425. iranpress.com
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  427. Serxwebun 1997
  428. "PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives"
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  429. Understanding International Counter Terrorism: A Professional's Guide to the Operational Art
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  430. Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs
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  433. Hürriyet Daily News
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  434. Hürriyet Daily News
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  435. www.washingtoninstitute.org
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  437. t24.com.tr
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  438. DW.COM
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  440. ob.nubati.net
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  444. Turkish Weekly
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  445. Diken
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  446. www.rudaw.net
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  447. Basnews
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  448. Hurriyet
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  449. ANF News
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  450. Anadoluturkhaber.com
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  451. Human Rights Watch
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  452. Refworld
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  453. Justice.gov
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  454. Al-Monitor
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  455. Geneva Call
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  456. Unodc.org
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  457. Europol.europa.eu
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  458. www.treasury.gov
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