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Ku Klux Klan

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Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK; ), commonly shortened to the Klan, is an American Protestant-led white supremacist, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction in the devastated South. Various historians have characterized the Klan as America's first terrorist group. The group is typically structured as a secret society containing several different organizations, that have historically resorted to terrorism, violence and acts of intimidation to impose their criteria and oppress their victims, most notably African Americans, Jews, and Catholics. A leader of one of these organizations is called a grand wizard, and there have been three distinct iterations with various other targets relative to time and place. The first Klan was established in the Reconstruction era for men opposed to Reconstruction and founded by Confederate veterans that assaulted and murdered politically active Black people and their white political allies in the South. Federal law enforcement began taking action against it around 1871 and effectively shut it down. The Klan sought to overthrow Republican state governments in the South, especially by using voter intimidation and targeted violence against African-American leaders. The Klan was organized into numerous independent chapters across the Southern United States. Each chapter was autonomous and highly secretive about membership and plans. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and pointed hats, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities. The second iteration of the Klan originated in the late 1910s, and was the first to use cross burnings and standardized white-hooded robes. The KKK of the 1920s had a nationwide membership in the millions and reflected a cross-section of the native born white Protestant population. The third and current Klan formed in the mid 20th century, was largely a reaction to the growing civil rights movement. It used murder and bombings to achieve its aims. All three iterations have called for the "purification" of American society. In each era, membership was secret and estimates of the total were highly exaggerated by both allies and enemies. Each iteration of the Klan is defined by non-overlapping time periods, comprising local chapters with little or no central direction. Each has advocated reactionary positions such as white nationalism, anti-immigration and—especially in later iterations—Nordicism, antisemitism, anti-Catholicism, right-wing populism, anti-communism, homophobia, anti-atheism, anti-globalization, and Islamophobia. Though most members of the KKK saw themselves in holding to American values and Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination officially denounced the Ku Klux Klan.

Infobox

Political position
Far-right
Founded in
Stone Mountain, Georgia, U.S.
Members
c. 5,000–8,000
Political ideologies
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Anti-black racism White supremacy White nationalism Nativism Vigilantism Segregationism[a]
Political ideologies[d]
Anti-miscegenation Anti-globalization Islamophobia
Political ideologies[c]
Anti-miscegenation Anti-globalization Islamophobia

Tables

Estimated membership statistics · History › National changes
1925
1925
Year
1925
Membership
4,000,000–6,000,000*
References
[specify]
1930
1930
Year
1930
Membership
30,000
1965
1965
Year
1965
Membership
40,000
1968
1968
Year
1968
Membership
14,000
1970
1970
Year
1970
Membership
2,000–3,500
1974
1974
Year
1974
Membership
1,500
References
[specify]
1975
1975
Year
1975
Membership
6,500
References
[specify]
1979
1979
Year
1979
Membership
10,000
References
[specify]
1991
1991
Year
1991
Membership
6,000–10,000
References
[specify]
2009
2009
Year
2009
Membership
5,000–8,000
2016
2016
Year
2016
Membership
3,000
Year
Membership
References
1925
4,000,000–6,000,000*
[specify]
1930
30,000
1965
40,000
1968
14,000
1970
2,000–3,500
1974
1,500
[specify]
1975
6,500
[specify]
1979
10,000
[specify]
1991
6,000–10,000
[specify]
2009
5,000–8,000
2016
3,000

References

  1. The Ku Klux Klan opposed the civil rights and Black rights movements, and often killed Black people that either committe
  2. Peaked in 1924–1925
  3. The Third KKK is anti-feminist, anti-abortion, and anti-LGBT.
  4. In addition to previous Klan ideologies
  5. Commonly mispronounced /ˌkluː-/.
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  208. The Texas Observer
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  209. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2018/11/25/669857481/decades-after-clashing-with-the-klan-a-thriving-vietnamese-community-in-texas
  210. Democracy Now!
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  211. Mark Hand (November 18, 2004). "The Greensboro Massacre". Press Action. Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
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  212. Thompson 1982.
  213. Neo-Nazi Terrorism and Countercultural Fascism: The Origins and Afterlife of James Manson's Siege
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  214. The New York Times
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  215. The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride!"
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  216. "Women's Appeal for Justice in Chattanooga – US Department of Justice"
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  217. The Victoria Advocate
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  218. The New York Times
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  219. Deseret News
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  220. The New York Times
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  221. The New York Times Magazine
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  222. "RedState, White Supremacy, and Responsibility" Archived April 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Daily Kos, December 5,
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  223. Bill O'Reilly, "Circling the Wagons in Georgia" [2], Fox_News, May 8, 2003.
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  224. "WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center: Case No. DTV2001-0023" Archived March 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, World In
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  225. "Ku Klux Klan – Affiliations – Extremism in America"
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  226. www.facingsouth.org
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  227. NBC News
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  228. "About the Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America"
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  229. "Church of the American Knights of the KKK"
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  230. The New York Times
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  231. Intelligence Report
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  232. "About the Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America"
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  233. Slate Magazine
    http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/03/ku_klux_klan_in_decline_why_did_the_kkk_lose_so_many_chapters_in_2010_.html
  234. "The Year in Hate and Extremism"
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  235. The Christian Science Monitor
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  236. Law Enforcement Executive Forum
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  237. Erie Times-News
    https://www.goerie.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/09/25/kkk-supportive-notes-dropped-in-erie-county-driveways/42691653/
  238. University of Miami School of Law, Fordham Law Review
    https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5437&context=flr
  239. The New York Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101006202846/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/16/us/aclu-lawsuit-backs-klan-in-seeking-permit-for-cross.html
  240. Criss, Doug and Burnside, Tina (February 20, 2019). "The editor of an Alabama newspaper is calling for the return of the
    https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/19/media/alabama-newspaper-klan-trnd/index.html
  241. Gore, Leada (February 21, 2019). "Goodloe Sutton, writer of KKK editorial, not sorry, says he'd 'do it all over again'".
    https://www.al.com/news/2019/02/goodloe-sutton-writer-of-kkk-editorial-not-sorry-says-hed-do-it-all-over-again.html
  242. "Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America – Active Groups (by state)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110212042824/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/active_group_2006.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk
  243. "No. 2 Klan group on trial in Ky. teen's beating"
    https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27665247
  244. wckkkk.org
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  245. Anti-Defamation League
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  246. Anti-Defamation League
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  247. "Arkansas Klan Group Loses Legal Battle with North Carolina Newspaper"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100412051638/http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/Klan-vs-Rhino-Times.htm
  248. The Knights Party
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  249. Southern Poverty Law Center
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  250. The Daily Telegraph
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  251. The Guardian
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  252. Fergus Bordewich. (2023). Klan War: Ulysses S Grant and the Battle to Save Reconstruction. Penguin Random House
  253. YouTube
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  254. The Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism and Violence
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  255. Ku Klux Klan: America's First Terrorists Exposed : The Rebirth of the Strange Society of Blood and Death
  256. Chalmers 1987, p. 319.
  257. Revolutionaries for the Right: Anticommunist Internationalism and Paramilitary Warfare in the Cold War
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  258. Rhodesia: The Struggle for Freedom
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  259. Under the Skin: The Death of White Rhodesia
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  260. "El día que llegó el Ku Klux Klan a México"
    https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/el-dia-que-llego-el-ku-klux-klan-mexico
  261. Terra
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  262. Cuban Studies 40
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  263. The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms
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  264. Vietnam, PTSD, USMC, Black-Americans and Me
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  265. Pacific Affairs
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  266. The Making of the Black Working Class in Britain
  267. Intelligence Report
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  268. "KKK garb on Northern Irish streets – then a swift display of unity"
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  269. politische-bildung-brandenburg.de
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  270. Fememorde und Fememordprozesse in der Weimarer Republik
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  271. Der Spiegel
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  272. International Business Times
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  273. "German police raid far-right group members, find weapons"
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  274. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/german-police-raid-suspected-kkk-members-homes/a-47113523
  275. Staatsanwanltschaft Stuttgart (in German)
    https://staatsanwaltschaft-stuttgart.justiz-bw.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite/Presse/Durchsuchung+Ku-Klux-Klan/?LISTPAGE=5675643
  276. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-06-mn-9088-story.html
  277. CBS News
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  278. Yle
    https://yle.fi/a/3-8332429
  279. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/358783.stm
  280. The New Zealand Herald
    http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=7865
  281. Sydney Morning Herald
    https://www.smh.com.au/national/we-have-infiltrated-party-kkk-20090709-der4.html
  282. "Killing raises Ku Klux Klan link in Queensland | Sovereign Union – First Nations Asserting Sovereignty"
    http://nationalunitygovernment.org/content/killing-raises-ku-klux-klan-link-queensland
  283. Fiji's times: A History of Fiji
  284. The Federation Movement in Fiji, 1880–1902
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  285. "Discovering Fiji: Cakobau and the Ku Klux Klan"
    https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/discovering-fiji-cakobau-and-the-ku-klux-klan/
  286. Pacific Strife: the great powers and their political and economic rivalries in Asia and the Western Pacific, 1870–1914
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lnAyBwAAQBAJ&q=%2522British%2520Subjects%27%2520Mutual%2520Protection%2520Society%2522%2520klan&pg=PA69
  287. "Photos resurface of New Zealand Ku Klux Klan marches as Kiwis told to get off their high horse"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200703205756/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/06/photos-resurface-of-new-zealand-ku-klux-klan-marches-as-kiwis-told-to-get-off-their-high-horse.html
  288. "A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos"
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  289. Axelrod 1997, p. 160.
  290. Wade 1987, p. 142: "'It was rather difficult, sometimes, to make the two letters fit in,' he recalled later, 'but I did
  291. Quarles 1999, p. 227: "Imperial Kludd: Is the Chaplain of the Imperial Klonvokation and shall perform such other duties
  292. Anti-Defamation League
    https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/blood-drop-cross
  293. Anti-Defamation League
    https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/triangular-klan-symbol
  294. Anti-Defamation League
    https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/burning-cross
  295. Slate
    https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/12/why-does-the-ku-klux-klan-burn-crosses.html
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