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Choi Yong-kun was previously head of state as the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
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Kim Yong-nam became later head of state as the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
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In 2021, the official English translation of Kim Jong Un's preferred title, Chairman, was changed to "President". Howeve
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The 1972 constitution designated President of North Korea as the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army.
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Kim Il Sung is the English-language transcription used by the North Korean government. Kim Il-sung is another common tra
-
Kim Il Sung's birth name is properly romanized either as "Kim Song Ju" or "Kim Seong-ju", with the official English tran
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김성주
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Also romanized as Kim Seong-ju according to Revised Romanization of Korean or Kim Sŏngju according to McCune–Reischauer.
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Yonhap News Agency
https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210217003700325?section=nk%2Fnk -
Accidental Tyrant: The Life of Kim Il-sung
-
The Sister: The extraordinary story of Kim Yo Jong, the most powerful woman in North Korea
-
김일성(金日成)
http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/dirSer/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_8KOR_A1912_1_0026272) -
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kim+Il+Sung -
Kim Il Sung, With the Century (English translation). Page 10
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Australian Economic History Review
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aehr.12225 -
Naenara
http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/great/leader.php?memoris -
Yŏng-ho Ch'oe. "Christian Background in the Early Life of Kim Il-Song." Asian Survey 26, no. 10 (1986): 1082–1091. doi:1
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644258 -
encyclopaedia Britannica.com
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kim-Il-Sung -
Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader
https://archive.org/details/00book729884 -
Tertitskiy 2025, p. 8.
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Propagandaworld
https://www.propagandaworld.org/product-page/80th-anniversary-of-the-birth-of-kim-chol-ju-minisheet-1996 -
Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI-6NARaLusC&dq=Kim+Yong-ju+1920&pg=PA226 -
Daily NK
https://web.archive.org/web/20140211183034/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?num=11335&cataId=nk03600 -
Kim il Sung: Volume I: From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland
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The DPRK yesterday and today. Informal history of North Korea
https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=243895&p=1 -
Accidental Tyrant: The Live of Kim Il-sung
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Kimjongilia – The Movie – Learn More Archived 18 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.kimjongiliathemovie.com/learnmore.html -
The Independent
https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-rage-against-god-by-peter-hitchens-1965109.html -
Kim Il Sung and Korea's Struggle: An Unconventional Firsthand History
https://books.google.com/books?id=4Hz119vPQYwC&pg=PA43 -
From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea 1945–1960
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International Business Times UK
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/kim-il-sung-death-anniversary-how-north-korea-founder-became-cult-personality-1455758 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/world/asia/28korea.html?_r=1&hp -
Kim Il-Sung, "Let Us Repudiate the 'Left' Adventurist Line and Follow the Revolutionary Organizational Line" contained i
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Manchuria Under Japanese Dominion
https://books.google.com/books?id=7Jx0BAAAQBAJ&q=may%2030%201930%20manchuria%20uprising&pg=PA24 -
Korean Communism, 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System
-
Kim Il-Sung, "Let Us Repudiate the 'Left' Adventurist Line and Follow the Revolutionary Organizational Line" contained i
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Kim Il-Sung, "On Waging Armed Struggle Against Japanese Imperialism" on 16 December 1931 contained in On Juche in Our Re
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Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty
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Modern China
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/009770049402000302 -
Everyday Life in the North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950929415 -
Armstrong 2013, p. 30
-
Kim 2016, p. 68
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Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (Updated)
https://books.google.com/books?id=yKN_q-TqYYgC&pg=160-161 -
Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey
https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/ -
Korea since 1850
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people.com.cn
https://web.archive.org/web/20190601054229/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/16700257.html -
Fyodor Tertitskiy
https://www.nknews.org/2019/02/how-an-obscure-red-army-unit-became-the-cradle-of-the-north-korean-elite/ -
Tertitskiy 2025, p. 34.
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The Making of Modern Korea
https://books.google.com/books?id=lDolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 -
Rogue Regime : Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea
https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck -
Vladivostok News
https://web.archive.org/web/20090610172839/http://vn.vladnews.ru/Arch/2003/ISS345/News/upd10.HTM -
NetEase
https://web.archive.org/web/20160624203425/http://news.163.com/09/0814/10/5GM1LUA00001121M.html -
Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins
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Buzo 2002, p. 56.
-
Robinson 2007, p. 87.
https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/87 -
The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History
-
Why did Stalin appoint Captain Kim Il-sung of the 88th Brigade as the leader of North Korea?
https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2023/07/08/J3BKFDKDSFENLNG7LTN3TNG4BQ/ -
ysfine.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20130528043524/http://ysfine.com/wisdom/wk01.html -
South China Morning Post
https://www.scmp.com/article/727755/kim-il-sungs-secret-history -
The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950
-
The Korea Times
https://web.archive.org/web/20150417010008/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/01/363_103451.html -
NK News
https://www.nknews.org/2013/12/meet-the-man-who-saved-kim-il-sungs-life/ -
역사비평 [Critical Review of History]
https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002752849 -
"Defense"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013620/http://fas.org/irp/world/rok/nis-docs/defense02.htm -
Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, Naval Institute Press (2003).
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The Korean War 1950–1953
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGoA65bSFpQC&pg=PA13 -
NCNK
https://web.archive.org/web/20140419051757/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/briefing-papers/all-briefing-papers/dprk-diplomatic-relations -
"North Korea A to Z"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080305052724/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/event/nkorea_nuclear/general_03c.htm -
Kim Jong Il's North Korea
https://books.google.com/books?id=1FaXAgAAQBAJ&q=kim+il+sung+health+care&pg=PA104 -
Weathersby, Kathryn, "The Soviet Role in the Early Phase of the Korean War", The Journal of American-East Asian Relation
-
Goncharov, Sergei N., Lewis, John W. and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (1993)
-
Mansourov, Aleksandr Y., Stalin, Mao, Kim, and China's Decision to Enter the Korean War, 16 September – 15 October 1950:
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Sudoplatov, Pavel Anatoli, Schecter, Jerrold L., and Schecter, Leona P., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witne
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United States Army in the Korean War: Ebb and Flow November 1950 – July 1951
-
The Korean War: No Victors, No Vanquished
https://archive.org/details/koreanwarnovicto0000sand -
David Halberstam. Halberstam, David (25 September 2007). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. Hyperion. Kindl
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European Journal of Population / Revue Européenne de Démographie
https://web.archive.org/web/20131012043824/http://www.eui.eu/Documents/DepartmentsCentres/SPS/Seminars/SeminarsF09/PVSEMF08/LacinaGleditschMonitoringTrendsInGlobalCombatEJP2005.pdf -
teachingamericanhistory.org
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/neh/interactives/timeline/data/102550.html -
The Making of Modern Korea
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Cumings 2005, p. 434.
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Robinson 2007, p. 153.
https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/153 -
Lankov, Andrei N., Crisis in North Korea: The Failure of De-Stalinization, 1956, Honolulu: Hawaii University Press (2004
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Timothy Hildebrandt, "Uneasy Allies: Fifty Years of China-North Korea Relations" Archived 24 February 2015 at the Waybac
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/asia_rpt115b.pdf -
Cold War History
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682745.2018.1507022 -
Chung, Chin O. Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975. Uni
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North Korea: State of Paranoia
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Journal of East Asian Studies
https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjea.2018.8 -
"Letter from Ri Sang-jo to the Central Committee of the Korean Workers Party"
https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114152 -
Chung, Chin O. Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975. Uni
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Asian Survey
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643582 -
North Korea International Documentation Project
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-1967-purge-the-gapsan-faction-and-establishment-the-monolithic-ideological-system -
Official site
http://www.aplmf.org/dpr-korea.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/17/world/kim-il-sung-at-74-is-reported-dead.html -
Juan Reinaldo Sanchez, The Double Life of Fidel Castro: My 17 Years as Personal Bodyguard to El Lider Maximo, Penguin Pr
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North Korea: Another Country
https://archive.org/details/northkoreaanothe00cumi -
Korea
-
Encyclopædia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Korea/From-1970-to-the-death-of-Kim-Il-Sung -
"North Korea's Trade With the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160310010727/http://osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/37-8-310.shtml -
history.com
https://www.history.com/news/north-korea-nuclear-deal-bill-clinton-agreed-framework -
"Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120422115356/http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/dprkchron -
Human Rights Watch
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/05/north-koreas-caste-system -
Radio Free Asia
https://web.archive.org/web/20240219031618/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/jeong-02162024125202.html -
North Korea: Kim Il-Sung's Catastrophic Rights Legacy Archived 21 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine 13 April 2016. Human
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/13/north-korea-kim-il-sungs-catastrophic-rights-legacy -
Black Book of Communism
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The Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Freedom House
https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Worst%20of%20the%20Worst%202012%20final%20report.pdf -
Statistics of democide – Chapter 10 – Statistics Of North Korean Democide – Estimates, Calculations, And Sources Archive
https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP10.HTM -
Asia Times
https://web.archive.org/web/20120823201728/http://atimes.com/atimes/Korea/NH24Dg01.html -
Behr, Edward. Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite, New York: Villard Books, 1991, p. 195.
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The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia
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Enver Hoxha, "Reflections on China II: Extracts from the Political Diary Archived 15 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine",
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/reflections_on_china_volume_2.pdf -
CEU.hu
https://web.archive.org/web/20090908153112/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/117-1-7.shtml -
Howard W. French, "With Rebel Gains and Mobutu in France, Nation Is in Effect Without a Government" Archived 30 June 201
https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/17/world/with-rebel-gains-and-mobutu-in-france-nation-is-in-effect-without-a-government.html -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/07/09/north-korean-president-kim-il-sung-dies-at-82/b884e1c5-65f7-4c4d-841b-c3137610896a/ -
Demick, Barbara: Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea. p. 92
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The Straits Times
https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1994-07-17/full.jpg -
T. R. Reid, “Tumultuous Funeral for North Korean,” The Washington Post, 20 July 1994. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arc
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/07/20/tumultuous-funeral-for-north-korean/b426e8fa-ec06-4726-9ea1-1b5427f7e959/ -
“Veil of secrecy in North Korea for Kim funeral,” CBS News, 20 July 1994. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/veil-of-secrecy-i
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/veil-of-secrecy-in-north-korea-for-kim-funeral/ -
Scenes of lamentation after Kim Il-sung's death on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zYsUqAYg6c -
Constitution of North Korea (1972) on Wikisource
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea_(1972,_rev._1998) -
Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745 -
The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia
-
Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam
https://books.google.com/books?id=zQw-RWxrPSUC&pg=PA123 -
The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/05/after-kim-jong-il/303899/?single_page=true -
Korea in the 20th Century: 100 Significant Events
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276996886 -
The Cold War: A World History
https://books.google.com/books?id=gMpXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 -
Who's Who in Asian and Australasian Politics
https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge25AAAAIAAJ -
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
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"Řád Klementa Gottwalda: za budování socialistické vlasti"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160822183204/http://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/archivKPR/upload/rkg.pdf#page=11 -
News from Hsinhua News Agency: Daily Bulletin
https://books.google.com/books?id=pqIcAQAAMAAJ -
Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3
https://books.google.com/books?id=q2jVAAAAMAAJ -
Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA551 -
Korea Today
https://books.google.com/books?id=F1xDAAAAYAAJ -
Guns, Guerillas, and the Great Leader: North Korea and the Third World
https://books.google.com/books?id=wRgfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 -
Art under control in North Korea
-
The Chosun Ilbo
https://web.archive.org/web/20120929195034/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/02/13/2012021301372.html -
Daily NK
https://web.archive.org/web/20100412062252/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=6222 -
Mirrorlands: Russia, China, and Journeys in Between
https://books.google.com/books?id=oAulDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 -
As Borders Bend: Transnational Spaces on the Pacific Rim
https://books.google.com/books?id=4QHvOj4bZX4C&pg=PA167 -
The Age
http://www.theage.com.au/news/travel/north-korean-shows-off-leaders-gifts/2006/12/21/1166290663252.html -
Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations of the World Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Birthday+of+Kim+Il-Sung -
Daily NK
https://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=10491 -
"Kim Il Sung Park Damascus Syria"
https://koryogroup.com/blog/kim-il-sung-park-damascus-syria -
Naenara
https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115042/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/juche/great.php?great+1+1-06 -
"'Complete Collection of Kim Il Sung's Works' Off Press"
http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201201/news18/20120118-12ee.html -
Tyrants Writing Poetry
https://books.google.com/books?id=e3NKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 -
NK Chosun
https://web.archive.org/web/20051201002024/http://nk.chosun.com/culture/culture.html?ACT=opera03 -
Sohu Entertainment
https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000608/http://yule.sohu.com/20080326/n255919204.shtml -
With the Century
https://web.archive.org/web/20141021030932/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?2+2002#.pdf -
To keep the tree of manageable size, it omits five out of the seven known legitimate children of Kim Il Sung. Other chil
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Korean names often have a variety of transliterations into English, which can be confusing. For example, "Kim Jong Chul"
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"North Korea's First Family: Mapping the personal and political drama of the Kim clan"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120204171124/https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39382760/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/north-koreas-first-family/#.TyL9qPlciZV -
"The world's most mysterious family tree: Kim Jong Un's secretive dynasty is full of drama, death"
http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/15/asia/kim-jong-un-family-tree-trnd/index.html -
The Sister: The extraordinary story of Kim Yo Jong, the most powerful woman in North Korea
-
Official North Korean biographies of Kim Jong Il list his birth year as 1942. The Korean calendar is based upon the Chin
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Official North Korean biographies of Kim Jong Un list his birth year as 1982. The Korean calendar is based upon the Chin
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Birth year for Kim Ju Ae is not publicly known. She may have been born in either late 2012 or early 2013.
