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Khmer Empire

Updated: Wikipedia source

Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire was an empire in mainland Southeast Asia, centered on hydraulic cities in what is now northern Cambodia. Known as Kambuja (Old Khmer: កម្វុជ; Khmer: កម្ពុជ) by its inhabitants, it grew out of the former civilization of Chenla and lasted from 802 to 1431. Historians call this period of Cambodian history the Angkor period, after the empire's most well-known capital, Angkor. The Khmer Empire ruled or vassalised most of Mainland Southeast Asia and stretched as far north as southern China. The beginning of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802, when Khmer prince Jayavarman II declared himself chakravartin (lit. 'universal ruler', a title equivalent to 'emperor') in the Phnom Kulen mountains. Although the end of the Khmer Empire has traditionally been marked with the fall of Angkor to the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1431, the reasons for the empire's collapse are still debated amongst scholars. Researchers have determined that a period of strong monsoon rains was followed by a severe drought in the region, which caused damage to the empire's hydraulic infrastructure. Variability between droughts and flooding was also a problem, which may have caused residents to migrate southward and away from the empire's major cities. The site of Angkor is perhaps the empire's most notable legacy, as it was the capital during the empire's zenith. The majestic monuments of Angkor, such as Angkor Wat and the Bayon, bear testimony to the Khmer Empire's immense power and wealth, impressive art and culture, architectural technique, aesthetic achievements, and variety of belief systems that it patronized over time. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor's elaborate water management network, during its peak in the 11th to the 13th centuries, was the most extensive pre-industrial urban complex in the world.

Infobox

Capital
mw- Mahendraparvata(early 9th century)Hariharalaya(mid 9th century)Yasodharapura(late 9th cent.–928)Lingapura(928–944)Yasodharapura(944–1431)
Common languages
Old Khmer (common)Sanskrit (religious)
Religion
HinduismBuddhism
Government
Monarchy
• 802–850 CE (first)
Jayavarman II
• 1113–1150
Suryavarman II
• 1181–1218
Jayavarman VII
• 1327–1336
Jayavarman IX
• 1336–1340
Trasak Paem
• 1373–1393
Thomma Saok
• 1394–1431 (last)
Ponhea Yat
Historical era
Post-classical era
• Indrapura 67
781
• Consecration of Jayavarman II
802
• Construction of Angkor Wat
1113–1150
• Lan Xang founded
1353
• Fall of Angkor
1431
1181–1218
1,263,322 km2 (487,771 sq mi)
Currency
Native coins
Today part of
CambodiaLaosThailandVietnamMyanmar
• Construction of Angkor Wat
1113–1150
• Indrapura founded
781

Tables

· Culture and society › Art and architecture
Jayavarman II
Jayavarman II
Styles
Kulen
Dates
825–875
Rulers
Jayavarman II
Temples
Damrei Krap
Chief Characteristics
Continuation of pre-Angkorean but a period of innovation and borrowing such as from Cham temples. Tower mainly square and relatively high. Mainly brick with laterite walls and stone door surrounds. Square and octagonal colonettes begin to appear.
Jayavarman III Indravarman I
Jayavarman III Indravarman I
Styles
Preah Ko
Dates
877–886
Rulers
Jayavarman III Indravarman I
Temples
Preah Ko, Bakong, Lolei
Chief Characteristics
Simple plan: one or more square brick towers on a single base. First appearance of concentric enclosures and of gopura and libraries. Decorative 'flying palaces' replaced by dvarapalas and devatas in niches. First major temple mountain at Bakong.
Yasovarman I Harshavarman I
Yasovarman I Harshavarman I
Styles
Bakheng
Dates
889–923
Rulers
Yasovarman I Harshavarman I
Temples
Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Krom, Phnom Bok, Baksei Chamkrong (trans.)
Chief Characteristics
Development of the temple mountain. More use of stone, particularly for major temples and more decorative stone carving.
Jayavarman IV
Jayavarman IV
Styles
Koh Ker
Dates
921–944
Rulers
Jayavarman IV
Temples
Group of Koh Ker temples
Chief Characteristics
Scale of buildings diminishes toward center. Brick still main material but sandstone also used.
Rajendravarman
Rajendravarman
Styles
Pre Rup
Dates
944–968
Rulers
Rajendravarman
Temples
Pre Rup, East Mebon, Bat Chum, Kutisvara
Chief Characteristics
Transitional between Koh Ker and Banteay Srei. Long halls partly enclose sanctuary. The last great monuments in plastered brick, increasing use of sandstone.
Jayavarman V
Jayavarman V
Styles
Banteay Srei
Dates
967–1000
Rulers
Jayavarman V
Temples
Banteay Srei
Chief Characteristics
Ornate, superposed pediments, sweeping gable ends, rich and deep carving. Plasterd brick replaced by stone and laterite. Appearance of scenes in pediments. Voluptuous devatas with gentle expressions.
Jayavarman V
Jayavarman V
Styles
Khleang
Dates
968–1010
Rulers
Jayavarman V
Temples
Ta Keo, The Khleangs, Phimeanakas, Royal Palace
Chief Characteristics
First use of galleries. Cruciform gopuras. Octagonal colonettes. Restrained decorative carving.
Udayadityavarman II
Udayadityavarman II
Styles
Baphuon
Dates
1050–1080
Rulers
Udayadityavarman II
Temples
Baphuon, West Mebon
Chief Characteristics
A return to rich carving: floral motifs but also lintels with scenes. Nagas without head-dress. Bas-reliefs appear at Baphuon temple, carving with lively scenes enclosed in small panels, often in narritive sequence.
Suryavarman II Yasovarman II
Suryavarman II Yasovarman II
Styles
Angkor Wat
Dates
1113–1175
Rulers
Suryavarman II Yasovarman II
Temples
Angkor Wat, Banteay Samré, Thommanon, Chau Say Tevoda, Beng Mealea, some of Preah Pithu, Phimai and Phnom Rung
Chief Characteristics
The high classical style of Khmer architecture. Fully developed conical towers with carving profile. Galleries wider and with half galleries on one side. Concentric enclosures connected by axial galleries. Nagas with head-dress, naga balustrades raised off the ground. Invention of cross-shaped terrace. Richly carved lintels and other decorations. Bas-reliefs, Apsaras.
Jayavarman VII Indravarman II
Jayavarman VII Indravarman II
Styles
Bayon
Dates
1181–1243
Rulers
Jayavarman VII Indravarman II
Temples
Ta Prohm, Preah Khan, Neak Pean, Ta Som, Ta Nei, Angkor Thom, Prasat Chrung, Bayon, Elephant terrace, Ta Prohm Kel, Krol Ko, Prasat Suor Prat, Banteay Chhmar, Hospital Chaples, Jayatataka baray
Chief Characteristics
The last great style. Hurried construction, often in laterite not stone, carving less elegant. Complex plans, huge temples. In Cambodia, face-towers and historical narrative bas-reliefs. Three periods: 1. large complex temples on a single level, 2. face-towers and avenues of giants carrying nagas, 3. decline of the building standards, devatas acquire Angkor Wat style diadem.
Jayavarman VIII and others
Jayavarman VIII and others
Styles
Post Bayon
Dates
1243–15th c.
Rulers
Jayavarman VIII and others
Temples
Terrace of the Leper King, Preah Pithu, Preah Palilay (modifications to temples)
Chief Characteristics
Inversion of cross-shaped terrace, causeways on columns, low or high.
Styles
Dates
Rulers
Temples
Chief Characteristics
Kulen
825–875
Jayavarman II
Damrei Krap
Continuation of pre-Angkorean but a period of innovation and borrowing such as from Cham temples. Tower mainly square and relatively high. Mainly brick with laterite walls and stone door surrounds. Square and octagonal colonettes begin to appear.
Preah Ko
877–886
Jayavarman III Indravarman I
Preah Ko, Bakong, Lolei
Simple plan: one or more square brick towers on a single base. First appearance of concentric enclosures and of gopura and libraries. Decorative 'flying palaces' replaced by dvarapalas and devatas in niches. First major temple mountain at Bakong.
Bakheng
889–923
Yasovarman I Harshavarman I
Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Krom, Phnom Bok, Baksei Chamkrong (trans.)
Development of the temple mountain. More use of stone, particularly for major temples and more decorative stone carving.
Koh Ker
921–944
Jayavarman IV
Group of Koh Ker temples
Scale of buildings diminishes toward center. Brick still main material but sandstone also used.
Pre Rup
944–968
Rajendravarman
Pre Rup, East Mebon, Bat Chum, Kutisvara
Transitional between Koh Ker and Banteay Srei. Long halls partly enclose sanctuary. The last great monuments in plastered brick, increasing use of sandstone.
Banteay Srei
967–1000
Jayavarman V
Banteay Srei
Ornate, superposed pediments, sweeping gable ends, rich and deep carving. Plasterd brick replaced by stone and laterite. Appearance of scenes in pediments. Voluptuous devatas with gentle expressions.
Khleang
968–1010
Jayavarman V
Ta Keo, The Khleangs, Phimeanakas, Royal Palace
First use of galleries. Cruciform gopuras. Octagonal colonettes. Restrained decorative carving.
Baphuon
1050–1080
Udayadityavarman II
Baphuon, West Mebon
A return to rich carving: floral motifs but also lintels with scenes. Nagas without head-dress. Bas-reliefs appear at Baphuon temple, carving with lively scenes enclosed in small panels, often in narritive sequence.
Angkor Wat
1113–1175
Suryavarman II Yasovarman II
Angkor Wat, Banteay Samré, Thommanon, Chau Say Tevoda, Beng Mealea, some of Preah Pithu, Phimai and Phnom Rung
The high classical style of Khmer architecture. Fully developed conical towers with carving profile. Galleries wider and with half galleries on one side. Concentric enclosures connected by axial galleries. Nagas with head-dress, naga balustrades raised off the ground. Invention of cross-shaped terrace. Richly carved lintels and other decorations. Bas-reliefs, Apsaras.
Bayon
1181–1243
Jayavarman VII Indravarman II
Ta Prohm, Preah Khan, Neak Pean, Ta Som, Ta Nei, Angkor Thom, Prasat Chrung, Bayon, Elephant terrace, Ta Prohm Kel, Krol Ko, Prasat Suor Prat, Banteay Chhmar, Hospital Chaples, Jayatataka baray
The last great style. Hurried construction, often in laterite not stone, carving less elegant. Complex plans, huge temples. In Cambodia, face-towers and historical narrative bas-reliefs. Three periods: 1. large complex temples on a single level, 2. face-towers and avenues of giants carrying nagas, 3. decline of the building standards, devatas acquire Angkor Wat style diadem.
Post Bayon
1243–15th c.
Jayavarman VIII and others
Terrace of the Leper King, Preah Pithu, Preah Palilay (modifications to temples)
Inversion of cross-shaped terrace, causeways on columns, low or high.
· List of rulers
Jayavarman III
Jayavarman III
Reign → 802–835
835–877
King → Jayavarman II
Jayavarman III
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Hariharalaya
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of Jayavarman II
Indravarman I
Indravarman I
Reign → 802–835
877–889
King → Jayavarman II
Indravarman I
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Hariharalaya
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Nephew of Jayavarman II. Built Preah Ko dedicated to Jayavarman II, also for his father and his grand father. Constructed temple mountain Bakong.
Yasovarman I
Yasovarman I
Reign → 802–835
889–910
King → Jayavarman II
Yasovarman I
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Hariharalaya, Yasodharapura
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of Indravarman I. Built Indratataka Baray and Lolei. Moved the capital to Yasodharapura centred around Phnom Bakheng, and also built Yashodharatataka.
Harshavarman I
Harshavarman I
Reign → 802–835
910–923
King → Jayavarman II
Harshavarman I
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Yasodharapura
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of Yasovarman I. Involved in a power struggle against his maternal uncle Jayavarman IV. Built Baksei Chamkrong.
Ishanavarman II
Ishanavarman II
Reign → 802–835
923–928
King → Jayavarman II
Ishanavarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Yasodharapura
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of Yasovarman I, brother of Harshavarman I. Involved in a power struggle against his maternal uncle Jayavarman IV. Built Prasat Kravan.
Jayavarman IV
Jayavarman IV
Reign → 802–835
928–941
King → Jayavarman II
Jayavarman IV
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Koh Ker (Lingapura)
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of King Indravarman I's daughter, Mahendradevi, married to Yasovarman I sister, claim the throne through maternal line. Ruled from Koh Ker.
Harshavarman II
Harshavarman II
Reign → 802–835
941–944
King → Jayavarman II
Harshavarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Koh Ker (Lingapura)
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of Jayavarman IV.
Rajendravarman II
Rajendravarman II
Reign → 802–835
944–968
King → Jayavarman II
Rajendravarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Uncle and first cousin of Harshavarman II and wrestle power from him. Transfer the capital back to Angkor, Built Pre Rup and East Mebon. War against Champa in 946.
Jayavarman V
Jayavarman V
Reign → 802–835
968–1001
King → Jayavarman II
Jayavarman V
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor (Jayendranagari)
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of Rajendravarman II. Built a new capital Jayendranagari and Ta Keo in its centre.
Udayadityavarman I, Jayaviravarman, Suryavarman I
Udayadityavarman I, Jayaviravarman, Suryavarman I
Reign → 802–835
1001–1006
King → Jayavarman II
Udayadityavarman I, Jayaviravarman, Suryavarman I
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Period of chaos, three kings rule simultaneously as antagonist.
Suryavarman I
Suryavarman I
Reign → 802–835
1006–1050
King → Jayavarman II
Suryavarman I
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Took the throne. Alliance with Chola and conflict with Tambralinga kingdom. Built Preah Khan Kompong Svay. The king adhered to Mahayana Buddhism.
Udayadityavarman II
Udayadityavarman II
Reign → 802–835
1050–1066
King → Jayavarman II
Udayadityavarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Took the throne, descendant of Yasovarman I's spouse. Built Baphuon, West Baray and West Mebon, also Sdok Kok Thom.
Harshavarman III
Harshavarman III
Reign → 802–835
1066–1080
King → Jayavarman II
Harshavarman III
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Succeeded his elder brother Udayadityavarman II, capital at Baphuon. Champa invasion in 1074 and 1080.
Jayavarman VI
Jayavarman VI
Reign → 802–835
1090–1107
King → Jayavarman II
Jayavarman VI
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Usurper from Vimayapura. Built Phimai.
Dharanindravarman I
Dharanindravarman I
Reign → 802–835
1107–1113
King → Jayavarman II
Dharanindravarman I
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Succeeded his younger brother, Jayavarman VI.
Suryavarman II
Suryavarman II
Reign → 802–835
1113–1145
King → Jayavarman II
Suryavarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Usurped and killed his great uncle. Built Angkor Wat, Banteay Samre, Thommanon, Chau Say Tevoda and Beng Mealea. Invade Đại Việt and Champa.
Dharanindravarman II
Dharanindravarman II
Reign → 802–835
1150–1160
King → Jayavarman II
Dharanindravarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Succeeded his cousin Suryavarman II
Yasovarman II
Yasovarman II
Reign → 802–835
1160–1167
King → Jayavarman II
Yasovarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Overthrown by his minister Tribhuvanadityavarman
Tribhuvanadityavarman
Tribhuvanadityavarman
Reign → 802–835
1167–1177
King → Jayavarman II
Tribhuvanadityavarman
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Cham invasion in 1177 and 1178 led by Jaya Indravarman IV, looted the Khmer capital.
Cham occupation, led by Champa king Jaya Indravarman IV
Cham occupation, led by Champa king Jaya Indravarman IV
Reign → 802–835
1178–1181
King → Jayavarman II
Cham occupation, led by Champa king Jaya Indravarman IV
Jayavarman VII
Jayavarman VII
Reign → 802–835
1181–1218
King → Jayavarman II
Jayavarman VII
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Led Khmer army against Cham invaders thus liberated Cambodia. Led the conquest of Champa (1190–1191). Major infrastructure constructions; built hospitals, rest houses, reservoirs, and temples including Ta Prohm, Preah Khan, the Bayon in Angkor Thom city, and Neak Pean.
Indravarman II
Indravarman II
Reign → 802–835
1219–1243
King → Jayavarman II
Indravarman II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Son of Jayavarman VII. Lost control of Champa and lost western territories to Siamese Sukhothai Kingdom.
Jayavarman VIII
Jayavarman VIII
Reign → 802–835
1243–1295
King → Jayavarman II
Jayavarman VIII
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Mongol invasion led by Kublai Khan in 1283 and war with Sukhothai. Built Mangalartha. He was a zealous Shivaite and eradicated Buddhist influences.
Indravarman III
Indravarman III
Reign → 802–835
1295–1308
King → Jayavarman II
Indravarman III
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Overthrew his father in law Jayavarman VIII. Made Theravada Buddhism the state religion. Received Yuan Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan (1296–1297).
Indrajayavarman
Indrajayavarman
Reign → 802–835
1308–1327
King → Jayavarman II
Indrajayavarman
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Jayavarman IX
Jayavarman IX
Reign → 802–835
1327–1336
King → Jayavarman II
Jayavarman IX
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Last Sanskrit inscription (1327).
Trasak Paem
Trasak Paem
Reign → 802–835
1336–1340
King → Jayavarman II
Trasak Paem
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Nippean Bat
Nippean Bat
Reign → 802–835
1340–1346
King → Jayavarman II
Nippean Bat
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Sithean Reachea
Sithean Reachea
Reign → 802–835
1346–1347
King → Jayavarman II
Sithean Reachea
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Lompong Reachea
Lompong Reachea
Reign → 802–835
1347–1352
King → Jayavarman II
Lompong Reachea
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Uthong
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Uthong
Reign → 802–835
1352–1357
King → Jayavarman II
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Uthong
Soryavong
Soryavong
Reign → 802–835
1357–1363
King → Jayavarman II
Soryavong
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Borom Reachea I
Borom Reachea I
Reign → 802–835
1363–1373
King → Jayavarman II
Borom Reachea I
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Thomma Saok
Thomma Saok
Reign → 802–835
1373–1393
King → Jayavarman II
Thomma Saok
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Ramesuan
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Ramesuan
Reign → 802–835
1393
King → Jayavarman II
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Ramesuan
In Reachea
In Reachea
Reign → 802–835
1394–c. 1421
King → Jayavarman II
In Reachea
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor
Barom Reachea II
Barom Reachea II
Reign → 802–835
1405–1431
King → Jayavarman II
Barom Reachea II
Capital → Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Angkor, Chaktomuk
Information and events → Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
Abandoned Angkor (1431).
Reign
King
Capital
Information and events
802–835
Jayavarman II
Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya
Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from Java. Claimed as Chakravartin through sacred Hindu ritual on Phnom Kulen and initiating Devaraja cult in Cambodia.
835–877
Jayavarman III
Hariharalaya
Son of Jayavarman II
877–889
Indravarman I
Hariharalaya
Nephew of Jayavarman II. Built Preah Ko dedicated to Jayavarman II, also for his father and his grand father. Constructed temple mountain Bakong.
889–910
Yasovarman I
Hariharalaya, Yasodharapura
Son of Indravarman I. Built Indratataka Baray and Lolei. Moved the capital to Yasodharapura centred around Phnom Bakheng, and also built Yashodharatataka.
910–923
Harshavarman I
Yasodharapura
Son of Yasovarman I. Involved in a power struggle against his maternal uncle Jayavarman IV. Built Baksei Chamkrong.
923–928
Ishanavarman II
Yasodharapura
Son of Yasovarman I, brother of Harshavarman I. Involved in a power struggle against his maternal uncle Jayavarman IV. Built Prasat Kravan.
928–941
Jayavarman IV
Koh Ker (Lingapura)
Son of King Indravarman I's daughter, Mahendradevi, married to Yasovarman I sister, claim the throne through maternal line. Ruled from Koh Ker.
941–944
Harshavarman II
Koh Ker (Lingapura)
Son of Jayavarman IV.
944–968
Rajendravarman II
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Uncle and first cousin of Harshavarman II and wrestle power from him. Transfer the capital back to Angkor, Built Pre Rup and East Mebon. War against Champa in 946.
968–1001
Jayavarman V
Angkor (Jayendranagari)
Son of Rajendravarman II. Built a new capital Jayendranagari and Ta Keo in its centre.
1001–1006
Udayadityavarman I, Jayaviravarman, Suryavarman I
Angkor
Period of chaos, three kings rule simultaneously as antagonist.
1006–1050
Suryavarman I
Angkor
Took the throne. Alliance with Chola and conflict with Tambralinga kingdom. Built Preah Khan Kompong Svay. The king adhered to Mahayana Buddhism.
1050–1066
Udayadityavarman II
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Took the throne, descendant of Yasovarman I's spouse. Built Baphuon, West Baray and West Mebon, also Sdok Kok Thom.
1066–1080
Harshavarman III
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Succeeded his elder brother Udayadityavarman II, capital at Baphuon. Champa invasion in 1074 and 1080.
1090–1107
Jayavarman VI
Angkor
Usurper from Vimayapura. Built Phimai.
1107–1113
Dharanindravarman I
Angkor
Succeeded his younger brother, Jayavarman VI.
1113–1145
Suryavarman II
Angkor
Usurped and killed his great uncle. Built Angkor Wat, Banteay Samre, Thommanon, Chau Say Tevoda and Beng Mealea. Invade Đại Việt and Champa.
1150–1160
Dharanindravarman II
Angkor
Succeeded his cousin Suryavarman II
1160–1167
Yasovarman II
Angkor
Overthrown by his minister Tribhuvanadityavarman
1167–1177
Tribhuvanadityavarman
Angkor
Cham invasion in 1177 and 1178 led by Jaya Indravarman IV, looted the Khmer capital.
1178–1181
Cham occupation, led by Champa king Jaya Indravarman IV
1181–1218
Jayavarman VII
Angkor (Yasodharapura)
Led Khmer army against Cham invaders thus liberated Cambodia. Led the conquest of Champa (1190–1191). Major infrastructure constructions; built hospitals, rest houses, reservoirs, and temples including Ta Prohm, Preah Khan, the Bayon in Angkor Thom city, and Neak Pean.
1219–1243
Indravarman II
Angkor
Son of Jayavarman VII. Lost control of Champa and lost western territories to Siamese Sukhothai Kingdom.
1243–1295
Jayavarman VIII
Angkor
Mongol invasion led by Kublai Khan in 1283 and war with Sukhothai. Built Mangalartha. He was a zealous Shivaite and eradicated Buddhist influences.
1295–1308
Indravarman III
Angkor
Overthrew his father in law Jayavarman VIII. Made Theravada Buddhism the state religion. Received Yuan Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan (1296–1297).
1308–1327
Indrajayavarman
Angkor
1327–1336
Jayavarman IX
Angkor
Last Sanskrit inscription (1327).
1336–1340
Trasak Paem
Angkor
1340–1346
Nippean Bat
Angkor
1346–1347
Sithean Reachea
Angkor
1347–1352
Lompong Reachea
Angkor
1352–1357
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Uthong
1357–1363
Soryavong
Angkor
1363–1373
Borom Reachea I
Angkor
1373–1393
Thomma Saok
Angkor
1393
Siamese Ayutthaya invasion led by Ramesuan
1394–c. 1421
In Reachea
Angkor
1405–1431
Barom Reachea II
Angkor, Chaktomuk
Abandoned Angkor (1431).

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