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Kazakhstan

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a small portion in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty (which had been the capital city until 1997). Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. Hilly plateaus and plains account for nearly half its vast territory, with lowlands composing another third; its southern and eastern frontiers are composed of mountainous regions. Kazakhstan has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, with fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/sq mi). Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country with a sizeable Christian community. Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the south. Turkic nomads entered the region from the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three jüz (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, it became an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union. Its status was elevated to that of a union republic in 1936. The Soviet government settled Russians and other ethnicities in the republic, which resulted in ethnic Kazakhs being a minority during the Soviet era. Kazakhstan was the last constituent republic of the Soviet Union to declare independence in 1991 during its dissolution. Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia both economically and politically, accounting for 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry; it also has vast mineral resources, ranking among the highest producers of iron and silver in the world. Kazakhstan also has the highest Human Development Index ranking in the region. It is a unitary constitutional republic; however, its government is authoritarian. Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2019, who had led the country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Union, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Organization of Turkic States, International Organization of Turkic Culture and Special Guest status with the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly.

Infobox

Capital
Astana 51°8′N 71°26′E / 51.133°N 71.433°E / 51.133; 71.433
Largest city
Almaty43°14′N 76°57′E / 43.233°N 76.950°E / 43.233; 76.950
Official languages
mw- Kazakh[a] Russian[b]
Ethnic groups (2025)
71.3% Kazakh14.6% Russian3.3% Uzbek1.8% Ukrainian1.5% Uyghur1.1% German1.1% Tatar5.3% others
Religion (2021)
69.3% Islam17.2% Christianity2.3% no religion0.2% other11.0% unanswered
Demonyms
KazakhKazakhstani[c]
Government
Unitary presidential republic[d] under an authoritarian government
• President
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
• Prime Minister
Oljas Bektenov
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Mäjilis
• Kazakh Khanate
1465
• Alash Autonomy
13 December 1917
• Kazakh ASSR
26 August 1920
• Kazakh SSR
5 December 1936
• Declaration of sovereignty
25 October 1990
• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan
10 December 1991
• Independence from the USSR
16 December 1991
• Recognised
26 December 1991
• Current constitution
30 August 1995
• Total
$300.540 billion (48th)
• Water (%)
1.7
• 2025 estimate
20,286,084 (65th)
• Density
7.44/km2 (19.3/sq mi) (236th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$14,770 (64th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2018)
27.8 } }low inequality
HDI (2023)
0.837very high (60th)
Currency
Tenge (₸) (KZT)
Time zone
UTC 5
Calling code
7
ISO 3166 code
KZ
Internet TLD
kz.қаз
• Recognized
26 December 1991

Tables

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan[90] · Geography › Climate
Almaty
Almaty
Location
Almaty
July (°C)
30/18
July (°F)
86/64
January (°C)
0/−8
January (°F)
33/17
Şymkent
Şymkent
Location
Şymkent
July (°C)
32/17
July (°F)
91/66
January (°C)
4/−4
January (°F)
39/23
Qarağandy
Qarağandy
Location
Qarağandy
July (°C)
27/14
July (°F)
80/57
January (°C)
−8/−17
January (°F)
16/1
Astana
Astana
Location
Astana
July (°C)
27/15
July (°F)
80/59
January (°C)
−10/−18
January (°F)
14/−1
Pavlodar
Pavlodar
Location
Pavlodar
July (°C)
28/15
July (°F)
82/59
January (°C)
−11/−20
January (°F)
12/−5
Aqtobe
Aqtobe
Location
Aqtobe
July (°C)
30/15
July (°F)
86/61
January (°C)
−8/−16
January (°F)
17/2
Location
July (°C)
July (°F)
January (°C)
January (°F)
Almaty
30/18
86/64
0/−8
33/17
Şymkent
32/17
91/66
4/−4
39/23
Qarağandy
27/14
80/57
−8/−17
16/1
Astana
27/15
80/59
−10/−18
14/−1
Pavlodar
28/15
82/59
−11/−20
12/−5
Aqtobe
30/15
86/61
−8/−16
17/2

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