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Kashmir conflict

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Kashmir conflict

The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict over the Kashmir region, primarily between India and Pakistan, and also between China and India in the northeastern portion of the region. The conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as both India and Pakistan claimed the entirety of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a dispute over the region that escalated into three wars between India and Pakistan and several other armed skirmishes. India controls approximately 55% of the land area of the region that includes Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, most of Ladakh, the Siachen Glacier, and 70% of its population; Pakistan controls approximately 30% of the land area that includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan; and China controls the remaining 15% of the land area that includes the Aksai Chin region, the mostly uninhabited Trans-Karakoram Tract, and part of the Demchok sector. After the partition of India and a rebellion in the western districts of the state, Pakistani tribal militias invaded Kashmir, leading the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir to join India. The resulting Indo-Pakistani War ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire along a line that was eventually named the Line of Control. In 1962, China invaded and fought a war with India along the disputed Indo-Chinese border, including in Indian administered-Ladakh, marking their entry to the Kashmir conflict. In 1965, Pakistan attempted to infiltrate Indian-administered Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency there, resulting in another war fought by the two countries over the region. After further fighting during the war of 1971, the Simla Agreement formally established the Line of Control between the territories under Indian and Pakistani control. In 1999, an armed conflict between the two countries broke out again in Kargil with no effect on the status quo. In 1989, an armed insurgency erupted against Indian rule in Indian-administered Kashmir Valley, after years of political disenfranchisement and alienation, with logistical support from Pakistan. The insurgency was actively opposed in Jammu and Ladakh, where it revived long-held demands for autonomy from Kashmiri dominance and greater integration with India. Spearheaded by a group seeking creation of an independent state based on demands for self-determination, the insurgency was taken over within the first few years of its outbreak by Pakistan-backed Jihadist groups striving for merger with Pakistan. The militancy continued through the 1990s and early 2000s—by which time it was being driven largely by foreign militants and spread to parts of the adjoining Jammu region—but declined thereafter. The fighting resulted in tens of thousands of casualties, both combatant and civilian. The militancy also resulted in the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the predominantly Muslim Kashmir Valley in the early 1990s. Counterinsurgency by the Indian government was coupled with repression of the local population and increased militarisation of the region, while various insurgent groups engaged in a variety of criminal activity. The 2010s were marked by civil unrest within the Kashmir Valley, fuelled by unyielding militarisation, rights violations, mis-rule and corruption, wherein protesting local youths violently clashed with Indian security forces, with large-scale demonstrations taking place during the 2010 unrest triggered by an allegedly staged encounter, and during the 2016 unrest which ensued after the killing of a young militant from a Jihadist group, who had risen to popularity through social media. Further unrest in the region erupted after the 2019 Pulwama attack. According to scholars, Indian forces have committed many human rights abuses and acts of terror against the Kashmiri civilian population, including extrajudicial killing, rape, torture, and enforced disappearances. According to Amnesty International, no member of the Indian military deployed in Jammu and Kashmir has been tried for human rights violations in a civilian court as of June 2015, although military courts-martial have been held. Amnesty International has also accused the Indian government of refusing to prosecute perpetrators of abuses in the region. Moreover, there have been instances of human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir, including but not limited to political repressions and forced disappearances. Brad Adams, the Asia director at Human Rights Watch said in 2006 "Although 'Azad' means 'free', the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but free. The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms". The OHCHR reports on Kashmir released two reports on "the situation of human rights in Indian-Administered Kashmir and Pakistan-Administered Kashmir".

Tables

J & K 2014 assembly elections voters turnout · Internal conflict › 2008–present
Sources:
Sources:
Voting phases
Sources:
Voting phases
Date
Seats
Turnout
25 November
15
71%
2 December
18
71%
9 December
16
59%
14 December
18
49%
20 December
20
76%
Total
87
65%
Sources:
· National stances
India
India
Administered by
India
Area
Kashmir Valley
Population
~4 million
% Muslim
95%
% Hindu
4%
% Buddhist
–
% Other
–
Jammu
Jammu
Administered by
Jammu
Area
~3 million
Population
30%
% Muslim
66%
% Hindu
–
% Buddhist
4%
Ladakh
Ladakh
Administered by
Ladakh
Area
~0.25 million
Population
46%
% Muslim
–
% Hindu
50%
% Buddhist
3%
Pakistan
Pakistan
Administered by
Pakistan
Area
Gilgit-Baltistan
Population
~1 million
% Muslim
99%
% Hindu
–
% Buddhist
–
% Other
–
Azad Kashmir
Azad Kashmir
Administered by
Azad Kashmir
Area
~2.6 million
Population
100%
% Muslim
–
% Hindu
–
% Buddhist
–
China
China
Administered by
China
Area
Aksai Chin
Population
–
% Muslim
–
% Hindu
–
% Buddhist
–
% Other
–
Shaksgam Valley
Shaksgam Valley
Administered by
Shaksgam Valley
Area
–
Population
–
% Muslim
–
% Hindu
–
% Buddhist
–
Statistics from the BBC report "In Depth" 525,000 refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in 1947–48. 226,000 refugees from Pakistani-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 and 1948. A minimum of 506,000 people in the Indian-administered Kashmir Valley are internally displaced due to militancy in Kashmir, about half of whom are Hindu pandits Muslims form the majority in the Poonch, Rajouri, Kishtwar, and Doda districts of the Jammu region. Shia Muslims make up the majority in the Kargil district in the Ladakh region. India does not accept the two-nation theory and considers that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority region, is in many ways an "integral part" of secular India.
Statistics from the BBC report "In Depth" 525,000 refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in 1947–48. 226,000 refugees from Pakistani-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 and 1948. A minimum of 506,000 people in the Indian-administered Kashmir Valley are internally displaced due to militancy in Kashmir, about half of whom are Hindu pandits Muslims form the majority in the Poonch, Rajouri, Kishtwar, and Doda districts of the Jammu region. Shia Muslims make up the majority in the Kargil district in the Ladakh region. India does not accept the two-nation theory and considers that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority region, is in many ways an "integral part" of secular India.
Administered by
Statistics from the BBC report "In Depth" 525,000 refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in 1947–48. 226,000 refugees from Pakistani-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 and 1948. A minimum of 506,000 people in the Indian-administered Kashmir Valley are internally displaced due to militancy in Kashmir, about half of whom are Hindu pandits Muslims form the majority in the Poonch, Rajouri, Kishtwar, and Doda districts of the Jammu region. Shia Muslims make up the majority in the Kargil district in the Ladakh region. India does not accept the two-nation theory and considers that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority region, is in many ways an "integral part" of secular India.
Administered by
Area
Population
% Muslim
% Hindu
% Buddhist
% Other
India
Kashmir Valley
~4 million
95%
4%
–
–
Jammu
~3 million
30%
66%
–
4%
Ladakh
million
46%
–
50%
3%
Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
~1 million
99%
–
–
–
Azad Kashmir
million
100%
–
–
–
China
Aksai Chin
–
–
–
–
–
Shaksgam Valley
–
–
–
–
–
Statistics from the BBC report "In Depth" 525,000 refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in 1947–48. 226,000 refugees from Pakistani-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 and 1948. A minimum of 506,000 people in the Indian-administered Kashmir Valley are internally displaced due to militancy in Kashmir, about half of whom are Hindu pandits Muslims form the majority in the Poonch, Rajouri, Kishtwar, and Doda districts of the Jammu region. Shia Muslims make up the majority in the Kargil district in the Ladakh region. India does not accept the two-nation theory and considers that Kashmir, despite being a Muslim-majority region, is in many ways an "integral part" of secular India.

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