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Jupiter

Updated: Wikipedia source

Jupiter

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass nearly 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined and slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Its diameter is 11 times that of Earth and a tenth that of the Sun. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.20 AU (778.5 Gm), with an orbital period of 11.86 years. It is the third-brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky, after the Moon and Venus, and has been observed since prehistoric times. Its name derives from that of Jupiter, the chief deity of ancient Roman religion. Jupiter was the first of the Sun's planets to form, and its inward migration during the primordial phase of the Solar System affected much of the formation history of the other planets. Jupiter's atmosphere consists of 76% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass, with a denser interior. It contains traces of the elements carbon, oxygen, sulfur, neon, and compounds such as ammonia, water vapour, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons. Jupiter's helium abundance is 80% of the Sun's, similar to Saturn's composition. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries; the most obvious result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that has been recorded since 1831. Because of its rapid rotation rate, one turn in ten hours, Jupiter is an oblate spheroid; it has a slight but noticeable 6.5% bulge around the equator compared to its poles. Its internal structure is believed to consist of an outer mantle of fluid metallic hydrogen and a diffuse inner core of denser material. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet receives from the Sun. Jupiter's magnetic field is the strongest and second-largest contiguous structure in the Solar System, generated by eddy currents within the fluid, metallic hydrogen core. The solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere, extending it outward and affecting Jupiter's orbit. At least 97 moons orbit the planet; the four largest moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—orbit within the magnetosphere and are visible with common binoculars. Ganymede, the largest of the four, is larger than the planet Mercury. Jupiter is surrounded by a faint system of planetary rings. The rings of Jupiter consist mainly of dust and have three main segments: an inner torus of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring. The rings have a reddish colour in visible and near-infrared light. The age of the ring system is unknown, possibly dating back to Jupiter's formation. Since 1973, Jupiter has been visited by nine robotic probes: seven flybys and two dedicated orbiters (with two more en route). Jupiter-like exoplanets have also been found in other planetary systems.

Infobox

Pronunciation
/ˈdʒuːpɪtər/ ⓘ
Named after
Jupiter
Adjectives
Jovian (/ˈdʒoʊviən/)
Aphelion
5.4570 AU (816.363 million km)
Perihelion
4.9506 AU (740.595 million km)
Semi-major axis
5.2038 AU (778.479 million km)
Eccentricity
0.0489
Orbital period (sidereal)
mw- 11.862 yr 4,332.59 d 10,476.8 Jovian solar days
Orbital period (synodic)
398.88 d
Average orbital speed
13.06 km/s
Mean anomaly
20.020°
Inclination
1.303° to ecliptic 6.09° to Sun's equator 0.32° to invariable plane
Longitude of ascending node
100.464°
Time of perihelion
January 21, 2023
Argument of perihelion
273.867°
Known satellites
97 (as of 2025[update])
Mean radius
69911 km[c]10.973 × of Earth's
Equatorial radius
71492 km[c] 11.209 × of Earth's 0.10276 × of Sun's
Polar radius
66854 km[c]10.517 × of Earth's
Flattening
0.06487
Surface area
6.1469×1010 km2120.4 × of Earth's
Volume
1.4313×1015 km3[c]1,321 × of Earth's
Mass
1.8982×1027 kg 317.8 × of Earth's 0.00095 × of Sun's
Mean density
1.326 g/cm3[d]
Surface gravity
24.79 m/s22.528 g0[c]
Moment of inertia factor
0.2756±0.0006
Escape velocity
59.5 km/s[c]
Synodic rotation period
9.9258 h (9 h 55 m 33 s)
Sidereal rotation period
9.9250 hours (9 h 55 m 30 s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
12.6 km/s
Axial tilt
3.13° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
268.057°; 17h 52m 14s
North pole declination
64.495°
Albedo
0.503 (Bond)0.538 (geometric)
Temperature
88 K (−185 °C) (blackbody temperature)
Surface temp.
Surface temp. min mean max 1 bar 165 K 0.1 bar 78 K 128 K
0.1 bar
78 K
Apparent magnitude
−2.94 to −1.66
Absolute magnitude (H)
−9.4
Angular diameter
29.8" to 50.1"
Surface pressure
200–600 kPa (30–90 psi)(opaque cloud deck)
Scale height
27 km (17 mi)
Composition by volume
89%±2.0% hydrogen10%±2.0% helium0.3%±0.1% methane0.026%±0.004% ammonia0.0028%±0.001% hydrogen deuteride0.0006%±0.0002% ethane0.0004%±0.0004% water

Tables

· Observation › History › Exploration › Flyby missions
Pioneer 10
Pioneer 10
Spacecraft
Pioneer 10
Closestapproach
December 3, 1973
Distance (km)
130,000
Pioneer 11
Pioneer 11
Spacecraft
Pioneer 11
Closestapproach
December 4, 1974
Distance (km)
34,000
Voyager 1
Voyager 1
Spacecraft
Voyager 1
Closestapproach
March 5, 1979
Distance (km)
349,000
Voyager 2
Voyager 2
Spacecraft
Voyager 2
Closestapproach
July 9, 1979
Distance (km)
570,000
Ulysses
Ulysses
Spacecraft
Ulysses
Closestapproach
February 8, 1992
Distance (km)
408,894
February 4, 2004
February 4, 2004
Spacecraft
February 4, 2004
Closestapproach
120,000,000
Cassini
Cassini
Spacecraft
Cassini
Closestapproach
December 30, 2000
Distance (km)
10,000,000
New Horizons
New Horizons
Spacecraft
New Horizons
Closestapproach
February 28, 2007
Distance (km)
2,304,535
Spacecraft
Closestapproach
Distance (km)
Pioneer 10
December 3, 1973
130,000
Pioneer 11
December 4, 1974
34,000
Voyager 1
March 5, 1979
349,000
Voyager 2
July 9, 1979
570,000
Ulysses
February 8, 1992
408,894
February 4, 2004
120,000,000
Cassini
December 30, 2000
10,000,000
New Horizons
February 28, 2007
2,304,535
The Galilean moons compared to the Earth's Moon
km
km
Name
km
IPA
D☾
Diameter
kg
Diameter
M☾
Mass
km
Mass
a☾
Orbital radius
days
Orbital radius
T☾
Io
Io
Name
Io
IPA
/ˈaɪ.oʊ/
Diameter
3,643
Diameter
1.05
Mass
8.9×1022
Mass
1.20
Orbital radius
421,700
Orbital radius
1.10
Orbital period
1.77
Orbital period
0.07
Europa
Europa
Name
Europa
IPA
/jʊˈroʊpə/
Diameter
3,122
Diameter
0.90
Mass
4.8×1022
Mass
0.65
Orbital radius
671,034
Orbital radius
1.75
Orbital period
3.55
Orbital period
0.13
Ganymede
Ganymede
Name
Ganymede
IPA
/ˈɡænɪmiːd/
Diameter
5,262
Diameter
1.50
Mass
14.8×1022
Mass
2.00
Orbital radius
1,070,412
Orbital radius
2.80
Orbital period
7.15
Orbital period
0.26
Callisto
Callisto
Name
Callisto
IPA
/kəˈlɪstoʊ/
Diameter
4,821
Diameter
1.40
Mass
10.8×1022
Mass
1.50
Orbital radius
1,882,709
Orbital radius
4.90
Orbital period
16.69
Orbital period
0.61
Name
IPA
Diameter
Mass
Orbital radius
Orbital period
km
D☾
kg
M☾
km
a☾
days
T☾
Io
/ˈaɪ.oʊ/
3,643
1.05
8.9×1022
1.20
421,700
1.10
1.77
0.07
Europa
/jʊˈroʊpə/
3,122
0.90
4.8×1022
0.65
671,034
1.75
3.55
0.13
Ganymede
/ˈɡænɪmiːd/
5,262
1.50
14.8×1022
2.00
1,070,412
2.80
7.15
0.26
Callisto
/kəˈlɪstoʊ/
4,821
1.40
10.8×1022
1.50
1,882,709
4.90
16.69
0.61
· Moons › Classification
Inner group
Inner group
Regular moons
Inner group
Regular moons
The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.
Galilean moons
Galilean moons
Regular moons
Galilean moons
Regular moons
These four moons, discovered by Galileo Galilei and by Simon Marius in parallel, orbit between 400,000 and 2 million km, and are some of the largest moons in the Solar System.
Irregular moons
Irregular moons
Regular moons
Irregular moons
Himalia group
Himalia group
Regular moons
Himalia group
Regular moons
A tightly clustered group of prograde-orbiting moons with orbits around 11–12 million km from Jupiter
Carpo group
Carpo group
Regular moons
Carpo group
Regular moons
A sparsely populated group of small moons with highly inclined prograde orbits around 16–17 million km from Jupiter
Ananke group
Ananke group
Regular moons
Ananke group
Regular moons
This group of retrograde-orbiting moons has rather indistinct borders, averaging 21.3 million km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees.
Carme group
Carme group
Regular moons
Carme group
Regular moons
A tightly clustered group of retrograde-orbiting moons that averages 23.4 million km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees
Pasiphae group
Pasiphae group
Regular moons
Pasiphae group
Regular moons
A dispersed and vaguely distinct retrograde group that covers all the outermost moons
Regular moons
Inner group
The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.
Galilean moons
These four moons, discovered by Galileo Galilei and by Simon Marius in parallel, orbit between 400,000 and 2 million km, and are some of the largest moons in the Solar System.
Irregular moons
Himalia group
A tightly clustered group of prograde-orbiting moons with orbits around 11–12 million km from Jupiter
Carpo group
A sparsely populated group of small moons with highly inclined prograde orbits around 16–17 million km from Jupiter
Ananke group
This group of retrograde-orbiting moons has rather indistinct borders, averaging 21.3 million km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees.
Carme group
A tightly clustered group of retrograde-orbiting moons that averages 23.4 million km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees
Pasiphae group
A dispersed and vaguely distinct retrograde group that covers all the outermost moons

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