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Joseph McCarthy

Updated: Wikipedia source

Joseph McCarthy

Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. senator from Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in the United States in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread communist subversion. He alleged that numerous communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers had infiltrated the United States federal government, universities, film industry, and elsewhere. Ultimately he was censured by the Senate in 1954 for refusing to cooperate with and abusing members of the committee established to investigate whether or not he should be censured. The term "McCarthyism", coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist activities. Today the term is used more broadly to mean demagogic, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as public attacks on the character or patriotism of political opponents. Born in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, McCarthy commissioned into the Marine Corps in 1942, where he served as an intelligence briefing officer for a dive bomber squadron. Following the end of World War II, he attained the rank of major. He volunteered to fly twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer. These missions were generally safe, and after one where he was allowed to shoot as much ammunition as he wanted, mainly at coconut trees, he acquired the nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe". Some of his claims of heroism were later shown to be exaggerated or falsified, leading many of his critics to use "Tail-Gunner Joe" as a term of mockery. A Democrat until 1944, McCarthy successfully ran for the U.S. Senate in 1946 as a Republican, narrowly defeating incumbent Robert M. La Follette Jr. in the Wisconsin Republican primary, then Democratic challenger Howard McMurray by a 61% – 37% margin. After three largely undistinguished years in the Senate, McCarthy rose suddenly to national fame in February 1950 when he asserted in a speech that he had a list of "members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring" who were employed in the State Department. In succeeding years after his 1950 speech, McCarthy made additional accusations of Communist infiltration into the State Department, the administration of President Harry S. Truman, the Voice of America, and the U.S. Army. He also used various charges of communism, communist sympathies, disloyalty, or sex crimes to attack a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside of government. This included a concurrent "Lavender Scare" against suspected homosexuals, whose illicit sexual activity was presumed to make them vulnerable to blackmail by communists and others. With the highly publicized Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954, and following the suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester C. Hunt that same year, McCarthy's support and popularity faded. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to censure McCarthy by a vote of 67–22, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined in this fashion. He continued to rail against communism and socialism until his death at the age of 48 at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland, on May 2, 1957, though doctors had not previously reported him to be seriously ill. His death certificate listed the cause of death as "Hepatitis, acute, cause unknown", which some biographers say was caused or exacerbated by alcoholism.

Infobox

Preceded by
Edgar Werner
Succeeded by
Michael Eberlein
Born
Joseph Raymond McCarthy(1908-11-14)November 14, 1908Grand Chute, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died
May 2, 1957(1957-05-02) (aged 48)Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Resting place
Saint Mary's Cemetery
Political party
Republican (from 1944)
Other politicalaffiliations
Democratic (1936–1944)
Spouse
mw- Jean Kerr (m. 1953)
Children
1
Education
Marquette University (LLB)
Allegiance
United States
Branch/service
United States Marine Corps
Years of service
1942–1945 (Marine Corps)1946–1957 (Reserve)
Rank
Lieutenant colonel
Battles/wars
World War II
Awards
Distinguished Flying CrossAir Medal (5)
Party
Republican (from 1944)

Tables

1946 Wisconsin U.S. Senate election · Career › Senate campaign
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
999,202
Candidate
98.5
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Joseph McCarthy
620,430
61.2
Democratic
Howard McMurray
378,772
37.3
Total votes
999,202
98.5
Republican hold
1952 Wisconsin U.S. Senate election · United States Senate › Fame and notoriety
Total votes
Total votes
Party
Total votes
Party
1,601,846
Candidate
99.8
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Joseph McCarthy
870,444
54.2
Democratic
Thomas E. Fairchild
731,402
45.6
Total votes
1,601,846
99.8
Republican hold
McCarthy's Support in Gallup Polls[149] · United States Senate › Public opinion
1952 August
1952 August
Date
1952 August
Favorable
15
No Opinion
63
Unfavorable
22
Net Favorable
−7
1953 April
1953 April
Date
1953 April
Favorable
19
No Opinion
59
Unfavorable
22
Net Favorable
−3
1953 June
1953 June
Date
1953 June
Favorable
35
No Opinion
35
Unfavorable
30
Net Favorable
+5
1953 August
1953 August
Date
1953 August
Favorable
34
No Opinion
24
Unfavorable
42
Net Favorable
−8
1954 January
1954 January
Date
1954 January
Favorable
50
No Opinion
21
Unfavorable
29
Net Favorable
+21
1954 March
1954 March
Date
1954 March
Favorable
46
No Opinion
18
Unfavorable
36
Net Favorable
+10
1954 April
1954 April
Date
1954 April
Favorable
38
No Opinion
16
Unfavorable
46
Net Favorable
−8
1954 May
1954 May
Date
1954 May
Favorable
35
No Opinion
16
Unfavorable
49
Net Favorable
−14
1954 June
1954 June
Date
1954 June
Favorable
34
No Opinion
21
Unfavorable
45
Net Favorable
−11
1954 August
1954 August
Date
1954 August
Favorable
36
No Opinion
13
Unfavorable
51
Net Favorable
−15
1954 November
1954 November
Date
1954 November
Favorable
35
No Opinion
19
Unfavorable
46
Net Favorable
−11
Date
Favorable
No Opinion
Unfavorable
Net Favorable
1952 August
15
63
22
−7
1953 April
19
59
22
−3
1953 June
35
35
30
+5
1953 August
34
24
42
−8
1954 January
50
21
29
+21
1954 March
46
18
36
+10
1954 April
38
16
46
−8
1954 May
35
16
49
−14
1954 June
34
21
45
−11
1954 August
36
13
51
−15
1954 November
35
19
46
−11
· External links
Preceded byFred Clausen
Preceded byFred Clausen
Party political offices
Preceded byFred Clausen
Party political offices
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Wisconsin(Class 1) 1946, 1952
Party political offices
Succeeded byWalter J. Kohler Jr.
U.S. Senate
U.S. Senate
Party political offices
U.S. Senate
Preceded byRobert M. La Follette Jr.
Preceded byRobert M. La Follette Jr.
Party political offices
Preceded byRobert M. La Follette Jr.
Party political offices
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Wisconsin 1947–1957 Served alongside: Alexander Wiley
Party political offices
Succeeded byWilliam Proxmire
Preceded byJohn L. McClellan
Preceded byJohn L. McClellan
Party political offices
Preceded byJohn L. McClellan
Party political offices
Chair of the Senate Government Operations Committee 1953–1955
Party political offices
Succeeded byJohn L. McClellan
Honorary titles
Honorary titles
Party political offices
Honorary titles
Preceded byWilliam Knowland
Preceded byWilliam Knowland
Party political offices
Preceded byWilliam Knowland
Party political offices
Baby of the Senate 1947–1948
Party political offices
Succeeded byRussell B. Long
Party political offices
Preceded byFred Clausen
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Wisconsin(Class 1) 1946, 1952
Succeeded byWalter J. Kohler Jr.
Senate
Preceded byRobert M. La Follette Jr.
Senator (Class 1) from Wisconsin 1947–1957 Served alongside: Alexander Wiley
Succeeded byWilliam Proxmire
Preceded byJohn L. McClellan
Chair of the Senate Government Operations Committee 1953–1955
Succeeded byJohn L. McClellan
Honorary titles
Preceded byWilliam Knowland
Baby of the Senate 1947–1948
Succeeded byRussell B. Long

References

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  2. Cinematic Cold War: The American Struggle for Hearts and Minds
  3. JSTOR Daily
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  4. www.ahdictionary.com
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  5. Onion, Rebecca, We're Never Going to Get Our “Have You No Sense of Decency, Sir?” Moment Archived August 1, 2018, at the
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  6. Garraty, John (1989). 1,001 Things Everyone Should Know About American History. New York: Doubleday. p. 24
  7. O'Brien, Steven (1991). Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, p. 265
  8. "Connecticut Cartoonists #5: The Philosopher of Okefenokee Swamp"
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  9. "Communists in Government Service, McCarthy Says"
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  10. Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt
  11. Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt
  12. McDaniel, Rodger. Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins
  13. New York Daily News
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  14. "McCarthy's death certificate"
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  16. Senator Joe McCarthy
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  18. "McCarthy as Student"
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  19. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  20. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  21. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  22. Judge on Trial, McCarthy – A Documented Record, The Progressive, April 1954
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  23. Wisconsin Blue Books
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  24. Historic World Leaders: North & South America (M–Z)
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  25. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator
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  26. Reds: McCarthyism In Twentieth-Century America
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  27. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  28. Reds: McCarthyism In Twentieth-Century America
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  29. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  30. Historical Dictionary of the 1940s
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  31. The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy
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  32. Underdogs: The Making of the Modern Marine Corps
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  33. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator
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  36. The Rise and Fall of Senator Joe McCarthy
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  38. Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America
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  39. Special Senate Investigation on Charges Involving: Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn and Francis P. Carr
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  40. The Rise and Fall of Senator Joe McCarthy, p. 34.
  41. Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America
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  42. Tapestry: The History and Consequences of America's Complex Culture
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  44. Tapestry: The History and Consequences of America's Complex Culture
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  45. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator
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  46. "Judge Joe: How The Youngest Judge In Wisconsin's History Became The Country's Most Notorious Senator"
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  47. Underdogs: The Making of the Modern Marine Corps.
  48. Rovere 1959, pp. 97, 102.
  49. McCarthy, The Man, the Senator, the Ism (Boston, Beacon Press, 1952) pp. 101–105.
  50. Beichman, Arnold
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  52. Life
  53. Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover that Transformed America
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  55. C.A. Tripp also mentions this incident in his book The Homosexual Matrix. Tripp describes McCarthy as "predominantly hom
  56. The allegation is specifically rejected in Rovere's Senator Joe McCarthy, p. 68.
  57. Political Animals: Memoirs of a Sentimental Cynic
  58. J Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets
  59. The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government
  60. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  61. History.com
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  62. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator
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  63. Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned
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  65. The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography
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  67. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator
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  68. Smithsonian
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  69. Richard Halworth Rovere: Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press, Berkeley 1996, ISBN 0-520-20472-7, S. 112
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  71. The Cold War
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  72. "Congressional Record, 81st Congress, 2nd Session"
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  73. The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy
  74. History
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  75. Politico
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  76. McCarthyism in Utah
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  77. Also reported as up to 8 hours in length.
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  80. The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate
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  81. David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005)
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  83. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
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  85. Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
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  87. William N. Eskridge, "Privacy Jurisprudence and the Apartheid of the Closet, 1946–1961," Florida State University Law Re
  88. David M. Barrett, CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005)
  89. Hillenkoetter Testimony, 7-14-50, CIS Unpublished U.S. Senate Committee Hearings on Microfiche (Washington D.C.: Congres
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  91. www.loc.gov
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  93. The Official United States Congressional Daily Digest Records
  94. The United States Constitution
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  99. Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951
  100. The Confidante: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Helped Win WWII and Shape Modern America
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  102. God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950–1957
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  103. The Best Year of Their Lives: Kennedy, Johnson, And Nixon in 1948
  104. Cold War Espionage and Spying
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  109. The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism
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  110. Dwight D. Eisenhower: The American Presidents Series
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  113. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  114. McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History
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  115. McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History
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  116. Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism
  117. Eisenhower and the American Crusades
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  118. Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
  119. Time
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  120. See "Transcripts, Executive Sessions ..." under Primary sources, below.
  121. Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
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  122. Voice of America: A History
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  124. "Ike, Milton, and the McCarthy Battle"
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  125. "'Reds and Our Churches' Matthews"
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  126. "'Reds in Our Churches' Matthews"
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  127. The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate
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  128. Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism
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  129. Washington Post
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  130. Schwarz, Frederick D. "1954 50 Years Ago: The Demagogue's Downfall Archived December 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". A
    http://www.americanheritage.com/content/1954-50-years-ago-0
  131. "U.S. Senate: The Censure Case of Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin (1954)"
    https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/censure_cases/133Joseph_McCarthy.htm
  132. Karl E. Mundt [Senator] et al., Report no. 2507, pursuant to Senate Resolution 189 (Washington DC: U.S. Government Print
  133. Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America
  134. Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History
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  135. Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism
  136. Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
  137. The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate
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  138. The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy
  139. Time
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  140. "June 9, 1954: "Have You No Sense of Decency?""
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  141. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  142. A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
  143. "Transcript – See it Now: A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy"
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  144. Invasion of the Mind Snatchers: Television's Conquest of America in the Fifties
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  145. "Transcript – See it Now: A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy"
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  146. The New York Times
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  147. "Transcript – Senator Joseph R. McCarthy: Reply to Edward R. Murrow, See It Now"
    http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/murrowmccarthy2.html
  148. David P. Thelen and Esther S. Thelen. "Joe Must Go: The Movement to Recall Senator Joseph R. McCarthy Archived March 1,
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  149. Political Studies
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  150. Politics of Conscience: A Biography of Margaret Chase Smith
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  151. Senator from Vermont
  152. "Text of Flanders's speech"
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  153. Fulbright: A Biography
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  183. The Crucible: Notes and Questions by Maureen Blakesley
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  185. "Theodore Sturgeon, Storyteller"
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  186. "Mr Costello Hero | X Minus One"
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  196. Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies
  197. "Exchange with Arthur Herman and Venona book talk"
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  198. "Senator Joseph McCarthy's Lists and Venona"
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  199. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
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