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Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

Updated: Wikipedia source

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA; Persian: برنامه جامع اقدام مشترک, romanized: barnāmeye jāme'e eqdāme moshtarak (برجام, BARJAM)), also known as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, was an agreement to limit the Iranian nuclear program in return for sanctions relief and other provisions. The agreement was finalized in Vienna on 14 July 2015, between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)—China, France, Russia, the U.K., U.S.—plus Germany) together with the European Union. Formal negotiations began with the adoption of the Joint Plan of Action, an interim agreement signed between Iran and the P5+1 countries in November 2013. Iran and the P5+1 countries engaged in negotiations for the following 20 months and, in April 2015, agreed on an Iran nuclear deal framework, which later led to JCPOA, along with a Roadmap Agreement between Iran and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Under the JCPOA, Iran agreed to constrain its nuclear program by limiting fuel cycle activities that could lead to the production of weapons-grade uranium or plutonium. The JCPOA restricted the number and type of centrifuges in operation, the level of uranium enrichment, and the size of Iran's enriched uranium stockpile. Key facilities at Fordow, Natanz and Arak were repurposed for civilian uses such as medical and industrial research. Iran agreed to accept more intrusive IAEA monitoring measures of its fuel-cycle related activities. In exchange for complying with these restrictions, Iran received relief from nuclear-related sanctions imposed by the United Nations, the EU, and the United States, but many U.S. sanctions unrelated to the nuclear issue—targeting Iran's missile program, support for militant groups, and human rights record—remained in place, limiting the economic effect of sanctions relief. The agreement also set a timetable to lift the UN arms embargo, contingent on Iran's continued compliance with civilian nuclear commitments. The agreement took effect on 20 January 2016. It was criticized and opposed by Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iranian principlists, and some in the United States. The United States withdrew from the pact in 2018, imposing sanctions under its maximum pressure campaign. The sanctions applied to all countries and companies doing business with Iran and cut it off from the international financial system, rendering the nuclear deal's economic provisions null. On 18 October 2025, in the aftermath of the June 2025 Iran–Israel war, Iran officially announced the termination of the agreement after 10 years.

Infobox

Created
14 July 2015
Ratified
N/A (ratification not required)
Date effective
mw- 18 October 2015 (adoption) 16 January 2016 (implementation)
Superseded
18 October 2025
Location
Vienna, Austria
Signatories
Current China France Germany Russia United Kingdom European UnionWithdrawn United States (2018) Iran (2025)
Purpose
Nuclear non-proliferation
Superseded by
Iran

Tables

Enrichment-related provisions[51][52]: 29 · Provisions › Nuclear
First-generationcentrifuges installed
First-generationcentrifuges installed
Capability
First-generationcentrifuges installed
Before JCPOA
19,138
After JCPOA(for 10-year period)
capped at 6,104
After 15 years
Unconstrained
Advanced centrifuges installed
Advanced centrifuges installed
Capability
Advanced centrifuges installed
Before JCPOA
1,008
After JCPOA(for 10-year period)
0
Centrifuge R&D
Centrifuge R&D
Capability
Centrifuge R&D
Before JCPOA
Unconstrained
After JCPOA(for 10-year period)
Constrained
Stockpile oflow-enriched uranium
Stockpile oflow-enriched uranium
Capability
Stockpile oflow-enriched uranium
Before JCPOA
7,154 kg
After JCPOA(for 10-year period)
300 kg
Stockpile ofmedium-enriched uranium
Stockpile ofmedium-enriched uranium
Capability
Stockpile ofmedium-enriched uranium
Before JCPOA
196 kg
After JCPOA(for 10-year period)
0 kg
The physical limits phase out over 10 to 15 years According to the JCPOA, "The sequence and milestones set forth above and in Annex V are without prejudice to the duration of JCPOA commitments stated in this JCPOA."
The physical limits phase out over 10 to 15 years According to the JCPOA, "The sequence and milestones set forth above and in Annex V are without prejudice to the duration of JCPOA commitments stated in this JCPOA."
Capability
The physical limits phase out over 10 to 15 years According to the JCPOA, "The sequence and milestones set forth above and in Annex V are without prejudice to the duration of JCPOA commitments stated in this JCPOA."
Capability
Before JCPOA
After JCPOA(for 10-year period)
After 15 years
First-generationcentrifuges installed
19,138
capped at 6,104
Unconstrained
Advanced centrifuges installed
1,008
0
Centrifuge R&D
Unconstrained
Constrained
Stockpile oflow-enriched uranium
7,154 kg
300 kg
Stockpile ofmedium-enriched uranium
196 kg
0 kg
The physical limits phase out over 10 to 15 years According to the JCPOA, "The sequence and milestones set forth above and in Annex V are without prejudice to the duration of JCPOA commitments stated in this JCPOA."

References

  1. According to the JCPOA, "The sequence and milestones set forth above and in Annex V are without prejudice to the duratio
  2. The P5+1 are also sometimes referred to as the "E3+3", for the "EU three" countries (France, the UK, and Germany) plus t
  3. The meaning of Article IV of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, and its application to Iran, is a matter of dispute.
  4. At the same time that the JCPOA was agreed to, Iran and the IAEA signed a separate document, the Roadmap for Clarificati
  5. Ali Vaez, the senior analyst on Iran at the International Crisis Group, notes that breakout time is not precisely measur
  6. The extent to which the JCPOA is legally binding on the United States—i.e., whether a future president could lawfully re
  7. The "vast majority of international agreements" negotiated by the United States, especially in recent decades, have been
  8. The Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015, Pub.L. 114–17, was an amendment to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
  9. "Much of the criticism of the deal" from opponents in the U.S. Congress and from the Israeli government "derives from th
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