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John the Baptist

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John the Baptist

John the Baptist (c. 6 BC – c. AD 30) was a Jewish preacher active in the area of the Jordan River in the early first century AD. He is also known as Saint John the Forerunner in Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy, Saint John the Immerser in the Baptist tradition, and as the prophet Yahya ibn Zakariya in Islam. He is sometimes referred to as John the Baptiser. John is mentioned by the Roman Jewish historian Josephus, and he is revered as a major religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháʼí Faith, the Druze faith, and Mandaeism; in the last of these he is considered to be the final and most vital prophet. He is considered to be a prophet of God by all of the aforementioned faiths, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian denominations. According to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself; in the Gospels, he is portrayed as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus himself identifies John as "Elijah who is to come", which is a direct reference to the Book of Malachi (Malachi 4:5), as confirmed by the angel Gabriel, who announced John's birth to his father Zechariah. According to the Gospel of Luke, John and Jesus were relatives.

Some scholars think that John belonged to the Essenes, a semi-ascetic Jewish sect who expected a messiah and practised ritual baptism. John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his pre-messianic movement. Most biblical scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus's early followers had previously been followers of John. According to the New Testament, John was sentenced to death and subsequently beheaded by Herod Antipas around AD 30 after John rebuked him for divorcing his wife and then unlawfully wedding Herodias, the wife of his brother Herod Philip I. Josephus also mentions John in the Antiquities of the Jews and states that he was executed by order of Herod Antipas in the fortress at Machaerus. Followers of John existed into the second century AD, and some proclaimed him to be the Messiah awaited by Jews. In modern times, the followers of John the Baptist are the Mandaeans, an ancient ethnoreligious group who believe that he is their greatest and final prophet. In the Roman martyrology, John is the only saint whose birth and death are both commemorated.

Infobox

Born
c. 6 BCHerodian Kingdom of Judea, Roman Empire
Died
c. AD 30Machaerus, Province of Judaea, Roman Empire
Cause of death
Decapitation
Venerated in
Christianity (all denominations which venerate saints), Islam, Baháʼí Faith, Druze faith, Mandaeism
Canonized
Pre-Congregation
Major shrine
mw- Church of Saint John the Baptist in Jerusalem Umayyad Mosque in Damascus Nabi Yahya Mosque in Sebastia Aachen Cathedral in Aachen, Germany
Feast
24 June (Nativity) 29 August (Beheading) 7 January (Synaxis—Byzantine) 30 Paoni (Nativity—Coptic) 2 Thout (Beheading—Coptic) 1 Hitia (Birthday—Mandaean)
Attributes
Camel-skin robe, cross, lamb, scroll with words Ecce Agnus Dei-, platter with own head, pouring water from hands or scallop shell
Patronage
See Commemoration

Tables

· Gospel narratives › Comparative analysis › John and Elijah
Prologue
Prologue
Col 1
Prologue
Luke–Acts
Luke 1:5–80 Birth of John the Baptist
John
John 1:6–18 Prologue about John the Baptist's identity and mission
Ministry
Ministry
Col 1
Ministry
Matthew
Matthew 3:1–17 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. John the Baptist baptised Jesus.
Mark
Mark 1:4–11 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. John the Baptist baptised Jesus.
Luke–Acts
Luke 3:1–22; Acts 1:5, 1:21–22, 10:37–38, 11:16, 13:24–25, 18:25, 19:3–4 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. John the Baptist baptised Jesus.
John
John 1:19–42, 3:22–36, 4:1 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. He denied being the Messiah. It is unstated whether or not John the Baptist baptised Jesus. He insisted Jesus was superior: the Son/Lamb of God. Two of John the Baptist's disciples – including Andrew – defected to Jesus at John's own insistence. John the Baptist baptised at Enon/Salim before being arrested. His disciples told him Jesus was successful; John endorsed Jesus as his superior and the Son of God. Jesus heard the rumour he was more successful than John.
Josephus
Jewish Antiquities 18. 5. 2. John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them.
Prison
Prison
Col 1
Prison
Matthew
Matthew 11:2–7, 14:6–12 John the Baptist criticised king Herod Antipas for marrying his brother's ex-wife Herodias. John the Baptist was therefore arrested by Herod Antipas. John the Baptist, in prison, heard about Jesus' deeds, sent some disciples to ask if Jesus was the awaited one. Jesus listed his miracles and said: 'Blessed is he who does not reject me'. The disciples returned to John the Baptist. Herod wanted to kill John, but was afraid of the people. John the Baptist was executed by beheading by Herod Antipas on the request of Herodias' daughter. His disciples buried his remains and told Jesus.
Mark
Mark 1:14, 6:17–29 John the Baptist criticised king Herod Antipas for marrying his brother's ex-wife Herodias. John the Baptist was therefore arrested by Herod Antipas. Herodias wanted John killed, but Herod Antipas protected John because he knew John was a just and holy man. John the Baptist was executed by beheading by Herod Antipas on the request of Herodias' daughter. His disciples buried his remains.
Luke–Acts
Luke 3:19–20, 7:18–25, 9:9 John the Baptist criticised king Herod Antipas for marrying his brother's ex-wife Herodias and other evils. John the Baptist was therefore arrested by Herod Antipas. John the Baptist [in prison?] heard about Jesus' deeds (in Capernaum and Nain), sent 2 disciples to ask if Jesus was the awaited one. Jesus listed his miracles and said: 'Blessed is he who does not reject me.' The disciples returned to John the Baptist. [no execution motive mentioned] John the Baptist was executed by beheading by Herod Antipas.
John
John 3:24 [no arrest motive mentioned] John the Baptist was arrested. [no execution motive mentioned] [no execution mentioned]
Josephus
Jewish Antiquities 18. 5. 2. John the Baptist gained a large following. Herod Antipas feared the widely popular John the Baptist would incite his followers to launch a rebellion against his rule. Therefore, he had John the Baptist arrested and imprisoned at Macherus. Herod Antipas later had John the Baptist executed 'to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties'.
Epilogue
Epilogue
Col 1
Epilogue
Matthew
Matthew 14:1–6 Word of Jesus' miracles spread. Herod Antipas concluded Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead.
Mark
Mark 6:14–16 Word of Jesus' miracles spread; some people believed Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead, others believed he was Elijah, still others he was like a prophet of the past. Herod Antipas agreed with those saying Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead.
Luke–Acts
Luke 9:7–9 Word of Jesus' miracles spread; some people believed Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead, others believed he was Elijah, still others that an old prophet had risen. Herod Antipas did not believe Jesus was John the Baptist, but had to be someone else.
John
John 5:30–38 Jesus said his claims were reliable, because he knew John the Baptist's testimony about Jesus was reliable, even though Jesus did not need human testimony. John 10:40–42 The narrator downplays John the Baptist's deeds in comparison to Jesus, and claims John's testimony of Jesus had convinced many people to believe in Jesus.
Josephus
Jewish Antiquities 18. 5. 2. Some Jews believed God later destroyed Herod Antipas' army as a punishment, because he had unjustly executed John the Baptist.
Matthew
Mark
Luke–Acts
John
Josephus
Prologue
Luke 1:5–80 Birth of John the Baptist
John 1:6–18 Prologue about John the Baptist's identity and mission
Ministry
Matthew 3:1–17 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. John the Baptist baptised Jesus.
Mark 1:4–11 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. John the Baptist baptised Jesus.
Luke 3:1–22; Acts 1:5, 1:21–22, 10:37–38, 11:16, 13:24–25, 18:25, 19:3–4 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. John the Baptist baptised Jesus.
John 1:19–42, 3:22–36, 4:1 John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. He denied being the Messiah. It is unstated whether or not John the Baptist baptised Jesus. He insisted Jesus was superior: the Son/Lamb of God. Two of John the Baptist's disciples – including Andrew – defected to Jesus at John's own insistence. John the Baptist baptised at Enon/Salim before being arrested. His disciples told him Jesus was successful; John endorsed Jesus as his superior and the Son of God. Jesus heard the rumour he was more successful than John.
Jewish Antiquities 18. 5. 2. John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them.
Prison
Matthew 11:2–7, 14:6–12 John the Baptist criticised king Herod Antipas for marrying his brother's ex-wife Herodias. John the Baptist was therefore arrested by Herod Antipas. John the Baptist, in prison, heard about Jesus' deeds, sent some disciples to ask if Jesus was the awaited one. Jesus listed his miracles and said: 'Blessed is he who does not reject me'. The disciples returned to John the Baptist. Herod wanted to kill John, but was afraid of the people. John the Baptist was executed by beheading by Herod Antipas on the request of Herodias' daughter. His disciples buried his remains and told Jesus.
Mark 1:14, 6:17–29 John the Baptist criticised king Herod Antipas for marrying his brother's ex-wife Herodias. John the Baptist was therefore arrested by Herod Antipas. Herodias wanted John killed, but Herod Antipas protected John because he knew John was a just and holy man. John the Baptist was executed by beheading by Herod Antipas on the request of Herodias' daughter. His disciples buried his remains.
Luke 3:19–20, 7:18–25, 9:9 John the Baptist criticised king Herod Antipas for marrying his brother's ex-wife Herodias and other evils. John the Baptist was therefore arrested by Herod Antipas. John the Baptist [in prison?] heard about Jesus' deeds (in Capernaum and Nain), sent 2 disciples to ask if Jesus was the awaited one. Jesus listed his miracles and said: 'Blessed is he who does not reject me.' The disciples returned to John the Baptist. [no execution motive mentioned] John the Baptist was executed by beheading by Herod Antipas.
John 3:24 [no arrest motive mentioned] John the Baptist was arrested. [no execution motive mentioned] [no execution mentioned]
Jewish Antiquities 18. 5. 2. John the Baptist gained a large following. Herod Antipas feared the widely popular John the Baptist would incite his followers to launch a rebellion against his rule. Therefore, he had John the Baptist arrested and imprisoned at Macherus. Herod Antipas later had John the Baptist executed 'to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties'.
Epilogue
Matthew 14:1–6 Word of Jesus' miracles spread. Herod Antipas concluded Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead.
Mark 6:14–16 Word of Jesus' miracles spread; some people believed Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead, others believed he was Elijah, still others he was like a prophet of the past. Herod Antipas agreed with those saying Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead.
Luke 9:7–9 Word of Jesus' miracles spread; some people believed Jesus was actually John the Baptist risen from the dead, others believed he was Elijah, still others that an old prophet had risen. Herod Antipas did not believe Jesus was John the Baptist, but had to be someone else.
John 5:30–38 Jesus said his claims were reliable, because he knew John the Baptist's testimony about Jesus was reliable, even though Jesus did not need human testimony. John 10:40–42 The narrator downplays John the Baptist's deeds in comparison to Jesus, and claims John's testimony of Jesus had convinced many people to believe in Jesus.
Jewish Antiquities 18. 5. 2. Some Jews believed God later destroyed Herod Antipas' army as a punishment, because he had unjustly executed John the Baptist.

References

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  112. Old Town Sozopol – Bulgaria's 'Rescued' Miracle and Its Modern Day Saviors. Archived 7 September 2022 at the Wayback Mac
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  113. "The Monastery of St. Macarius the Great"
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  114. art.nelson-atkins.org
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  115. "Heraldry of the World; Civic heraldry of the United Kingdom; Halifax (Yorkshire)"
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  116. Omnia Exeunt in Mysterium
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  117. Luke 1:17
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  118. Luke 1:76
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  119. Luke 1:77
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  120. Malachi 3:1
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  121. Matthew 17:10
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  122. Matthew 3:3
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  123. Mark 1:2–3
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  124. Luke 1:16–17
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  125. Matthew 11.14, 17.13
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  126. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls
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  127. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
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  128. Acts 19:1–7
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  129. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Holweck, Frederick. "Visitation of the B
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  130. Treatise of Prayer Archived 23 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
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  131. The Dialogue of Saint Catherine of Siena Archived 8 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 January 2012
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  132. In late antiquity this feast in some churches marked the beginning of the Ecclesiastical Year; see Archbishop Peter (L'H
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  133. OCA
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  134. OCA
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  135. OCA
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  136. OCA
    https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/02/24/100603-first-and-second-finding-of-the-honorable-head-of-the-holy-glori
  137. OCA
    https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/05/25/101531-third-finding-of-the-honorable-head-of-the-holy-glorious-prophet
  138. OCA
    https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/06/24/101800-nativity-of-the-holy-glorious-prophet-forerunner-and-baptist-joh
  139. OCA
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  140. "Doctrine and Covenants 84:27–28"
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  141. "Section Five: 1842–1843"
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  142. Teaching of The Prophet Joseph Smith Section Five 1842–43, p. 261
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  143. [D&C 13]; D&C 27:7–8
  144. Joseph Smith History 1:68–72
  145. 1 Nephi 10:7–10
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  146. 1 Nephi 11:27
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  147. 2 Nephi 31:4–18
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  148. John 1:21
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  149. Matthew 11:14
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  150. Malachi 4:5
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  151. Matthew 11:11
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  152. "Exposition of the Divine Principle, 1996 Translation, Chapter 4"
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  153. www.unification.net
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  154. 5. The Fact That Jesus of Nazareth Was Not Accepted as Messiah Was Not Due to the People's Lack Of Faith In God. https:/
    https://www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Publications/Other-Pub/Uc-jewsh.htm
  155. J Verheyden, Epiphanius on the Ebionites, in The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian literatu
  156. Robert Eisenman (1997), James the Brother of Jesus, p. 240 – "John (unlike Jesus) was both a 'Rechabite' or 'Nazarite' a
  157. James Tabor, The Jesus Dynasty p. 134 and footnotes p. 335, p. 134 – "The Greek New Testament gospels says John's diet c
  158. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
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  159. James A. Kelhoffer, The Diet of John the Baptist Archived 6 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 978-3-16-148460-5, p
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uzTcB8yMnrcC&q=The+diet+of+John+the+Baptist:+%22Locusts+and+wild+honey%22+in+synoptic+and+patristic+interpretation
  160. Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book
    http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/gno/gjb/gjb-3.htm
  161. Tabor (2006) Jesus Dynasty p. 334 (note 9) – "The Gospel of the Ebionites as quoted by the 4th-century writer Epiphanius
  162. Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament
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  163. The Teachings of the Mandaean John the Baptist
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  164. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article Mandaeans
  165. The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa
  166. Drower. P3
  167. Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-83
  168. "Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion"
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  169. Christian Origins
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  170. "Comparative Studies in Mandaean History and Theology"
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  171. The secret Adam, a study of Nasoraean gnosis
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  172. Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement
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  173. Smith, Andrew Phillip. John the Baptist and the Last Gnostics: the Secret History of the Mandaeans. Watkins, 2016.(p155)
  174. The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought
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  175. The Mandaean Book of John: Text and Translation
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  176. "Prophet John"
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  177. Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 4
  178. "Yahya", Encyclopedia of Islam
  179. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, Mi'raj
  180. Muhammad, Martin Lings, Abyssinia. etc.
  181. Quran 19:13-15
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  182. A. Geiger, Judaism And Islam (English translation of Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?), 1970, Ktav Publi
  183. "And No One Had The Name Yahya (= John?) Before: A Linguistic & Exegetical Enquiry Into Qur'an 19:7"
    http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Contrad/External/yahya.html
  184. Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη (1894 Scrivener NT). Luke 1:59, 1:5, et al. https://biblia.com/books/tr1894mr/Lk1?embeddedPreview=False
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  185. Luke 1:59–1:63
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  186. Lives of the Prophets, Leila Azzam, John and Zechariah
  187. A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, B. M. Wheeler, John the Baptist
  188. Quran 19:12
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  189. Tabari, i, 712
  190. Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Note. 905: "The third group consists not of men o
  191. Encyclopedia of Islam, Yahya ibn Zakkariya, Online web.
  192. Whereas the Quran itself gives blessings of peace to John (Quran 19:15), Jesus, in contrast, gives himself the blessings
    https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=15
  193. Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]
  194. Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
  195. Cannabis and the Soma Solution
  196. Cannabis and the Soma Solution
  197. Epistle to the Son of the Wolf
  198. The Summons of the Lord of Hosts
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  199. Epistle to the Son of the Wolf
  200. www.theconversation.com
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  201. www.pbs.org
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  202. Crosby, Michael H. "Why Didn't John the Baptist Commit Himself to Jesus as a Disciple?"; Biblical Theology Bulletin, Vol
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  203. John the Baptist: A Biography
  204. www.christianpost.com
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  205. Luke 7:22
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  206. Deffinbaugh, Bob (22 June 2004). "John's Problem with Jesus (Luke 7:18-35)." Archived 2 August 2020 at the Wayback Machi
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  207. John the Baptist: A Biography
  208. YouTube – Discovery Channel documentary
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  209. John the Baptist: A Biography
  210. Mark 1:2
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  211. Hall, 172
  212. Art in Renaissance Italy
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  213. Hall, 173
  214. operaduomo.firenze.it
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  215. www.wga.hu
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  216. See Tornabuoni Chapel for further information on these scenes
  217. Hall, 173–174, 337
  218. The story of his execution appears in the Bible books Matthew 14:8 and Mark 6:25, without the name Salome.
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  219. "The Dance at the Court of Herod, c. 1500 (engraving by Israhel van Meckenem)"
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  220. On this see Chapter V, "The Power of Women", in H. Diane Russell;Eva/Ave; Women in Renaissance and Baroque Prints; Natio
  221. Hall, 173–174
  222. Hall, 174
  223. Hall, 172, 334–335
  224. Hall, 39–40, 173
  225. Khan Academy
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  226. Robin, Larsen and Levin, p. 368
  227. Norman Davies, Europe: A History (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 271–277). ISBN 978-0-19-52091
  228. "History"
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  229. hymnary.org
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  230. The Victor Book of the Opera, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1968.
  231. www.bobdylan.com
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  232. Father John Misty – Every Man Needs a Companion
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  233. Om (Band) (Ft. Lorraine Rath) – Meditation is the Practice of Death
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  234. The Hindu
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  235. en.msidb.org
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  236. Christian Beginnings
  237. Lonely Planet
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  238. Revue Biblique
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  239. Biblical Archaeology Society
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  240. Mediterranean Historical Review
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  241. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2004/jun/12/portugal.guardiansaturdaytravelsection
  242. Latin for "his name is John", from Luke 1:63. Luke 1:63
    https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:63&version=nrsv
  243. Department of State
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  244. Atlantic
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  245. The Catholic Miscellany
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  246. The Knights Hospitaller: A Military History of the Knights of St John
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  247. "Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry"
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