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Johan de Witt

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Johan de Witt

Johan de Witt (24 September 1625 – 20 August 1672) was a Dutch statesman and mathematician who was a major political figure during the First Stadtholderless Period, when flourishing global trade in a period of rapid European colonial expansion made the Dutch a leading trading and seafaring power in Europe, commonly referred to as the Dutch Golden Age. De Witt was elected Grand Pensionary of Holland, and together with his uncle Cornelis de Graeff, he controlled the Dutch political system from around 1650 until the Rampjaar (Disaster Year) of 1672. This progressive cooperation between the two statesmen, and the consequent support of Amsterdam under the rule of De Graeff, was an important political axis that organized the political system within the republic. As a leading republican of the Dutch States Party, De Witt opposed the House of Orange-Nassau and the Orangists and preferred a shift of power from the central government to the regenten. However, the Dutch Republic suffered numerous early defeats in the Rampjaar, due to an alliance of England, France, and several German states which planned on invading the Dutch Republic. In the hysteria that followed, he and his brother Cornelis de Witt were blamed and lynched in The Hague, with their corpses at least partially eaten by the rioters. These cannibals were never prosecuted, and some historians claim William of Orange may have incited them.

Infobox

Preceded by
Nicolaas Ruys
Succeeded by
Govert van Slingelandt
Born
(1625-09-24)24 September 1625Dordrecht, Dutch Republic
Died
20 August 1672(1672-08-20) (aged 46)The Hague, Dutch Republic
Political party
States' Party
Spouse
mw- Wendela Bicker (m. 1656)
Children
Johan de Witt Jr.
Parent
mw- Jacob de Witt (father)
Relatives
Cornelis de Witt (brother)Jan Bicker (father-in-law)Andries de Witt (uncle)Cornelis de Graeff (uncle)Andries de Graeff (uncle)Catharina Hooft (aunt)Jean Deutz (brother-in-law)Pieter de Graeff (brother-in-law)
Alma mater
University of LeidenUniversity of Angers
Party
States' Party

Tables

· External links
Preceded byNicolaas Ruys
Preceded byNicolaas Ruys
Political offices
Preceded byNicolaas Ruys
Political offices
Pensionary of Dordrecht 1650–1653
Political offices
Succeeded byGovert van Slingelandt
Preceded byAdriaan Pauw
Preceded byAdriaan Pauw
Political offices
Preceded byAdriaan Pauw
Political offices
Grand Pensionary 1653–1672
Political offices
Succeeded byGaspar Fagel
Political offices
Preceded byNicolaas Ruys
Pensionary of Dordrecht 1650–1653
Succeeded byGovert van Slingelandt
Preceded byAdriaan Pauw
Grand Pensionary 1653–1672
Succeeded byGaspar Fagel

References

  1. Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes – Debt before Dishonour, p. 98, by Will Slatyer (2014)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rytUBQAAQBAJ&q=De+graeff+voc
  2. DutchReview
    https://dutchreview.com/culture/dutch-history-crowds-ate-prime-minister/
  3. The World, by Simon Sebag Montefiore (2022)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=BoNqEAAAQBAJ&q=De+graeff+voc
  4. "DeWitt" – an annotation to Thomas Carlyle's "Signs of the Times" Rachel Klotz '13, English 0600J, Brown University, 201
    https://victorianweb.org/authors/carlyle/signs/dewitt.html
  5. Rowen 1977, p. 891.
  6. HistoryExtra
    http://www.historyextra.com/qa/power-hungry
  7. Gedenkwaerdige stukken, wegens den moordt der heeren Cornelis en Johan de Witt: Dienende tot opheldering van 't treurspel, genaemt de Haagsche broedermoordt, of dolle blydschap
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hYZjAAAAcAAJ
  8. Historische verhael en politique bedenckingen aengaende de bestieringe van Staet- en Oorloghs-saken, voor-gevallen onder de bedieningen van de Heeren C. en J. de Witt, beginnende Ao 1653 en eyndigende in het jaer 1672. Met hunne doot
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7tplAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA618
  9. Armorial général, contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe: précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason
  10. Johann de Witt, p. 1, by N. Japikse, 2012 (German)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FIDmeXpAvHIC&dq=van+den+corput+de+witt&pg=PA1
  11. Herbert H. Rowen: John de Witt. Statesman of the "True Freedom". 1986, p. 47.
  12. "Met onoprechte deelneming van neef Cornelis Tromp" (Dutch)
    https://historiek.net/met-onoprechte-deelneming-van-neef-cornelis-tromp/67000/
  13. Wendela Bicker at vrouwenlexicon (dutch)
    http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Bicker
  14. Anna de Witt at Heren van Holland[permanent dead link] (in Dutch)
    https://www.herenvanholland.nl/eigenaar.cfm?eigenaarnummer=1729
  15. Rowen 1985, p. 220.
  16. Israel 1995, p. 719.
  17. Israel 1995, p. 712.
  18. Biography Cornelis de Graeff at Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 2 (Dutch)
    http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu02_01/molh003nieu02_01_1037.htm
  19. Rowen 1977, p. 59.
  20. Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands, orig published 1668
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  21. Israel 1995, p. 467.
  22. Pieter de la Court: Interest van Holland, ofte gronden van Hollands-Welvaren. Amsterdam 1662 (published under the pseudo
  23. Die vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie, von Geert Mak (2016)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qxI4DAAAQBAJ&q=Cornelis+de+Graeff+Michiel+de+ruyter
  24. Johann de Witt, p. 78, by Nicolas Japikse (Amsterdam, 1918)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=f_GKEAAAQBAJ&q=De+graeff+de+Witt
  25. Rowen, Herbert H. (1986) John de Witt – Statesman of the „True Freedom"
  26. Israel, Jonathan I. (1995) The Dutch Republic – Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall – 1477–1806
  27. Google Buchsuche: Geschiedkundige bijdragen ...: aflevering. Willem Frederik, prins van Nassau ... By Jan Will van Sypes
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  28. De vroedschap van Amsterdam 1578–1795, book 1, by Johan Engelbert Elias
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  29. Israel 1995, p. 600.
  30. Israel 1995, p. 702.
  31. Israel 1995, p. 733.
  32. Israel 1995, p. 722.
  33. De Salamina a las Malvinas: 25 siglos de guerra naval, von Carlos Canales, Miguel del Rey (2016)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0MoiDQAAQBAJ&q=cornelis+de+graeff+de+witt+Westminster
  34. Künker Auktion 232 – Münzkunst des Mittelalters – Die Sammlung Wolfgang Fried, p. 89, by Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ojl9AqN3URAC&q=cornelis+de+graeff+act+of+seclusion
  35. Israel 1995, p. 721.
  36. Jaarboek van het Genootschap Amstelodamum, books 25–27, p. 223, by J. H. de Bussy (1928)
  37. De 500 Rijksten van de Republiek: Rijkdom, geloof, macht en cultuur. By Kees Zandvliet (2020)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iCUGEAAAQBAJ&q=Jean+Deutz+Johan+de+Witt
  38. Christoph Driessen: Geschichte der Niederlande. Von der Seemacht zum Trendland. 2009, p. 89
  39. Rowen, Herbert. John de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1625–1672, pp. 363–378 (Princeton University Press, 2015).
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Mph9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA378
  40. Troost 2005, p. 43.
  41. Israel 1995, pp. 759–760.
  42. "Andries de Graeff (1611–1678) 't Gezagh is heerelyk: doch vol bekommeringen"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120301115614/http://www.triomfdervrede.nl/images/andries_de_graeff_20100113.pdf
  43. opgang van Mens en Wetenschap, by Hubert Luns, p. 90 (2018)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fsVqDwAAQBAJ&q=Andries+de+graeff+Eeuwig+edictDe
  44. Andries de Graeff, voorbeeld van culturele elite? Tweede opdrach, von Pieter Vis, p 4 and 5
    https://werkstukkenkunstgeschiedeniscom.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/2e-opdracht-essay-andries-de-graeff-gereviseerd.pdf
  45. mw- .mw- Herbert Rowen, John de Witt – Statesman of the „True Freedom“. Cambridge University Press (1986)
  46. Troost, Stadhouder-Koning Willem III, een politieke biografie, p. 69–70, (2001)
  47. Israel 1995, p. 803.
  48. Nederlandse politiek voor Dummies
  49. Israel 1995, pp. 804–806.
  50. Israel 1995, p. 812.
  51. Albert W. Grootendorst (2000, 10) Jan de Witt's Elementa Curvarum Linearum, in two volumes, Liber Primus (2000) ISBN 0-3
  52. A History of Mathematics
  53. Katz 2008, p. 486.
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