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Jean Chrétien

Updated: Wikipedia source

Jean Chrétien

Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (Canadian French: [ʒɑ̃ kʁetsjẽɪ̯̃]; born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian lawyer and retired politician who served as the 20th prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003. He served as leader of the Liberal Party from 1990 to 2003 and as leader of the Official Opposition from 1990 to 1993. Born and raised in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, Chrétien studied law at the Université Laval. A Liberal, he was first elected to the House of Commons in 1963 federal election. Chrétien served in various cabinet posts in the governments of Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Trudeau, most notably as minister of Indian affairs and northern development, president of the Treasury Board, minister of finance, and minister of justice. In the latter role, Chrétien played a key role in the patriation of the Constitution of Canada and the establishment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Chrétien ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1984, placing second to John Turner. He then served as deputy prime minister in Turner's short-lived government, which was defeated in the 1984 federal election. In 1986, Chrétien briefly left politics amid tensions with Turner and began working in the private sector. After the Liberals were defeated again in 1988, he returned to politics and won the leadership of the party in 1990, thereby becoming leader of the Official Opposition. Chrétien led the Liberal Party to a majority government in the 1993 federal election. The party won two additional majorities in 1997 and 2000. Chrétien became prime minister as Canada was on the brink of a debt crisis due to the country's chronic budget deficit. His government produced a series of austerity budgets adopting a centrist Third Way approach, which sharply reduced spending and reformed various programs, resulting in a budget surplus in 1997 (Canada's first in nearly 30 years). The latter half of Chrétien's tenure saw consecutive budget surpluses which were primarily used to fund tax cuts and pay down government debt. In national unity, Chrétien strongly opposed the Quebec sovereignty movement and led the federalist campaign to a narrow victory in the 1995 Quebec referendum. He then implemented a sponsorship program to promote Canada in Quebec and pioneered the Clarity Act, which established the conditions for future referendums on secession. Chrétien also enacted environmental legislation, including an updated Environmental Protection Act and the Species at Risk Act. His government introduced the long-gun registry, privatized the Canadian National Railway, and created the harmonized sales tax (HST). He later oversaw Operation Yellow Ribbon in response to the September 11 attacks, passed the Youth Criminal Justice Act, and laid the groundwork to legalize same-sex marriage. In foreign policy, Chrétien's government signed the Kyoto Protocol on climate change and spearheaded the Ottawa Treaty aimed at eliminating anti-personnel landmines. He also ordered military intervention during the Kosovo War and the War in Afghanistan, while opposing participation in the Iraq War. Although his popularity and that of the Liberal Party were seemingly unchallenged for three consecutive federal elections, Chrétien became subject to several controversies. He was accused of corruption in the Shawinigate and sponsorship scandals, although he has consistently denied any wrongdoing. He also became embroiled in a protracted leadership struggle within the Liberal Party against his finance minister and long-time political rival Paul Martin. In December 2003, amid pressure from the pro-Martin faction of the party and the threat of losing a leadership review, Chrétien resigned as prime minister and retired from politics. He ranks highly in historical rankings of Canadian prime ministers. At age 91, Chrétien is the oldest living former Canadian prime minister.

Infobox

Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governors General
Ray HnatyshynRoméo LeBlancAdrienne Clarkson
Deputy
Sheila CoppsHerb GrayJohn Manley
Preceded by
Riding established
Succeeded by
Gilles Grondin
Senior political offices
Senior political offices Leader of the OppositionIn officeDecember 10, 1990 – November 4, 1993Preceded byHerb GraySucceeded byLucien BouchardLeader of the Liberal PartyIn officeJune 23, 1990 – November 14, 2003Preceded byJohn TurnerSucceeded byPaul Martin
Ministerial offices
Ministerial offices 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of CanadaIn officeJune 30, 1984 – September 17, 1984Prime MinisterJohn TurnerPreceded byAllan MacEachenSucceeded byErik NielsenSecretary of State for External AffairsIn officeJune 30, 1984 – September 17, 1984Prime MinisterJohn TurnerPreceded byAllan MacEachenSucceeded byJoe ClarkMinister of Energy, Mines and ResourcesIn officeSeptember 10, 1982 – June 30, 1984Prime MinisterPierre TrudeauPreceded byMarc LalondeSucceeded byGerald ReganMinister of JusticeAttorney General of CanadaIn officeMarch 3, 1980 – September 16, 1982Prime MinisterPierre TrudeauPreceded byJacques FlynnSucceeded byMark MacGuiganMinister of FinanceIn officeSeptember 16, 1977 – June 3, 1979Prime MinisterPierre TrudeauPreceded byDonald Stovel MacdonaldSucceeded byJohn CrosbieMinister of Industry, Trade and CommerceIn officeSeptember 14, 1976 – September 15, 1977Prime MinisterPierre TrudeauPreceded byDon JamiesonSucceeded byJack HornerPresident of the Treasury BoardIn officeAugust 8, 1974 – September 13, 1976Prime MinisterPierre TrudeauPreceded byCharles DrurySucceeded byBob AndrasMinister of Indian Affairs and Northern DevelopmentIn officeJuly 6, 1968 – August 7, 1974Prime MinisterPierre TrudeauPreceded byArthur LaingSucceeded byJudd BuchananMinister of National RevenueIn officeJanuary 18, 1968 – July 5, 1968Prime MinisterLester B. PearsonPierre TrudeauPreceded byEdgar BensonSucceeded byJean-Pierre CôtéMinister without portfolioIn officeApril 4, 1967 – January 17, 1968Prime MinisterLester B. Pearson
Prime Minister
Lester B. Pearson
Constituency
Saint-Maurice—Laflèche (1963–1968)Saint-Maurice (1968–1986)
Born
Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (1934-01-11) January 11, 1934 (age 91)Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, Canada
Political party
Liberal
Spouse
mw- Aline Chaîné (m. 1957; died 2020)
Children
3, including France
Relatives
Michel Chrétien (brother)Raymond Chrétien (nephew)
Alma mater
Université Laval
Occupation
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Party
Liberal

Tables

· Honours
Ribbon
Description
Notes
Order of Merit (O.M.)
July 13, 2009
Companion of the Order of Canada (C.C.)
Awarded on May 3, 2007 Invested on February 22, 2008
Centennial Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal
1967 As a minister of the Crown and an elected member of the House of Commons of Canada, Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal for Canada
1977 As a minister of the Crown and an elected member of the House of Commons of Canada, Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal
1993 As the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition and an elected member of the House of Commons of Canada, Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal for Canada
2002 As the prime minister of Canada and an elected member of the House of Commons of Canada, the Right Honourable Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for Canada
2012 As a former prime minister of Canada and having been awarded with the Order of Canada, Jean Chrétien was awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Order of Friendship from the Russian Federation
2014
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Japanese government
2023
Coat of arms of Jean Chrétien · Honours
Crest Issuant from flames Or a phoenix wings elevated and addorsed Azure beaked and crested Gules holding in its beak an open scroll proper; Escutcheon Gules a beehive Or with three bees Argent embellished Sable, in the canton the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada (four maple leaves conjoined in cross) Argent; Supporters Two polar bears proper each charged on the shoulder with a Latin cross pendent from each crossbeam two balance pans Gules, standing on a rocky mount proper set with maple leaves Gules and fleurs-de-lis Azure and issuant from barry-wavy Argent and Azure; Motto LABORARE AD AEDIFICANDUM (Work To Build)
· Honours › Honorary degrees
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1981
School
Wilfrid Laurier University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1982
School
Laurentian University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1986
School
York University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Alberta
Alberta
Location
Alberta
Date
1987
School
University of Alberta
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1988
School
Lakehead University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1994
School
University of Ottawa
Degree
Doctor of the University (D.Univ)
New Brunswick
New Brunswick
Location
New Brunswick
Date
1994
School
University of Moncton
Degree
[citation needed]
Japan
Japan
Location
Japan
Date
1996
School
Meiji University
Degree
Doctorate[citation needed]
Poland
Poland
Location
Poland
Date
1999
School
Warsaw School of Economics
Degree
Doctorate
Michigan
Michigan
Location
Michigan
Date
1999
School
Michigan State University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Israel
Israel
Location
Israel
Date
2000
School
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador
Location
Newfoundland and Labrador
Date
2000
School
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
Location
Dominican Republic
Date
2003
School
Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra
Degree
[citation needed]
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
2004
School
Queen's University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
2005
School
McMaster University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ukraine
Ukraine
Location
Ukraine
Date
2007
School
National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
Degree
[citation needed]
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
October 23, 2008
School
University of Western Ontario
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
Quebec
Location
Quebec
Date
2008
School
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
Degree
[citation needed]
Quebec
Quebec
Location
Quebec
Date
June 2010
School
Concordia University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
Quebec
Location
Quebec
Date
2011
School
Université de Montréal
Degree
[citation needed]
Manitoba
Manitoba
Location
Manitoba
Date
June 12, 2014
School
University of Winnipeg
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
2022
School
Carleton University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Location
Date
School
Degree
Ontario
1981
Wilfrid Laurier University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
1982
Laurentian University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
1986
York University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Alberta
1987
University of Alberta
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
1988
Lakehead University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
1994
University of Ottawa
Doctor of the University (D.Univ)
New Brunswick
1994
University of Moncton
[citation needed]
Japan
1996
Meiji University
Doctorate[citation needed]
Poland
1999
Warsaw School of Economics
Doctorate
Michigan
1999
Michigan State University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Israel
2000
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Newfoundland and Labrador
2000
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Dominican Republic
2003
Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra
[citation needed]
Ontario
2004
Queen's University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
2005
McMaster University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ukraine
2007
National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
[citation needed]
Ontario
October 23, 2008
University of Western Ontario
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
2008
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
[citation needed]
Quebec
June 2010
Concordia University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
2011
Université de Montréal
[citation needed]
Manitoba
June 12, 2014
University of Winnipeg
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
2022
Carleton University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
· Succession
Preceded byHerb Gray
Preceded byHerb Gray
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byHerb Gray
Parliament of Canada
Leader of the Official Opposition 1990–1993
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byLucien Bouchard
Preceded by
Preceded by
Parliament of Canada
Preceded by
Parliament of Canada
Deputy Leader of the Official Opposition 1984–1986
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded by
Preceded byGérard Lamy
Preceded byGérard Lamy
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byGérard Lamy
Parliament of Canada
Member for Saint-Maurice—Laflèche 1963–1968
Parliament of Canada
District abolished
New district
New district
Parliament of Canada
New district
Parliament of Canada
Member for Saint-Maurice 1968–1986
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byGilles Grondin
Preceded byFernand Robichaud
Preceded byFernand Robichaud
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byFernand Robichaud
Parliament of Canada
Member for Beauséjour 1990–1993
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byFernand Robichaud
Preceded byDenis Pronovost
Preceded byDenis Pronovost
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byDenis Pronovost
Parliament of Canada
Member for Saint-Maurice 1993–2003
Parliament of Canada
District abolished
Party political offices
Party political offices
Parliament of Canada
Party political offices
Preceded byJohn Turner
Preceded byJohn Turner
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byJohn Turner
Parliament of Canada
Leader of the Liberal Party 1990–2003
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byPaul Martin
Preceded byAllan MacEachen
Preceded byAllan MacEachen
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byAllan MacEachen
Parliament of Canada
Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party 1984–1986
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded by
26th Canadian Ministry (1993–2003) – Cabinet of Jean Chrétien
26th Canadian Ministry (1993–2003) – Cabinet of Jean Chrétien
Parliament of Canada
26th Canadian Ministry (1993–2003) – Cabinet of Jean Chrétien
Cabinet post (1)
Cabinet post (1)
Parliament of Canada
Cabinet post (1)
Predecessor
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Office
Parliament of Canada
Successor
Kim Campbell
Kim Campbell
Parliament of Canada
Kim Campbell
Parliament of Canada
Prime Minister of Canada1993–2003
Parliament of Canada
Paul Martin
23rd Canadian Ministry (1984) – Cabinet of John Turner
23rd Canadian Ministry (1984) – Cabinet of John Turner
Parliament of Canada
23rd Canadian Ministry (1984) – Cabinet of John Turner
Cabinet posts (2)
Cabinet posts (2)
Parliament of Canada
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Office
Parliament of Canada
Successor
Allan MacEachen
Allan MacEachen
Parliament of Canada
Allan MacEachen
Parliament of Canada
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada1984
Parliament of Canada
Erik Nielsen
Allan MacEachen
Allan MacEachen
Parliament of Canada
Allan MacEachen
Parliament of Canada
Secretary of State for External Affairs1984
Parliament of Canada
Joe Clark
22nd Canadian Ministry (1980–1984) – Second cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
22nd Canadian Ministry (1980–1984) – Second cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
Parliament of Canada
22nd Canadian Ministry (1980–1984) – Second cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
Cabinet posts (2)
Cabinet posts (2)
Parliament of Canada
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Office
Parliament of Canada
Successor
Marc Lalonde
Marc Lalonde
Parliament of Canada
Marc Lalonde
Parliament of Canada
Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources1982–1984
Parliament of Canada
Gerald Regan
Jacques Flynn
Jacques Flynn
Parliament of Canada
Jacques Flynn
Parliament of Canada
Minister of Justice1980–1982
Parliament of Canada
Mark MacGuigan
20th Canadian Ministry (1968–1979) – First cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
20th Canadian Ministry (1968–1979) – First cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
Parliament of Canada
20th Canadian Ministry (1968–1979) – First cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
Cabinet posts (5)
Cabinet posts (5)
Parliament of Canada
Cabinet posts (5)
Predecessor
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Office
Parliament of Canada
Successor
Donald Stovel Macdonald
Donald Stovel Macdonald
Parliament of Canada
Donald Stovel Macdonald
Parliament of Canada
Minister of Finance1977–1979
Parliament of Canada
John Crosbie
Don Jamieson
Don Jamieson
Parliament of Canada
Don Jamieson
Parliament of Canada
Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce1976–1977
Parliament of Canada
Jack Horner
Charles Drury
Charles Drury
Parliament of Canada
Charles Drury
Parliament of Canada
President of the Treasury Board1974–1976
Parliament of Canada
Bob Andras
Arthur Laing
Arthur Laing
Parliament of Canada
Arthur Laing
Parliament of Canada
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development1968–1974
Parliament of Canada
Judd Buchanan
cont'd from 19th Min.
cont'd from 19th Min.
Parliament of Canada
cont'd from 19th Min.
Parliament of Canada
Minister of National Revenue1968
Parliament of Canada
Jean-Pierre Côté
19th Canadian Ministry (1963–1968) – Cabinet of Lester B. Pearson
19th Canadian Ministry (1963–1968) – Cabinet of Lester B. Pearson
Parliament of Canada
19th Canadian Ministry (1963–1968) – Cabinet of Lester B. Pearson
Cabinet posts (2)
Cabinet posts (2)
Parliament of Canada
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Predecessor
Parliament of Canada
Office
Parliament of Canada
Successor
Edgar Benson
Edgar Benson
Parliament of Canada
Edgar Benson
Parliament of Canada
Minister of National Revenue1968
Parliament of Canada
cont'd into 20th Min.
Political offices
Political offices
Parliament of Canada
Political offices
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Parliament of Canada
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Parliament of Canada
Chairperson of the G7 1995
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byJacques Chirac
Preceded byFidel Ramos
Preceded byFidel Ramos
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byFidel Ramos
Parliament of Canada
Chairperson of APEC 1997
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byMahathir Mohamad
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Parliament of Canada
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Parliament of Canada
Chairperson of the G8 2002
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byJacques Chirac
Order of precedence
Order of precedence
Parliament of Canada
Order of precedence
Preceded byKim Campbell
Preceded byKim Campbell
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byKim Campbell
Parliament of Canada
Canadian order of precedence as of 2010[update]
Parliament of Canada
Succeeded byPaul Martin
Parliament of Canada
Preceded byHerb Gray
Leader of the Official Opposition 1990–1993
Succeeded byLucien Bouchard
Preceded by
Deputy Leader of the Official Opposition 1984–1986
Succeeded by
Preceded byGérard Lamy
Member for Saint-Maurice—Laflèche 1963–1968
District abolished
New district
Member for Saint-Maurice 1968–1986
Succeeded byGilles Grondin
Preceded byFernand Robichaud
Member for Beauséjour 1990–1993
Succeeded byFernand Robichaud
Preceded byDenis Pronovost
Member for Saint-Maurice 1993–2003
District abolished
Party political offices
Preceded byJohn Turner
Leader of the Liberal Party 1990–2003
Succeeded byPaul Martin
Preceded byAllan MacEachen
Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party 1984–1986
Succeeded by
26th Canadian Ministry (1993–2003) – Cabinet of Jean Chrétien
Cabinet post (1)
Predecessor
Office
Successor
Kim Campbell
Prime Minister of Canada1993–2003
Paul Martin
23rd Canadian Ministry (1984) – Cabinet of John Turner
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor
Office
Successor
Allan MacEachen
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada1984
Erik Nielsen
Allan MacEachen
Secretary of State for External Affairs1984
Joe Clark
22nd Canadian Ministry (1980–1984) – Second cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor
Office
Successor
Marc Lalonde
Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources1982–1984
Gerald Regan
Jacques Flynn
Minister of Justice1980–1982
Mark MacGuigan
20th Canadian Ministry (1968–1979) – First cabinet of Pierre Trudeau
Cabinet posts (5)
Predecessor
Office
Successor
Donald Stovel Macdonald
Minister of Finance1977–1979
John Crosbie
Don Jamieson
Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce1976–1977
Jack Horner
Charles Drury
President of the Treasury Board1974–1976
Bob Andras
Arthur Laing
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development1968–1974
Judd Buchanan
cont'd from 19th Min.
Minister of National Revenue1968
Jean-Pierre Côté
19th Canadian Ministry (1963–1968) – Cabinet of Lester B. Pearson
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor
Office
Successor
Edgar Benson
Minister of National Revenue1968
cont'd into 20th Min.
Minister without Portfolio1967–1968
Political offices
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Chairperson of the G7 1995
Succeeded byJacques Chirac
Preceded byFidel Ramos
Chairperson of APEC 1997
Succeeded byMahathir Mohamad
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi
Chairperson of the G8 2002
Succeeded byJacques Chirac
Order of precedence
Preceded byKim Campbell
Canadian order of precedence as of 2010[update]
Succeeded byPaul Martin

References

  1. This occurred while Charles III was visiting Canada. The speech officially opened the country's 45th session of Parliame
  2. "The Life and Times of Jean Chrétien"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20061214222518/http://www.cbc.ca/lifeandtimes/chretien.html
  3. www.nosorigines.qc.ca
    https://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Chretien_Willie&pid=5430
  4. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 27.
  5. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 28–29.
  6. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 44.
  7. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 89.
  8. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 25 & 44.
  9. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 26.
  10. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 34–35.
  11. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will To Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 56.
  12. "Straight From The Heart", by JC, 1985
  13. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 74–75.
  14. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 58.
  15. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 76.
  16. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 77.
  17. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 94.
  18. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 93.
  19. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/31/world/torn-hometown-resents-the-premier.html
  20. "Jean Chretien: Veteran fighter"
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1042917.stm
  21. The Globe and Mail
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140125064945/http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/series/election/leaders/chretien.html
  22. Martin, Chrétien, pp. 104–05.
  23. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 124–125.
  24. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 131.
  25. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 163.
  26. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 183.
  27. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 177.
  28. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 177–178.
  29. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 179.
  30. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 184–185.
  31. Martin, Lawrence Iron Man, Toronto: Viking, 2003 pp. 280–281.
  32. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 222.
  33. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 196–197.
  34. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 198.
  35. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 199.
  36. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 202.
  37. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 211.
  38. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 228–230.
  39. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 224.
  40. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 238–239.
  41. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 240.
  42. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 242.
  43. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 246.
  44. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 247.
  45. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 262–266.
  46. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 264.
  47. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 262.
  48. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 265–266.
  49. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 pp. 281–282.
  50. Martin, Lawrence Chrétien: The Will to Win, Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1995 p. 286.
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    https://www.concordia.ca/offices/archives/honorary-degree-recipients/2010/06/jean-chretien.html
  265. CTVNews
    https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/university-of-winnipeg-will-grant-jean-chretien-an-honorary-degree/
  266. University of Winnipeg
    https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/awards-distinctions/honorary-doctorate/chretien.html
  267. carleton.ca
    https://carleton.ca/senate/the-right-honourable-jean-chretien/
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