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Japanese Communist Party

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Japanese Communist Party

The Japanese Communist Party (日本共産党, Nihon Kyōsan-tō; abbr. JCP) is a communist party in Japan. Founded in 1922, it is the oldest active political party in the country. It had 250,000 members as of January 2024, making it one of the largest non-governing communist parties in the world. The party is chaired by Tomoko Tamura, who replaced longtime leader Kazuo Shii in January 2024. The JCP, founded in 1922 in consultation with the Comintern, was deemed illegal in 1925 and repressed for the next 20 years, engaging in underground activity. After World War II, the party was legalized in 1945 by the Allied occupation authorities, but its unexpected success in the 1949 general election led to the "Red Purge", in which tens of thousands of actual and suspected communists were fired from their jobs in government, education, and industry. The Soviet Union encouraged the JCP to respond with a violent revolution, and the resulting internal debate fractured the party into several factions. The dominant faction, backed by the Soviets, waged an unsuccessful guerrilla campaign in rural areas, which undercut the party's public support. In 1958, Kenji Miyamoto became the JCP's leader and moderated the party's policies, abandoning the previous line of violent revolution and extremism. Miyamoto also began distancing the JCP from the Eastern Bloc in the 1960s. The party maintained a neutral position during the Sino-Soviet split and expressed its support for a multi-party liberal democracy in contrast to the authoritarian one-party systems of communist-ruled nations such as China and the Soviet Union. Measures were also undertook to expel members who were aligned with either pro-Soviet or pro-PRC positions. His efforts to regain electoral support were particularly successful in the main urban areas such as Osaka, Kyoto, and Tokyo, and the JCP worked with the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) in the 1970s to elect a number of progressive mayors and governors. By 1979, the JCP held about 10% of the seats in the National Diet. The party saw a brief electoral resurgence after the collapse of the JSP in 1996; however, the party has generally been in decline since in terms of electoral results and party membership. The party at present advocates the establishment of a democratic society based on pacificism. It believes that this objective can be achieved by working within an electoral framework while carrying out an extra-parliamentary struggle against "imperialism and its subordinate ally, monopoly capital". As such, the JCP does not advocate violent revolution, but rather a "democratic revolution" to achieve "democratic change in politics and the economy". It accepts the current constitutional position of the emperor but opposes the involvement of the Imperial House in politics. A staunchly anti-militarist party, the JCP firmly supports Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution and seeks to dissolve the Japan Self-Defense Forces. It opposes Japan's military alliance with the United States as an unequal relationship and infringement of Japan's national sovereignty.

Infobox

Abbreviation
JCP
Chairperson
Tomoko Tamura
Secretary-General
Akira Koike
Representatives leader
Chizuko Takahashi
Councillors leader
Tomoko Kami
Founded
15 July 1922(103 years, 154 days)
Headquarters
4-26-7 Sendagaya, Shibuya, 151-8586 Japan
Newspaper
Shimbun Akahata
Youth wing
Democratic Youth League of Japan
Membership (January 2024)
250,000
Ideology
mw- CommunismMarxismScientific socialismProgressivismPacifism
Political position
Left-wing to far-left
International affiliation
IMCWP
Colors
mw- Red
Councillors
7 / 248
Representatives
8 / 465
Prefectural assembly members
109 / 2,614
Municipal assembly members
2,173 / 28,941

Tables

Membership figures
March 1948
March 1948
Year
March 1948
Number
18,088
1949
1949
Year
1949
Number
100,000
July 1958
July 1958
Year
July 1958
Number
45,000
Notes
7th Party Congress
July 1961
July 1961
Year
July 1961
Number
88,000
Notes
8th Party Congress
November 1964
November 1964
Year
November 1964
Number
140,000
Notes
9th Party Congress
November 1965
November 1965
Year
November 1965
Number
165,000
October 1966
October 1966
Year
October 1966
Number
250,000–270,000
Notes
10th Party Congress
July 1970
July 1970
Year
July 1970
Number
300,000
Notes
11th Party Congress
Year
Number
Reference
Notes
March 1948
18,088
1949
100,000
July 1958
45,000
7th Party Congress
July 1961
88,000
8th Party Congress
November 1964
140,000
9th Party Congress
November 1965
165,000
October 1966
250,000–270,000
10th Party Congress
July 1970
300,000
11th Party Congress
· Leaders › Chairman of the Central Committee
Sanzō Nosaka(1892–1993)
Sanzō Nosaka(1892–1993)
No.
1
Name(Birth–death)
Sanzō Nosaka(1892–1993)
Term of office
1 August 1958
Term of office
31 July 1987
Kenji Miyamoto(1908–2007)
Kenji Miyamoto(1908–2007)
No.
2
Name(Birth–death)
Kenji Miyamoto(1908–2007)
Term of office
31 July 1982
Term of office
26 September 1997
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
No.
3
Name(Birth–death)
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
Term of office
24 November 2000
Term of office
14 January 2006
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
No.
4
Name(Birth–death)
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
Term of office
18 January 2024
Term of office
Incumbent
No.
Photo
Name(Birth–death)
Term of office
Took office
Left office
1
Sanzō Nosaka(1892–1993)
1 August 1958
31 July 1987
2
Kenji Miyamoto(1908–2007)
31 July 1982
26 September 1997
3
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
24 November 2000
14 January 2006
4
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
18 January 2024
Incumbent
· Leaders › Head of the Secretariat
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
No.
1
Name(Birth–death)
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
Term of office
7 July 1970
Term of office
31 July 1982
Mitsuhiro Kaneko(1924–2016)
Mitsuhiro Kaneko(1924–2016)
No.
2
Name(Birth–death)
Mitsuhiro Kaneko(1924–2016)
Term of office
31 July 1982
Term of office
13 July 1990
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
No.
3
Name(Birth–death)
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
Term of office
13 July 1990
Term of office
24 November 2000
Tadayoshi Ichida(born 1942)
Tadayoshi Ichida(born 1942)
No.
4
Name(Birth–death)
Tadayoshi Ichida(born 1942)
Term of office
24 November 2000
Term of office
18 January 2014
Yoshiki Yamashita(born 1960)
Yoshiki Yamashita(born 1960)
No.
5
Name(Birth–death)
Yoshiki Yamashita(born 1960)
Term of office
18 January 2014
Term of office
11 April 2016
Akira Koike(born 1960)
Akira Koike(born 1960)
No.
6
Name(Birth–death)
Akira Koike(born 1960)
Term of office
11 April 2016
Term of office
Incumbent
No.
Photo
Name(Birth–death)
Term of office
Took office
Left office
1
Tetsuzo Fuwa(born 1930)
7 July 1970
31 July 1982
2
Mitsuhiro Kaneko(1924–2016)
31 July 1982
13 July 1990
3
Kazuo Shii(born 1954)
13 July 1990
24 November 2000
4
Tadayoshi Ichida(born 1942)
24 November 2000
18 January 2014
5
Yoshiki Yamashita(born 1960)
18 January 2014
11 April 2016
6
Akira Koike(born 1960)
11 April 2016
Incumbent
House of Representatives · Election results › House of Representatives
No.
No.
Election
No.
Leader
±
No. ofcandidates
Share
Seats
No.
Seats
Share
Seats
No.
Position
Share
1946
1946
Election
1946
Leader
Kyuichi Tokuda
No. ofcandidates
143
Seats
6 / 464
Seats
1.3%
Position
4th
Constituency votes
2,135,757
Constituency votes
3.85%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1947
1947
Election
1947
Leader
120
No. ofcandidates
4 / 466
Seats
2
Seats
0.9%
Seats
5th
Position
1,002,883
Constituency votes
3.67%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1949
1949
Election
1949
Leader
115
No. ofcandidates
35 / 466
Seats
31
Seats
7.5%
Seats
4th
Position
2,984,780
Constituency votes
9.76%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1952
1952
Election
1952
Leader
107
No. ofcandidates
0 / 466
Seats
35
Seats
0%
Seats
5th
Position
896,765
Constituency votes
2.54%
PR Block votes
Extra-parliamentary
1953
1953
Election
1953
Leader
Sanzō Nosaka
No. ofcandidates
88
Seats
1 / 466
Seats
1
Seats
0.2%
Position
6th
Constituency votes
655,990
Constituency votes
1.90%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1955
1955
Election
1955
Leader
60
No. ofcandidates
2 / 467
Seats
1
Seats
0.4%
Seats
5th
Position
733,121
Constituency votes
1.98%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1958
1958
Election
1958
Leader
114
No. ofcandidates
1 / 467
Seats
1
Seats
0.2%
Seats
3rd
Position
1,012,035
Constituency votes
2.55%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1960
1960
Election
1960
Leader
Kenji Miyamoto
No. ofcandidates
118
Seats
3 / 467
Seats
2
Seats
0.6%
Position
4th
Constituency votes
1,156,723
Constituency votes
2.93%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1963
1963
Election
1963
Leader
118
No. ofcandidates
5 / 467
Seats
2
Seats
1.1%
Seats
4th
Position
1,646,477
Constituency votes
4.01%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1967
1967
Election
1967
Leader
123
No. ofcandidates
5 / 486
Seats
0
Seats
1.0%
Seats
5th
Position
2,190,564
Constituency votes
4.76%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1969
1969
Election
1969
Leader
123
No. ofcandidates
14 / 486
Seats
9
Seats
2.9%
Seats
5th
Position
3,199,032
Constituency votes
6.81%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1972
1972
Election
1972
Leader
122
No. ofcandidates
38 / 491
Seats
24
Seats
7.7%
Seats
3rd
Position
5,496,827
Constituency votes
10.49%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1976
1976
Election
1976
Leader
128
No. ofcandidates
17 / 511
Seats
21
Seats
3.3%
Seats
4th
Position
5,878,192
Constituency votes
10.38%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1979
1979
Election
1979
Leader
128
No. ofcandidates
39 / 511
Seats
22
Seats
7.6%
Seats
3rd
Position
5,625,527
Constituency votes
10.42%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1980
1980
Election
1980
Leader
129
No. ofcandidates
29 / 511
Seats
10
Seats
5.7%
Seats
3rd
Position
5,803,613
Constituency votes
9.83%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1983
1983
Election
1983
Leader
Tetsuzo Fuwa
No. ofcandidates
129
Seats
26 / 511
Seats
3
Seats
5.1%
Position
4th
Constituency votes
5,302,485
Constituency votes
9.34%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1986
1986
Election
1986
Leader
129
No. ofcandidates
26 / 512
Seats
0
Seats
5.1%
Seats
3rd
Position
5,313,246
Constituency votes
8.79%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1990
1990
Election
1990
Leader
131
No. ofcandidates
16 / 512
Seats
10
Seats
3.1%
Seats
4th
Position
5,226,987
Constituency votes
7.96%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1993
1993
Election
1993
Leader
129
No. ofcandidates
15 / 511
Seats
1
Seats
2.9%
Seats
6th
Position
4,834,587
Constituency votes
7.70%
PR Block votes
Opposition
1996
1996
Election
1996
Leader
321
No. ofcandidates
26 / 500
Seats
11
Seats
5.2%
Seats
4th
Position
7,096,766
Constituency votes
12.55%
Constituency votes
7,268,743
PR Block votes
13.08%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2000
2000
Election
2000
Leader
332
No. ofcandidates
20 / 480
Seats
6
Seats
4.2%
Seats
5th
Position
7,352,844
Constituency votes
12.08%
Constituency votes
6,719,016
PR Block votes
11.23%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2003
2003
Election
2003
Leader
Kazuo Shii
No. ofcandidates
316
Seats
9 / 480
Seats
11
Seats
1.9%
Position
4th
Constituency votes
4,837,953
Constituency votes
8.13%
PR Block votes
4,586,172
PR Block votes
7.76%
Status
Opposition
2005
2005
Election
2005
Leader
292
No. ofcandidates
9 / 480
Seats
0
Seats
1.9%
Seats
4th
Position
4,937,375
Constituency votes
7.25%
Constituency votes
4,919,187
PR Block votes
7.25%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2009
2009
Election
2009
Leader
171
No. ofcandidates
9 / 480
Seats
0
Seats
1.9%
Seats
4th
Position
2,978,354
Constituency votes
4.22%
Constituency votes
4,943,886
PR Block votes
7.03%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2012
2012
Election
2012
Leader
322
No. ofcandidates
8 / 480
Seats
1
Seats
1.7%
Seats
7th
Position
4,700,290
Constituency votes
7.88%
Constituency votes
3,689,159
PR Block votes
6.13%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2014
2014
Election
2014
Leader
315
No. ofcandidates
21 / 475
Seats
13
Seats
4.4%
Seats
5th
Position
7,040,170
Constituency votes
13.30%
Constituency votes
6,062,962
PR Block votes
11.37%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2017
2017
Election
2017
Leader
243
No. ofcandidates
12 / 465
Seats
9
Seats
2.6%
Seats
5th
Position
4,998,932
Constituency votes
9.02%
Constituency votes
4,404,081
PR Block votes
7.90%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2021
2021
Election
2021
Leader
130
No. ofcandidates
10 / 465
Seats
2
Seats
2.2%
Seats
6th
Position
2,639,631
Constituency votes
4.59%
Constituency votes
4,166,076
PR Block votes
7.25%
PR Block votes
Opposition
2024
2024
Election
2024
Leader
Tomoko Tamura
No. ofcandidates
236
Seats
8 / 465
Seats
2
Seats
1.7%
Position
7th
Constituency votes
3,695,807
Constituency votes
6.81%
PR Block votes
3,362,966
PR Block votes
6.16%
Status
Opposition
Election
Leader
No. ofcandidates
Seats
Position
Constituency votes
PR Block votes
Status
No.
±
Share
No.
Share
No.
Share
1946
Kyuichi Tokuda
143
6 / 464
1.3%
4th
2,135,757
3.85%
Opposition
1947
120
4 / 466
2
0.9%
5th
1,002,883
3.67%
Opposition
1949
115
35 / 466
31
7.5%
4th
2,984,780
9.76%
Opposition
1952
107
0 / 466
35
0%
5th
896,765
2.54%
Extra-parliamentary
1953
Sanzō Nosaka
88
1 / 466
1
0.2%
6th
655,990
1.90%
Opposition
1955
60
2 / 467
1
0.4%
5th
733,121
1.98%
Opposition
1958
114
1 / 467
1
0.2%
3rd
1,012,035
2.55%
Opposition
1960
Kenji Miyamoto
118
3 / 467
2
0.6%
4th
1,156,723
2.93%
Opposition
1963
118
5 / 467
2
1.1%
4th
1,646,477
4.01%
Opposition
1967
123
5 / 486
0
1.0%
5th
2,190,564
4.76%
Opposition
1969
123
14 / 486
9
2.9%
5th
3,199,032
6.81%
Opposition
1972
122
38 / 491
24
7.7%
3rd
5,496,827
10.49%
Opposition
1976
128
17 / 511
21
3.3%
4th
5,878,192
10.38%
Opposition
1979
128
39 / 511
22
7.6%
3rd
5,625,527
10.42%
Opposition
1980
129
29 / 511
10
5.7%
3rd
5,803,613
9.83%
Opposition
1983
Tetsuzo Fuwa
129
26 / 511
3
5.1%
4th
5,302,485
9.34%
Opposition
1986
129
26 / 512
0
5.1%
3rd
5,313,246
8.79%
Opposition
1990
131
16 / 512
10
3.1%
4th
5,226,987
7.96%
Opposition
1993
129
15 / 511
1
2.9%
6th
4,834,587
7.70%
Opposition
1996
321
26 / 500
11
5.2%
4th
7,096,766
12.55%
7,268,743
13.08%
Opposition
2000
332
20 / 480
6
4.2%
5th
7,352,844
12.08%
6,719,016
11.23%
Opposition
2003
Kazuo Shii
316
9 / 480
11
1.9%
4th
4,837,953
8.13%
4,586,172
7.76%
Opposition
2005
292
9 / 480
0
1.9%
4th
4,937,375
7.25%
4,919,187
7.25%
Opposition
2009
171
9 / 480
0
1.9%
4th
2,978,354
4.22%
4,943,886
7.03%
Opposition
2012
322
8 / 480
1
1.7%
7th
4,700,290
7.88%
3,689,159
6.13%
Opposition
2014
315
21 / 475
13
4.4%
5th
7,040,170
13.30%
6,062,962
11.37%
Opposition
2017
243
12 / 465
9
2.6%
5th
4,998,932
9.02%
4,404,081
7.90%
Opposition
2021
130
10 / 465
2
2.2%
6th
2,639,631
4.59%
4,166,076
7.25%
Opposition
2024
Tomoko Tamura
236
8 / 465
2
1.7%
7th
3,695,807
6.81%
3,362,966
6.16%
Opposition
House of Councillors · Election results › House of Councillors
No. of votes
No. of votes
Election
No. of votes
National district votes
%
National district votes
Seats
Total
±
1947
1947
Election
1947
National district votes
610,948
National district votes
2.9
Total
4 / 250
Status
Opposition
1950
1950
Election
1950
National district votes
1,333,872
National district votes
4.8
Total
4 / 260
Total
0
Status
Opposition
1953
1953
Election
1953
National district votes
293,877
National district votes
1.1
Total
2 / 260
Total
2
Status
Opposition
1956
1956
Election
1956
National district votes
599,254
National district votes
2.1
Total
2 / 254
Total
0
Status
Opposition
1959
1959
Election
1959
National district votes
551,916
National district votes
1.9
Total
3 / 254
Total
1
Status
Opposition
1962
1962
Election
1962
National district votes
1,123,947
National district votes
3.1
Total
4 / 254
Total
1
Status
Opposition
1965
1965
Election
1965
National district votes
1,652,364
National district votes
4.4
Total
6 / 254
Total
2
Status
Opposition
1968
1968
Election
1968
National district votes
2,146,879
National district votes
5.0
Total
7 / 251
Total
1
Status
Opposition
1971
1971
Election
1971
National district votes
3,219,307
National district votes
8.1
Total
10 / 251
Total
3
Status
Opposition
1974
1974
Election
1974
National district votes
4,931,650
National district votes
9.4
Total
19 / 260
Total
9
Status
Opposition
1977
1977
Election
1977
National district votes
4,260,050
National district votes
8.4
Total
16 / 252
Total
3
Status
Opposition
1980
1980
Election
1980
National district votes
4,072,019
National district votes
7.3
Total
12 / 252
Total
4
Status
Opposition
1983
1983
Election
1983
National district votes
4,163,877
National district votes
8.9
Total
14 / 252
Total
2
Status
Opposition
1986
1986
Election
1986
National district votes
5,430,838
National district votes
9.5
Total
16 / 252
Total
2
Status
Opposition
1989
1989
Election
1989
National district votes
3,954,408
National district votes
7.0
Total
14 / 252
Total
2
Status
Opposition
1992
1992
Election
1992
National district votes
3,532,956
National district votes
7.9
Total
11 / 252
Total
3
Status
Opposition
1995
1995
Election
1995
National district votes
3,873,955
National district votes
9.5
Total
14 / 252
Total
3
Status
Opposition
1998
1998
Election
1998
National district votes
8,195,078
National district votes
14.6
Total
23 / 252
Total
9
Status
Opposition
2001
2001
Election
2001
National district votes
4,329,210
National district votes
7.9
Total
20 / 247
Total
3
Status
Opposition
2004
2004
Election
2004
National district votes
4,363,107
National district votes
7.8
Total
9 / 242
Total
11
Status
Opposition
2007
2007
Election
2007
National district votes
4,407,937
National district votes
7.5
Total
7 / 242
Total
2
Status
Opposition
2010
2010
Election
2010
National district votes
3,563,556
National district votes
6.1
Total
6 / 242
Total
1
Status
Opposition
2013
2013
Election
2013
National district votes
5,154,055
National district votes
9.7
Total
11 / 242
Total
5
Status
Opposition
2016
2016
Election
2016
National district votes
6,016,245
National district votes
10.7
Total
14 / 242
Total
3
Status
Opposition
2019
2019
Election
2019
National district votes
4,483,411
National district votes
8.95
Total
13 / 245
Total
1
Status
Opposition
2022
2022
Election
2022
National district votes
3,618,343
National district votes
6.82
Total
11 / 248
Total
2
Status
Opposition
2025
2025
Election
2025
National district votes
2,864,738
National district votes
4.84
Total
7 / 248
Total
4
Status
Opposition
Election
National district votes
Total
Status
No. of votes
%
Seats
±
1947
610,948
2.9
4 / 250
Opposition
1950
1,333,872
4.8
4 / 260
0
Opposition
1953
293,877
1.1
2 / 260
2
Opposition
1956
599,254
2.1
2 / 254
0
Opposition
1959
551,916
1.9
3 / 254
1
Opposition
1962
1,123,947
3.1
4 / 254
1
Opposition
1965
1,652,364
4.4
6 / 254
2
Opposition
1968
2,146,879
5.0
7 / 251
1
Opposition
1971
3,219,307
8.1
10 / 251
3
Opposition
1974
4,931,650
9.4
19 / 260
9
Opposition
1977
4,260,050
8.4
16 / 252
3
Opposition
1980
4,072,019
7.3
12 / 252
4
Opposition
1983
4,163,877
8.9
14 / 252
2
Opposition
1986
5,430,838
9.5
16 / 252
2
Opposition
1989
3,954,408
7.0
14 / 252
2
Opposition
1992
3,532,956
7.9
11 / 252
3
Opposition
1995
3,873,955
9.5
14 / 252
3
Opposition
1998
8,195,078
14.6
23 / 252
9
Opposition
2001
4,329,210
7.9
20 / 247
3
Opposition
2004
4,363,107
7.8
9 / 242
11
Opposition
2007
4,407,937
7.5
7 / 242
2
Opposition
2010
3,563,556
6.1
6 / 242
1
Opposition
2013
5,154,055
9.7
11 / 242
5
Opposition
2016
6,016,245
10.7
14 / 242
3
Opposition
2019
4,483,411
8.95
13 / 245
1
Opposition
2022
3,618,343
6.82
11 / 248
2
Opposition
2025
2,864,738
4.84
7 / 248
4
Opposition

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