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Jana Gana Mana

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Jana Gana Mana

"Jana Gana Mana" is the national anthem of the Republic of India. It was originally composed as "Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata" in Bengali written by polymath, activist and country's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911. The first stanza of the song "Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata" was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950. A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately 52 seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally. It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (present-day Kolkata) Session of the Indian National Congress.

Infobox

Lyrics
Rabindranath Tagore, 11 December 1911
Music
Rabindranath Tagore, 11 December 1911
Adopted
24 January 1950; 75 years ago (1950-01-24)

Tables

· Lyrics › Original Bengali composition
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে, গাহে তব জয়গাথা। জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে, গাহে তব জয়গাথা। জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥
Bengali script
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে, গাহে তব জয়গাথা। জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥
ISO 15919 transliteration
Jana-gaṇa-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā! Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Uṯkala Baṅga Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā Ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga Taba śubha nāmē jāgē, Taba śubha āśiṣa māgē, Gāhē taba jaẏa-gāthā. Jana-gaṇa-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā! Jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.
IPA transcription
[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈmɔ.noˑ ˈo.d̪ʱiˌnae̯.ɔ.koˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ |] [ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ǁ] [ˈpɔn.dʒa.boˑ ˈʃin̪.d̪ʱuˑ ˈɡu.dʒoˌɾa.ʈoˑ ˈmo.ɾa.ʈʰaˑ |] [ˈd̪ɾa.bi.ɽoˑ ˈut̪.kɔ.loˑ ˈbɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖] [ˈbin̪.d̪ʱoˑ ˈɦi.maˌtʃɔ.loˑ ˈdʒo.mu.naˑ ˈɡɔŋ.ɡaˑ |] [ˈut̚.tʃʰɔ.loˑ ˈdʒɔ.lo.d̪ʱiˑ ˈt̪o.ɾɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖] [ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈna.meˑ ˈdʒa.ɡeˑ] [ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈa.ʃi.ʃoˑ ˈma.ɡeˑ] [ˈga.ɦeˑ ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈɡa.t̪ʰaˑ ‖] [ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈmoŋ.ɡɔ.loˑ ˈd̪ae̯.ɔ.koˑ dʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ |] [ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖] [ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ | ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ | ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ |] [ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]
Bengali script
ISO 15919 transliteration
IPA transcription
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে, গাহে তব জয়গাথা। জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥
Jana-gaṇa-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā! Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Uṯkala Baṅga Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā Ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga Taba śubha nāmē jāgē, Taba śubha āśiṣa māgē, Gāhē taba jaẏa-gāthā. Jana-gaṇa-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā! Jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.
nae̯.ɔ.koˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ |] [ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ǁ] [ˈpɔn.dʒa.boˑ ˈʃin̪.d̪ʱuˑ ˈɡu.dʒoˌɾa.ʈoˑ ˈmo.ɾa.ʈʰaˑ |] [ˈd̪ɾa.bi.ɽoˑ ˈut̪.kɔ.loˑ ˈbɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖] [ˈbin̪.d̪ʱoˑ ˈɦi.maˌtʃɔ.loˑ ˈdʒo.mu.naˑ ˈɡɔŋ.ɡaˑ |] [ˈut̚.tʃʰɔ.loˑ ˈdʒɔ.lo.d̪ʱiˑ ˈt̪o.ɾɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖] [ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈna.meˑ ˈdʒa.ɡeˑ] [ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈa.ʃi.ʃoˑ ˈma.ɡeˑ] [ˈga.ɦeˑ ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈɡa.t̪ʰaˑ ‖] [ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈmoŋ.ɡɔ.loˑ ˈd̪ae̯.ɔ.koˑ dʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ |] [ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖] [ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ | ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ | ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ |] [ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]
· Lyrics › Official lyrics
जन-गण-मन-अधिनायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग विन्ध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा उच्छल जलधि तरंग तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे गाहे तव जयगाथा । जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
जन-गण-मन-अधिनायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग विन्ध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा उच्छल जलधि तरंग तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे गाहे तव जयगाथा । जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Official Government of India text in Devanagari
जन-गण-मन-अधिनायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग विन्ध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा उच्छल जलधि तरंग तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे गाहे तव जयगाथा । जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Official romanisation(bold indicates long vowels
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Panjaba-Sindh-Gujarata-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga Tava subha name jage, tava subhasisa mage gahe tava jaya-gatha. Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Devanagari transliteration(ISO 15919)
Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā. Paṁjāba-Sindhu-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā, Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṁga Vindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṁgā, Ucchala jaladhi taraṁga Tava śubha nāmē jāgē, tava śubha āśīṣa māgē gāhē tava jaya gāthā. Jana gaṇa maṁgala-dāyaka jaya hē, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.
IPA transcription
[ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐ.nɐ ɐ.d̪ʱi.ˈnɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ][pɐn.ˈdʒɑː.bɐ ˈsɪn̪.d̪ʱɐ ɡʊ.dʒɐ.ˈɾɑː.t̪ɐ mɐ.ˈɾɑː.ʈʰɑː |] [ˈd̪ɾɑː.ʋɪ.ɽɐ ˈʊt̪.kɐ.lɐ ˈbɐŋ.ɡɐ][ˈʋɪn̪d̪ʱ.jɐ ɦɪ.ˈmɑː.tʃɐ.lɐ jɐ.mʊ.ˈnɑː ˈɡɐŋ.ɡɑː |] [ˈʊt.tʃʰɐ.lɐ ˈdʒɐ.lɐ.d̪ʱi t̪ɐ.ˈɾɐŋ.ɡɐ][ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ ˈʃʊ.bʱɐ ˈnɑː.meː ˈdʒɑː.ɡeː] [ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ ʃʊ.ˈbʱɑː.ʃiː.ʂɐ ˈmɑːŋ.ɡeː][ˈɡɑː.ɦeː ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈgɑː.t̪ʰɑː ‖][ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐŋ.ɡɐ.lɐ ˈd̪ɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ɦeː |] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ‖][ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː |] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː ‖]
Official Government of India text in Devanagari
Official romanisation(bold indicates long vowels
Devanagari transliteration(ISO 15919)
IPA transcription
जन-गण-मन-अधिनायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग विन्ध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा उच्छल जलधि तरंग तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे गाहे तव जयगाथा । जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Panjaba-Sindh-Gujarata-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga Tava subha name jage, tava subhasisa mage gahe tava jaya-gatha. Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā. Paṁjāba-Sindhu-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā, Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṁga Vindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṁgā, Ucchala jaladhi taraṁga Tava śubha nāmē jāgē, tava śubha āśīṣa māgē gāhē tava jaya gāthā. Jana gaṇa maṁgala-dāyaka jaya hē, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.
i t̪ɐ.ˈɾɐŋ.ɡɐ][ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ ˈʃʊ.bʱɐ ˈnɑː.meː ˈdʒɑː.ɡeː] [ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ ʃʊ.ˈbʱɑː.ʃiː.ʂɐ ˈmɑːŋ.ɡeː][ˈɡɑː.ɦeː ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈgɑː.t̪ʰɑː ‖][ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐŋ.ɡɐ.lɐ ˈd̪ɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ɦeː |] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ‖][ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː |] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː ‖]
· Lyrics › Abridged version
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Devanagari script
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Official romanisation(bold indicates long vowels)
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he Bharat-bhagya vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Latin transliteration(ISO 15919)
Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.
IPA transcription
[ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐ.nɐ ɐ.d̪ʱi.ˈnɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː |] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː ‖]
Devanagari script
Official romanisation(bold indicates long vowels)
Latin transliteration(ISO 15919)
IPA transcription
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he Bharat-bhagya vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.
[ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐ.nɐ ɐ.d̪ʱi.ˈnɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː | ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː |] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː ‖]

References

  1. The song's title "Jana Gaṇa Mana" is pronounced [ˈd͡ʒɔno ˈɡɔno ˈmɔno] in Bengali, [d͡ʒən(ə) ɡəɳ(ə) mən(ə)] in Hindi, and
    https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8
  2. See Help:IPA/Bengali and Bengali phonology.
  3. This is a sanskritised transcription, which means that the normally-elided inherent vowel অ /ɔ/ (अ /ɐ/ in Devanagari) is
  4. "taba" is also used
  5. "Sindh" is also used.
  6. [t̪ɐ.bɐ] is also used
  7. See Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu, Hindi phonology, Help:IPA/Sanskrit, and Sanskrit phonology.
  8. From the Sanskrit term Sindhu. Historical romanisation of Sindh, referring to the Sind province of British India.
  9. Indus (Sindhu), flows through Ladakh in Northern India.
  10. www.news18.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220812/http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html
  11. "National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana'"
    https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html
  12. The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore: Poems
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bsTNd7_Jt4EC&pg=PA32
  13. The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=PT56
  14. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33438577
  15. loksabha.nic.in
    https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C24011950.html
  16. eparlib.nic.in
    https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/763227/1/cad_24-01-1950.pdf
  17. mha.gov.in
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222824/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem(E)_2.pdf
  18. knowindia.gov.in
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130115004029/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=6
  19. The Hindu
    http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/100-years-since-jana-gana-mana-was-born/article2752111.ece
  20. knowindia.india.gov.in
    https://knowindia.india.gov.in/
  21. "Home"
    https://www.culturalindia.net/national-symbols/anthem.html
  22. Rabindranath Tagore: An Interpretation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr8kvZ-S258C&pg=PT326
  23. "10 things to know about Indian national Anthem"
    https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-things-to-know-about-india-39-s-national-anthem/AgXhvvzhpjYavQ?hl=en
  24. Home
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC
  25. newsonair.gov.in
    https://newsonair.gov.in/default.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/Main-News-Details.aspx
  26. "Untitled Document"
    http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/
  27. Rabindranath Tagore: an interpretation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC
  28. "National Identity"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210811180552/https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php
  29. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture//article59960936.ece
  30. "Home"
    https://archive.org/details/WeTwoTogether/page/n363/mode/2up
  31. Quartz India
    https://qz.com/india/1052808/when-mahatma-gandhi-refused-to-stand-up-in-respect-to-vande-mataram/
  32. The Wire
    https://thewire.in/history/independence-day-national-anthem-jana-gana-mana-subhash-chandra-bose-netaji
  33. indiavideo.org
    http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/humrahi-hindi-film-7583.php
  34. Constructing Post-Colonial India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=S66GAgAAQBAJ
  35. mha.gov.in
    https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem-Hindi.pdf
  36. "Orders relating to the national anthem of India"
    https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem%28E%29_2.pdf
  37. The Morning Song of India
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Morning_Song_of_India
  38. Google Arts & Culture
    https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-morning-song-of-india-english-translation-of-bharoto-bhagyo-bidhata-rabindranath-tagore/BwEb5sdbddNe1A?hl=en
  39. knowindia.gov.in
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201001101336/https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php
  40. mha.gov.in
    https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem-Hindi.pdf
  41. "Lesser known facts on Jana Gana Mana, India's National Anthem"
    https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/national-anthem-facts-952549-2016-12-27
  42. Monish R. Chatterjee
    http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-chatterjee310803.htm
  43. Pradip Kumar Datta
    http://www.sacw.net/DC/CommunalismCollection/ArticlesArchive/pkDatta092004.html
  44. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/tagore-and-that-song/article10886480.ece
  45. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33438577
  46. "BBC News – Indian anthem Jana Gana Mana turns 100"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16241465
  47. "Letter from Rabindranath Tagore to Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India"
    http://dart.columbia.edu/library/tagore-letter/letter.html
  48. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagore-renounced-his-Knighthood-in-protest-for-Jalianwalla-Bagh-mass-killing/articleshow/7967616.cms
  49. Indian Kanoon
    https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case
  50. "India Supreme Court's Landmark Judgment—Pillar of Free Speech"
    https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/
  51. Indian Express
    http://www.indianexpress.com/news/to-sing-or-not-to-sing-vande-mataram--------/11912/
  52. "Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors V. State of Kerala & Ors INSC 167"
    http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1508089/
  53. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/national-anthem-national-flag-supreme-court-theater-4402827/
  54. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-jk-11-sent-to-jail-after-they-did-not-rise-for-anthem-at-police-event-8800577/
  55. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-in-a-first-state-govt-employee-among-two-arrested-for-not-standing-during-national-anthem/
  56. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830
  57. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34961285
  58. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41731378
  59. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/playing-of-national-anthem-in-cinema-halls-not-mandatory-supreme-court/articleshow/62427100.cms
  60. "India anthem not mandatory in cinemas"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830
  61. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830
  62. "India national anthem no longer compulsory in cinemas"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830
  63. National Herald
    https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/row-over-youth-castigated-for-not-standing-up-during-national-anthem-in-cinema-hall
  64. NUJS Law Review
    http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/1EF6EB81-7987-4AAC-9F51-D3C0F478A938.pdf
  65. State to seek newspaper clarification on report
    http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1813/at096
  66. Hindustan Times
    https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muslim-clerics-in-jharkhand-oppose-govt-move-on-national-anthem-in-madrasas/story-knfaLrHmoYDAucVu3LMisM.html
  67. Guinness World Records
    https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-people-singing-a-nationalregional-anthem-simultaneously
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