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James VI and I

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James VI and I

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. Though he long attempted to get both countries to adopt a closer political union, the kingdoms of Scotland and England remained sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. He acceded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was forced to abdicate. Although his mother was a Catholic, James was raised as a Protestant. Four regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1589, he married Anne of Denmark. Three of their children survived to adulthood: Henry Frederick, Elizabeth, and Charles. In 1603, James succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who died childless. He reigned in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England from 1603, returning to Scotland only once, in 1617, and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland". He advocated for a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and English colonisation of the Americas began. At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was the longest of any Scottish monarch. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and conflicts with the English Parliament. Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture. James was a prolific writer, authoring works such as Daemonologie (1597), The True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), and Basilikon Doron (1599). He sponsored the translation of the Bible into English (later named after him, the Authorized King James Version), and the 1604 revision of the Book of Common Prayer. Contemporary courtier Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in Christendom" (wise in small things, foolish otherwise), an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch. He was strongly committed to a peace policy, and tried to avoid involvement in religious wars, especially the Thirty Years' War that devastated much of Central Europe. He tried but failed to prevent the rise of hawkish elements in the English Parliament who wanted war with Spain. The first English king of the House of Stuart, he was succeeded by his second son, Charles I.

Infobox

Reign
24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625
Coronation
25 July 1603
Predecessor
Elizabeth I
Successor
Charles I
Regents
mw- See list James Stewart, Earl of Moray (1567–1570) Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox (1570–1571) John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1571–1572) James Douglas, Earl of Morton (1572–1579)
Born
19 June 1566Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland
Died
27 March 1625 (aged 58)Theobalds House, Hertfordshire, England
Burial
7 May 1625Westminster Abbey
Spouse
mw- Anne of Denmark (m. 1589; died 1619)
Issuemore...
mw- Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia Margaret Charles I, King of England Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne Mary Sophia
Names
NamesJames Charles Stuart
House
Stuart
Father
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Mother
Mary, Queen of Scots

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Regnal titles
Preceded byMary
Preceded byMary
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Preceded byMary
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
King of Scotland 1567–1625
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Succeeded byCharles I
Preceded byElizabeth I
Preceded byElizabeth I
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Preceded byElizabeth I
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
King of England and Ireland 1603–1625
Peerage of Scotland
Peerage of Scotland
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Peerage of Scotland
VacantTitle last held byJames
VacantTitle last held byJames
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
VacantTitle last held byJames
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Duke of Rothesay 1566–1567
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
VacantTitle next held byHenry Frederick
Preceded byHenry Stuart
Preceded byHenry Stuart
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Preceded byHenry Stuart
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Duke of Albany 4th creation1567
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Merged with the Crown
James VI of Scotland & I of EnglandHouse of StuartBorn: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Regnal titles
Preceded byMary
King of Scotland 1567–1625
Succeeded byCharles I
Preceded byElizabeth I
King of England and Ireland 1603–1625
Peerage of Scotland
VacantTitle last held byJames
Duke of Rothesay 1566–1567
VacantTitle next held byHenry Frederick
Preceded byHenry Stuart
Duke of Albany 4th creation1567
Merged with the Crown

References

  1. "James VI and I was the most writerly of British monarchs. He produced original poetry, as well as translation and a tre
  2. As the Earl of Bedford was a Protestant, his place in the ceremony was taken by Jean, Countess of Argyll.
  3. Elizabeth I wrote to Mary: "My ears have been so astounded, my mind so disturbed and my heart so appalled at hearing the
  4. James's captors forced from him a proclamation, dated 30 August, declaring that he was not being held prisoner "forced o
  5. James briefly broke off diplomatic relations with England over Mary's execution, but he wrote privately that Scotland "c
  6. James heard on 7 October of the decision to postpone the crossing for winter.
  7. James described Cecil as "king there in effect".
  8. The introduction of Henry Howard (soon Earl of Northampton) and of Thomas Howard (soon Earl of Suffolk) marked the begin
  9. English and Scot, James insisted, should "join and coalesce together in a sincere and perfect union, as two twins bred i
  10. A crypto-Catholic was someone who outwardly conformed to Protestantism but remained a Catholic in private.
  11. In March 1605, Archbishop Spottiswood wrote to James warning him that sermons against bishops were being preached daily
  12. Assessments of the Kirk at James's death are divided. Some historians argue that the Scots might have accepted James's p
  13. In the original: Et ce savant roy d'Angleterre / foutoit-il pas le Boukinquan.
  14. Northampton assumed the day-to-day running of government business, and spoke of "the death of the little man for which s
  15. The commissioners judging the case reached a 5–5 verdict, so James quickly appointed two extra judges guaranteed to vote
  16. It is very likely that Overbury was the victim of a 'set-up' contrived by the earls of Northampton and Suffolk, with Car
  17. Some historians (for example Willson) consider James, who was 58 in 1624, to have lapsed into premature senility; but he
  18. A medicine recommended by Buckingham had only served to make the king worse, which led to rumours that the duke had pois
  19. In recent decades, much scholarship has emphasised James's success in Scotland (though there have been partial dissenter
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  100. Quoted by Willson 1963, p. 132.
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  133. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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  135. Quoted by Croft 2003, p. 62.
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  149. Willson 1963, p. 422.
  150. James quoted by Willson 1963, p. 423: "We cannot with patience endure our subjects to use such anti-monarchical words to
  151. Willson 1963, p. 243.
  152. Croft 2003, pp. 118–119; Willson 1963, pp. 431–435.
  153. Cogswell 2005, pp. 224–225, 243, 281–299; Croft 2003, p. 120; Schama 2001, p. 64.
  154. Croft 2003, pp. 120–121.
  155. Krugler 2004, pp. 63–64: "The aging monarch was no match for the two men closest to him. By the end of the year, the pri
  156. Croft 2003, p. 125; Lockyer 1998, p. 195.
  157. Croft 2003, p. 126: "On that divergence of interpretation, relations between the future king and the Parliaments of the
  158. Stewart 2003, p. 225.
  159. Willson 1963, p. 228.
  160. Croft 2003, p. 162.
  161. Akrigg 1984, pp. 207–208; Willson 1963, pp. 148–149.
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  163. Croft 2003, p. 156; Stewart 2003, p. 205: "In seeking conformity, James gave a name and a purpose to nonconformity"; Bas
  164. Croft 2003, p. 158.
  165. The Oxford History of Christian Worship
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  170. Croft 2003, p. 167.
  171. Bucholz & Key 2004, p. 208: "... his sexuality has long been a matter of debate. He clearly preferred the company of han
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  187. Willson 1963, p. 333: "Finances fell into chaos, foreign affairs became more difficult. James exalted a worthless favour
  188. Willson 1963, pp. 334–335.
  189. Willson 1963, p. 349; Francis Bacon, speaking at Carr's trial, quoted by Perry 2006, p. 105: "Packets were sent, sometim
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  194. Croft 2003, p. 91.
  195. Davies 1959, p. 20: "Probably no single event, prior to the attempt to arrest the five members in 1642, did more to less
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  198. Willson 1963, p. 379.
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  201. Röhl, John C. G.; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998), Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe, Lo
  202. e.g. Dean, Geoffrey (2002), The Turnstone: A Doctor's Story., Liverpool University Press, pp. 128–129.
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  212. Croft 2003, pp. 3–4: "Often witty and perceptive but also prejudiced and abusive, their status as eye-witness accounts a
  213. For more on the influence of Commonwealth historians on the tradition of tracing Charles I's errors back to his father's
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  220. Willson 1963, pp. 252–253.
  221. Pinches & Pinches 1974, pp. 159–160.
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  223. Brooke-Little, J. P. (1978) [1950], Boutell's Heraldry Revised edition, London: Frederick Warne, ISBN 0-7232-2096-4, pp.
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  225. Stewart 2003, p. 248: "Latter day experts have suggested enteric fever, typhoid fever, or porphyria, but at the time poi
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  227. Croft 2003, p. 55; Stewart 2003, p. 142; Willson 1963, p. 456.
  228. Warnicke 2006, p. xvi–xvii
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