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J. Robert Oppenheimer

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J. Robert Oppenheimer

J. Robert Oppenheimer (born Julius Robert Oppenheimer OP-ən-hy-mər; April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist who served as the director of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. He is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in overseeing the development of the first nuclear weapons. Born in New York City, Oppenheimer obtained a degree in chemistry from Harvard University in 1925 and a doctorate in physics from the University of Göttingen in Germany in 1927, studying under Max Born. After research at other institutions, he joined the physics faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was made a full professor in 1936. Oppenheimer made significant contributions to physics in the fields of quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, including the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functions; work on the theory of positrons, quantum electrodynamics, and quantum field theory; and the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion. With his students, he also made major contributions to astrophysics, including the theory of cosmic ray showers, and the theory of neutron stars and black holes. In 1941, Oppenheimer was briefed about nuclear weapon design by Australian physicist Mark Oliphant. In 1942, Oppenheimer was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, and in 1943 was appointed director of the project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, tasked with developing the first nuclear weapons. His leadership and scientific expertise were instrumental in the project's success, and on July 16, 1945, he was present at the first test of the atomic bomb, Trinity. In August, the weapons were used on Japan in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to date the only uses of nuclear weapons in conflict. In 1947, Oppenheimer was appointed director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the new United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). He lobbied for international control of nuclear power and weapons in order to avert an arms race with the Soviet Union, and later opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb, partly on ethical grounds. During the Second Red Scare, his stances, together with his past associations with the Communist Party USA, led to an AEC security hearing in 1954 and the revocation of his security clearance. He continued to lecture, write, and work in physics, and in 1963 received the Enrico Fermi Award for contributions to theoretical physics. The 1954 decision was vacated in 2022.

Infobox

Born
Julius Robert Oppenheimer(1904-04-22)April 22, 1904New York City, U.S.
Died
February 18, 1967(1967-02-18) (aged 62)Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
Education
mw- Harvard University (BA)Christ's College, CambridgeUniversity of Göttingen (PhD)
Known for
Development of the first nuclear weaponsBorn–Oppenheimer approximationTolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equationTolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limitOppenheimer–Snyder modelOppenheimer–Phillips process
Spouse
mw- Katherine Puening (m. 1940)
Children
2
Relatives
Frank Oppenheimer (brother)
Awards
Medal for Merit (1946)Enrico Fermi Award (1963)
Fields
Theoretical physics
Institutions
University of California, BerkeleyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyLos Alamos LaboratoryInstitute for Advanced Study
Thesis
Zur Quantentheorie kontinuierlicher Spektren (1927)
Doctoral advisor
Max Born
Doctoral students
mw- See list David BohmRobert ChristySidney DancoffLeslie FoldyStanley FrankelWillis LambHarold LewisPhilip MorrisonArnold NordsieckBernard PetersMelba PhillipsHartland SnyderGeorge VolkoffJoseph WeinbergSiegfried Wouthuysen

Tables

· External links
New office
New office
Government offices
New office
Government offices
Director of the Los Alamos Laboratory 1943–1945
Government offices
Succeeded byNorris Bradbury
Government offices
New office
Director of the Los Alamos Laboratory 1943–1945
Succeeded byNorris Bradbury

References

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  3. Oppenheimer's other doctoral students: Arnold Nordsieck, Glen Camp, Willis Lamb, Samuel Batdorf, Sydney Dancroft, George
  4. He also spoke Dutch, German, French and some Chinese.
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    https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2023/07/oppenheimer-the-librarys-collection-chronicles-his-life/
  319. Bird & Sherwin 2005, pp. 585–588
  320. Cassidy 2005, pp. 351–352
  321. Bird & Sherwin 2005, p. 588
  322. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/29/archives/mrs-j-robert-oppenheimer-62i-nuclear-physicists-widow-dies.html
  323. Bird & Sherwin 2005, pp. 590–591
  324. Wolverton 2008, p. 298
  325. Old Town Crier
    https://oldtowncrier.com/2014/07/01/oppenheimers-legacy-on-st-john/
  326. Bird & Sherwin 2005, p. 591
  327. "Gibney Beach"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000816/http://stjohnbeachguide.com/Gibney%20Beach.htm
  328. Social Studies of Science
    https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306312702032004002
  329. Cassidy 2005, pp. 305–308
  330. Cassidy 2005, pp. 305–306
  331. Young & Schilling 2019, pp. 154, 163–164
  332. Cassidy 2005, pp. 281–284
  333. Carson 2005, pp. 1–10
  334. Bird & Sherwin 2005, pp. 3, 5, passim
  335. Hewlett & Holl 1989, p. xxii
  336. Bundy 1988, p. 316
  337. Episodi
    https://www.episodi.fi/uutiset/suomessa-tehtiin-oppenheimerista-kertova-tv-elokuva-jo-vuonna-1967-loytyy-areenasta/
  338. Elonet
    https://elonet.finna.fi/Record/kavi.elonet_elokuva_1555675
  339. The New York Times
    https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F70B14FF39581B728DDDAD0994D9415B848AF1D3
  340. The New York Times
    https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00E14FE3E5E1A7B93C5A9178DD85F4C8685F9
  341. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080308010408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830818,00.html
  342. The Washington Post
  343. "The 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners – Biography or Autobiography"
    http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2006-Biography-or-Autobiography
  344. The New York Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090206180919/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/74400/The-Day-After-Trinity-Oppenheimer-the-Atomic-Bomb/overview
  345. "Peabody Award Winners"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163315/http://www.peabody.uga.edu/winners/PeabodyWinnersBook.pdf
  346. "The Day After Trinity"
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080594/
  347. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/jan/23/oppenheimer-review-rsc-atomic-bomb-drama-tom-morton-smith
  348. "Fat Man and Little Boy (1989)"
    https://www.popmatters.com/fat-man-and-little-boy-2496240254.html
  349. "Day One (1989 TV Movie)"
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097159/
  350. "Cillian Murphy Confirmed to Star As J. Robert Oppenheimer In Christopher Nolan's Next Film At Universal, Film Will Bow in July 2023"
    https://deadline.com/2021/10/cillian-murphy-j-robert-oppenheimer-christopher-nolans-universal-film-july-2023-1234852888/
  351. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/10/oscars-best-picture-oppenheimer
  352. "J. Robert Oppenheimer Centennial at Berkeley"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100611004046/http://ohst.berkeley.edu/publications/oppenheimer/exhibit/index.html
  353. "Reappraising Oppenheimer – Centennial Studies and Reflections"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120125100243/http://ohst.berkeley.edu/publications/oppenheimer/oppenheimer.html
  354. "J. Robert Oppenheimer Papers"
    http://memory.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/1998/ms998007.pdf
  355. Quoted in Cassidy 2005, p. xvi
  356. Cassidy 2005, p. 175
  357. "Small-Body Database Browser 67085 Oppenheimer (2000 AG42)"
    https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=67085+Oppenheimer
  358. Anderson & Whitaker 1982, p. 54
  359. Hollinger 2005, p. 387
  360. See Wortham 1886, p. 15 for a different translation.
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